GREargument應(yīng)如何進(jìn)行有效分析

今天小編帶來了GRE argument應(yīng)如何進(jìn)行有效分析,我們一起來看看吧,下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

GRE argument應(yīng)如何進(jìn)行有效分析

在GRE的備考過程中，很多同學(xué)拿到argument的時(shí)候不知道如何下手，雖然知道要去尋找其中的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，但是具體如何尋找，找到之后如何處理卻依舊很困惑。為了幫助同學(xué)們更好地去分析argument，一般我們拿到一篇argument之后，會(huì)對(duì)其中的證據(jù)進(jìn)行如下的三步處理：

● Assumption：也就是文章中的evidence 要推到conclusion必須滿足的條件。

● Weaken：指出有哪些細(xì)節(jié)和其他可能性的存在能夠削弱這個(gè)推理過程。

● Strengthen：通過什么樣的改變能夠讓argument的推理過程變得合理。

比如我們來看題庫(kù)中的這樣一道題：

The following was written as a part of an application for a small-business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe.

"A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, the proposed new jazz club in Monroe, the C-Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's annual jazz festival last summer; several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe; and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight at 7 P.M. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

首先我們先找到作者的結(jié)論：

在Monroe建立爵士音樂俱樂部將會(huì)是非常盈利的產(chǎn)業(yè)。

接下來我們按照上面的方法去尋找文章中的每一條證據(jù)并進(jìn)行分析：

前提1：人們?cè)敢鈦硇陆ǖ木銟凡緾-Note

削弱：最近的爵士音樂俱樂部在65英里之外與人們會(huì)不會(huì)來C-Note沒有關(guān)系。首先不知道人們有沒有去65英里之外的這個(gè)club，即使人們?nèi)チ耸遣皇侨藗冊(cè)敢庠诒镜氐腃-Note消費(fèi)。很有可能人們更愿意與陌生人一起分享音樂;或者C-Note的裝修及音樂的選擇等不能滿足人們的需求。

加強(qiáng)：有證據(jù)表明當(dāng)?shù)厝颂貏e喜歡爵士樂并且愿意在當(dāng)?shù)叵M(fèi)。

前提2：去年夏天10萬多人參加了Monroe的爵士音樂節(jié)，這意味著爵士樂在本地很受歡迎。

削弱：很有可能這10萬多人都不是本地人，而是其他地區(qū)的人來本地參加某一個(gè)爵士音樂節(jié)，而之所以在Monroe舉辦音樂節(jié)也僅僅是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)地段更便宜;還有可能他們?nèi)⒓泳羰恳魳饭?jié)根本不是因?yàn)橄矚g爵士音樂，而是這個(gè)音樂節(jié)是免費(fèi)的，他們只是去湊個(gè)熱鬧。

加強(qiáng)：這10萬多人大多數(shù)都是本地人，且是真正去欣賞爵士音樂。

前提3：若干知名的爵士音樂家居住在Monroe，這意味著該地區(qū)爵士樂流行。

削弱：這些爵士音樂家住在這里僅僅是因?yàn)檫@里環(huán)境優(yōu)美，人口少，環(huán)境好;或者是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)地方的人其實(shí)不喜歡爵士音樂，因此不認(rèn)識(shí)他們，他們不用擔(dān)心自己的生活受到粉絲的打擾等。

加強(qiáng)：爵士音樂家住在這里是因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)厝讼矚g爵士音樂。

前提4：Monroe獲得評(píng)價(jià)最高的廣播節(jié)目是平時(shí)每天晚上7點(diǎn)播出的“Jazz Nightly”，這意味著該地區(qū)爵士樂很流行。

削弱：很有可能同時(shí)段其他節(jié)目太差了，人們收聽這個(gè)節(jié)目也僅僅是為了打發(fā)時(shí)間或者躲避更加惡俗的節(jié)目，這不代表人們喜歡爵士樂;可能這個(gè)節(jié)目在電臺(tái)覆蓋時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，所以很多人在聽這個(gè)節(jié)目;還有可能”Jazz Nightly”和C-Note的風(fēng)格完全不一樣。

加強(qiáng)：有證據(jù)表明人們是主動(dòng)收聽這檔節(jié)目，并且與C-Note的風(fēng)格相似。

前提5：全國(guó)性調(diào)查的結(jié)果是有效且準(zhǔn)確的。

削弱：首先全國(guó)性的調(diào)查結(jié)果不能代表Monroe這個(gè)地方的情況，很可能這個(gè)地方的情況與全國(guó)其他的地區(qū)的情況是不一樣的。而且這個(gè)調(diào)查很可能不是隨機(jī)的，只是調(diào)查了一些相對(duì)富有的人，而該地區(qū)大多數(shù)人的整體收入是偏低的，所以人們可能不會(huì)花1000美元預(yù)算在爵士音樂上;還有可能該研究只涵蓋了少數(shù)群體，所以也是沒有說服力的。

加強(qiáng)：調(diào)查是科學(xué)有效且具有代表性的。

再比如說這樣一道題：

The following appeared in a memorandum from the planning department of an electric power company.

"Several recent surveys indicate that home owners are increasingly eager to conserve energy. At the same time, manufacturers are now marketing many home appliances, such as refrigerators and air conditioners, that are almost twice as energy efficient as those sold a decade ago. Also, new technologies for better home insulation and passive solar heating are readily available to reduce the energy needed for home heating. Therefore, the total demand for electricity in our area will not increase—and may decline slightly. Since our three electric generating plants in operation for the past twenty years have always met our needs, construction of new generating plants will not be necessary."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

作者結(jié)論：

沒有必要建立新的發(fā)電站。

前提1：調(diào)查是真實(shí)有效的且戶主渴望節(jié)能的意向能夠轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)際行動(dòng)

削弱：調(diào)查的人數(shù)非常少，不具有代表性，比如說只調(diào)查了幾個(gè)人，不能反映該地區(qū)的真實(shí)情況。調(diào)查對(duì)象不是隨機(jī)選擇的，如故意調(diào)查了一些社區(qū)里面的環(huán)保小衛(wèi)士，他們當(dāng)然會(huì)愿意節(jié)能減排。被調(diào)查者由于利益考慮可能不會(huì)說實(shí)話，如正在接受電臺(tái)的采訪，在攝像機(jī)面前肯定會(huì)承認(rèn)自己的節(jié)能意向。而且人們渴望節(jié)能不一定會(huì)真正采取行動(dòng)去節(jié)能。

加強(qiáng)：保證調(diào)查的有效性和代表性，并且證明人們的意向是可以轉(zhuǎn)化為實(shí)際行動(dòng)的。

前提2：生產(chǎn)商現(xiàn)在推出很多能效比10年前的電器高一倍的家用電器，房主必然會(huì)購(gòu)買。

削弱：由于購(gòu)買新的電器會(huì)帶來額外的支出，可能這些居民家中以前的電器還可以繼續(xù)使用，所以對(duì)于他們來說，購(gòu)買新的家用電器是沒有必要的。因此，商場(chǎng)即使在大力推廣這些節(jié)能電器，但是居民的購(gòu)買欲望可能很小。

加強(qiáng)：有證據(jù)表明商場(chǎng)的推銷能夠成功的說服消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買。

前提3：更好的房屋隔熱和被動(dòng)式的太陽(yáng)能取暖的技術(shù)必然能得到應(yīng)用。

削弱：很有可能更好的房屋隔熱和被動(dòng)式的太陽(yáng)能取暖的技術(shù)由于成本過高，很多家庭不愿意采用;或者現(xiàn)在很多家庭房子都已經(jīng)裝修好了，如果要采用新技術(shù)的話需要重新改造線路什么的，特別麻煩，而且會(huì)帶來附加成本，于是人們不會(huì)選擇。

加強(qiáng)：有證據(jù)表明更好的房屋隔熱和被動(dòng)式的太陽(yáng)能取暖的技術(shù)的成本完全在房主接受的范圍之內(nèi)，并且他們樂于接受這個(gè)額外成本，且房屋改造起來比較簡(jiǎn)單。

前提4：過去20年和現(xiàn)在的需求規(guī)律適用于未來。

削弱：雖然過去20年的用電需求可以滿足，但是情況在未來可能發(fā)生變化，導(dǎo)致用電量的增加，比如未來化石燃料的減少導(dǎo)致人們不得不用電能取而代之，或者大功率用電的企業(yè)在本地出現(xiàn)。而且過去的三所發(fā)電站也有可能出現(xiàn)故障而導(dǎo)致供電不足。

加強(qiáng)：有證據(jù)表明未來的三所發(fā)電站的確可以保障用電需求且沒有其他用電需求的增長(zhǎng)。

GRE作文ARGUMENT官方題庫(kù)滿分范文點(diǎn)評(píng)：Bargain Brand Cereals

The following appeared in a memo from the marketing director of Bargain Brand Cereals:

One year ago we introduced our first product, Bargain Brand Breakfast cereal. Our very low prices quickly drew many customers away from the top-selling cereal companies. Although the companies producing the top brands have since tried to compete with us by lowering their prices, and although several plans to introduce their own budget brands have been executed, not once have we needed to raise our prices to continue making a profit. Given our success selling cereal, Bargain Brand should now expand its business and begin marketing other low-priced food products as quickly as possible.

滿分范文賞析

In this memo the marketing director of Bargain Brand Cereal claims that the company has a particular knack for selling low-priced food and will continue to make a profit should it follow the recommendation to expand from selling only cereal to other low-priced food. To support the recommendation, the memo points out that Bargain Brand is still earning a profit from its cereal sales, despite the fact that major competitors have lowered their cereal prices, and offered their own versions of bargain-priced cereal brands. The recommendation to expand is based on evidence that is not too convincing. Let us review the argument.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument開頭段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：C – E - F的開頭結(jié)構(gòu)，首句概括原文的C(Conclusion)。接下來的一句話概括了原文為了支持他的結(jié)論所引用的E(Evidence)。最后尾句中給出開頭段到正文段的過渡句，指出原文在邏輯上存在F(Flaw)。

【此段功能】

本段作為Argument開頭段，具體功能就在發(fā)起攻擊。首先，概括原文的結(jié)論：Bargain Brand Cereal(簡(jiǎn)稱BB)公司的經(jīng)理認(rèn)為公司在銷售low-priced food上有優(yōu)勢(shì);同時(shí)公司可以繼續(xù)盈利如果把產(chǎn)品從Cereal推廣到其他low-priced food。接下來分別列舉了原文為了支持這個(gè)結(jié)論引用的證據(jù)：盡管其他公司麥片產(chǎn)品不斷降價(jià)并推出低價(jià)麥片品牌，BB在銷售麥片上持續(xù)盈利。論據(jù)的歸納用于鋪墊出正文段的具體攻擊。最后點(diǎn)出原文存在邏輯錯(cuò)誤，引出后面的分析。

First of all, while Bargain Brand is still earning a profit, a crucial point here is determining the extent to which Bargain Brand profits have diminished since other the introduction of alternative low-priced cereals hit the market. It is entirely possible that Bargain Brand has been less profitable since its competitors lowered their cereal prices, and that in a little more time, Bargain Brand will sink into the red.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第一個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。

【此段功能】

本段作為正文第一段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：論據(jù)模糊。作者認(rèn)為原文只提出到了BB公司麥片盈利的情況，并沒有提出其利潤(rùn)在其他低價(jià)麥片產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)時(shí)，減少的程度。作者提出假設(shè)，很可能BB公司盈利在短時(shí)間內(nèi)就已經(jīng)減少到最低。

Secondly, the memo states that several major competitors plan to offer their own special bargain brands to compete directly with Bargain Brand. Yet the memo fails to account for this fact m concluding that Bargain Brand will continue to be profitable. In all likelihood, after the introduction of competing brands Bargain Brand's profits will diminish even further. Without providing evidence that this will not occur, the director cannot convincingly conclude that Bargain Brand will continue to profit from its cereal sales.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第二個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。

【此段功能】

本段作為正文第二段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤因果(時(shí)間類)。原文中雖然說BB公司在其他品牌的沖擊下盈利，但作者認(rèn)為沒有證據(jù)表明盈利會(huì)持續(xù)。接著，作者提出一種可能性，公司利潤(rùn)會(huì)diminish even further。

Thirdly, based on the fact that Bargain Brand continues to profit from cereal sales, the memo concludes that Bargain Brand should expand its product line to include other low-priced food products. No evidence is provided whereby it is demonstrated that Bargain Brand is likely to be profitable in other markets. Perhaps the profitability of the cereal is attributable so a factor that connote be replicated in the production of other low-food products.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第三個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。

【此段功能】

本段作為正文第三段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤類比(忽略他因)。作者認(rèn)為，即便BB的麥片產(chǎn)品會(huì)繼續(xù)盈利，也不能說名BB公司會(huì)在其他產(chǎn)品上盈利。接下來作者給出了其他因素來反駁原文觀點(diǎn)。

In conclusion, based on the evidence provided, the recommendation is ridiculous. To strengthen the argument, the director must demonstrate that Bargain Brand will continue to profit from cereal sales long after its major competitors introduce their own bargain brands. To better assess the director's conclusion that Bargain Brand should expand its line of bargain-priced foods, an audience would need more information about why the cereal line is so successful in the first place and if this contributing factor can be reproduced in the production of other low-priced foods.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument結(jié)尾段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：C – S的結(jié)尾結(jié)構(gòu)，首先再次重申原文的站不住腳的Conclusion，接下來給出給合理建議Suggestion。

【此段功能】

本段作為Argument結(jié)尾段，具體功能就總結(jié)歸納+建議措施，首先再次重申BB manager的建議不合理，接下來給出是文章更有說服力的合理化建議：一是必須給出BB在其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者退出新產(chǎn)品的情況下continue to profit的證據(jù)，二是提出BB公司麥片產(chǎn)品暢銷的因素以及這些因素能否被應(yīng)用到其他產(chǎn)品中。結(jié)尾段的建議非常規(guī)整的隱射前面的錯(cuò)誤，前后呼應(yīng)，文章有力結(jié)尾，渾然一體。

GRE作文ARGUMENT官方題庫(kù)滿分范文點(diǎn)評(píng)：Schenectady's Chamberof Commerce

The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Schenectady's Chamber of Commerce:

"Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district and vandalism there declined almost immediately. The city of Schenectady has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat vandalism, we should install such lighting throughout Schenectady. By reducing vandalism in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city."

滿分范文賞析

The president of Schenectady's Chamber of Commerce recommends the installation of high-intensity lighting throughout Schenectady as the best means of reducing vandalism and revitalizing city neighborhoods. The memo indicates that when Belleville took similar action, vandalism declined there almost immediately. The president also points out that since Schenectady's police began patrolling on bicycles the incidence of vandalism has remained unchanged. The lighting concludes the memo is the only effective measure to the reduction of vandalism. The president's argument is flawed in several critical respects.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument開頭段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：C – E - F的開頭結(jié)構(gòu)，首句概括原文的C(Conclusion)。接下來的一句話概括了原文為了支持他的結(jié)論所引用的E(Evidence)。最后尾句中給出開頭段到正文段的過渡句，指出原文在邏輯上存在F(Flaw)。

【此段功能】

本段作為Argument開頭段，具體功能就在發(fā)起攻擊。首先，概括原文的結(jié)論：Schenectady(簡(jiǎn)稱S)的president推薦安裝high-intensity light以防止破壞和振興城市。接下來分別列舉了原文為了支持這個(gè)結(jié)論引用的證據(jù)：一是Belleville(簡(jiǎn)稱B)用了相同的方法使破壞行為立即減少;二是指出light是使B地區(qū)破會(huì)行為減少的唯一有效方法，因?yàn)榫煅策墰]有任何改進(jìn)。開始論據(jù)的歸納用于鋪墊出正文段的具體攻擊。最后點(diǎn)出原文存在邏輯錯(cuò)誤，引出后面的分析。

First, the argument is based on the assumption that in Belleville the immediate decline in vandalism was attributable to the lighting rather than to some other phenomenon. Perhaps around the same time the city added police units or more after-school youth education programs. Moreover, perhaps since the initial decline vandals will, over time, grown accustomed to the lighting and no longer deterred by it. Without ruling out other explanations for the decline and showing that the decline will be a lasting one, the president cannot reasonably conclude on the basis of Belleville's experience that the same course of action would serve Schenectady's objectives.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第一個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。

【此段功能】

本段作為正文第一段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：因果類錯(cuò)誤(時(shí)間先后)。作者認(rèn)為B地區(qū)增加lighting和B地區(qū)vandalism減少這兩個(gè)先后發(fā)生的事情并不具有因果關(guān)系。這一現(xiàn)象，但是沒有indicate why。這樣法人為城鎮(zhèn)大小對(duì)健康狀況和壽命產(chǎn)生因果關(guān)系。

Secondly, the president assumes too hastily that Schenectady's bicycle patrol has been ineffective in deterring vandalism. Perhaps other factors including demographic shift or worsening economic conditions have served to increase vandalism. The bicycle patrol could very well have offset that increase. Without showing that all other conditions affecting the incidence of vandalism have remained unchanged since the police began its bicycle patrol, the president cannot make a determination about the effectiveness of such bike patrols. If one does not understand the correlation between rates of crime stopped by the patrol, the mayor can not state that the bicycle patrols did not reduce the convincingly conclude that high-intensity lighting would be a more effective means of preventing vandalism.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第二個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。

【此段功能】

本段作為正文第二段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤因果(結(jié)果錯(cuò)誤)。作者指出：原文中“bicycle patrol對(duì)vandalism無效的結(jié)論”是靠不住的。作者指出造成vandalism的其他因素，如demographic shift和worse econmic conditions，并提出一種可能性：bicycle patrol抵消了這兩種影響的增長(zhǎng)。最后作者總結(jié)，在缺乏other condition unchanged的前提下，結(jié)論是不可靠的。

Thirdly, the president assumes that high-intensity lighting and bicycle patrolling are Schenectady's only possible means of reducing crime. In all likelihood Schenectady has other choices: social programs, juvenile legal-system reforms, and so on. Moreover, vandalism is probably not the only type of crime in Schenectady. Therefore, unless the president can show that high-intensity lighting will deter other types of crime as well I cannot take seriously the president's conclusion that installing high intensity lighting would be the best way for Schenectady to reduce its overall crime rate and promote the revitalization of the city.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第三個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。

【此段功能】

本段作為正文第三段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：絕對(duì)語(yǔ)氣。原文中增加high intensity lighting和bicycle patrol是減少S地區(qū)犯罪率的唯一方法語(yǔ)氣過于絕對(duì)。作者提出了其他的方法，例如social program, juvenile legal-system reforms等其他可以減少犯罪率的方法。進(jìn)一步，作者提出vandlism是眾多crime的一種，high intensity lighting 未必是減少總體犯罪率的唯一方法。

Finally, for the sake of the argument, lets assume that high-intensity lighting was Schenectady's best means of reducing crime in its central business district, the president's further assertion that reducing crime would result in a revitalization of city neighborhoods is unwarranted. Perhaps the decline of Schenectady's city neighborhoods is attributable not to the crime rate in Schenectady's central business district but rather to other factors such as overall economic conditions, the availability of more attractive housing in the suburbs, and so on. And if the neighborhoods in decline are not located within the central business district the president's argument is even weaker.

【此段結(jié)構(gòu)】

本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第四個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和原文犯錯(cuò)位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。

【此段功能】

本段作為正文第四段，攻擊文章犯的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤因果。對(duì)于原文中對(duì)兩城市sick leave的比較，作者應(yīng)當(dāng)建立在兩城市對(duì)本地居民的錄用率相同，已經(jīng)雇員中本地居民的比例相同這兩個(gè)前提下。原文缺乏對(duì)這些前提的說明，所以不能從sick leave比較中得到結(jié)論。

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