通過對比比較巧解托福閱讀推理題
考生如果對所考文章的學科詞匯一竅不通,文章讀起來必定是云里霧里難以繼續(xù),因此適當掌握一些學科詞匯會使我們更有效備考。下面小編就和大家分享通過對比比較巧解托福閱讀推理題,希望能夠幫助到大家,來欣賞一下吧。
通過對比比較巧解托福閱讀推理題
第一,“強烈暗示”,即原文中給定的信息與正確答案的信息緊密相連,而并不會出現(xiàn)需要太多太大腦洞的地方。首先就是我們要認真閱讀題目中限定的段落(基本上會以某一段為主,而且題目明顯給出“According to Paragraph 1”這樣的字樣),并在腦海里迅速生成段落的結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯,即哪句是主旨(Topic Sentence),哪句是細節(jié)(Details),哪句是證據(jù)(Evidence),有沒有分論點(Minor Ideas)等。并在此基礎(chǔ)上,將文章內(nèi)容與各個選項中的信息匹配。而“匹配”也很重要,如果文章內(nèi)沒涉及相關(guān)信息的,得推個五重六重才能得出的答案必然不會是我們的正確答案。而且這是ETS常常挖的一個坑,就看你愿不愿意一往無前地跳進去了。所以劃重點:托福中的推理題最多只要往前推一步就足夠了,要時刻牢記得托福只是一個語言類考試。
第二,“未明確表述”,即正確選項應(yīng)該 是文章中沒有明確給出我們完全一樣的表述,但理論上應(yīng)該是正確的內(nèi)容。這就有一個迷思了。很多刷題不夠多的同學會想當然地以為推理題必然要往前推那么一大步,類似細節(jié)題正確選項的內(nèi)容(即同義改寫)就常常放棄了。而如果你做過超過十套官方真題Official并認真分析你遇到的所有推理題,你就會發(fā)現(xiàn),當出題者想降低出題難度的時候,把推理題的正確答案設(shè)置為paraphrase原文某個內(nèi)容的選項就是一個很普遍的選擇。因而,推理題并不會因為“沒有推理”而排除任何選項。相反,恭喜你,你只是遇到了一道難度略低的推理題。
Contrast(或是Comparison)的地方是ETS鐘愛的出推理題的地方。其實,某種程度上而言,這就是讓我們?nèi)W習一種很好的思考方式,或者是邏輯論證方式。筆者相信,你的寫作老師一定會跟你講過,有的寫作題目的個別論點的處理是可以通過對比來實現(xiàn)的。
如果你之前是在國內(nèi)讀高中,而且不是國際學校,那么你的確有可能對這種邏輯思維方式覺得似乎沒有那么熟悉。非也,非也?,F(xiàn)在讓我們來回顧一個場景。
場景回顧:如果你是一個理科生(或者有化學、生物課的文科生),回想一下你的化學和生物課上做的實驗,老師有沒有做過這樣的對比試驗:
實驗1:現(xiàn)在我們開始實驗演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液,兩個溶液都是透明無色的,沒有氣泡?,F(xiàn)在我們將一塊白色無味放入溶液A中,觀察實驗現(xiàn)象。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),與B溶液對照,A溶液中開始慢慢出現(xiàn)的氣泡。
實驗2:現(xiàn)在我們開始實驗演示。溶液A和溶液B放入相同的溶液,兩個溶液都是透明無色的,沒有氣泡?,F(xiàn)在我們將一塊白色無味放入溶液A中,觀察實驗現(xiàn)象。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),與B溶液對照,A溶液中開始慢慢變成紅色。
我們再畫個表格看一下。
initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;" height="20" valign="top" width="200"> | 溶液A | 溶液B |
實驗前 | 無色無味 | 無色無味 |
實驗1 | 出現(xiàn)氣泡 | |
實驗2 | 變成紅色 |
如果這是在化學課,且AB溶液是對比實驗,我們會在上面表格的空白處填出什么內(nèi)容?實驗1:沒有出現(xiàn)氣泡;實驗2:沒有變成紅色。對嗎。
好了,如果你能填出上面的正確內(nèi)容,說明你已經(jīng)掌握了一種行之有效的托福閱讀推理題的解題思路!
什么,你不相信?請看題目(來源:官方真題Official):
Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
There were great numbers of them.
They lived in the sea only.
They did not leave many fossil remains.
猜一下正確答案是什么?沒有錯,答案就是A。
為什么呢?請注意原文中說“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds(seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and atsea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.”重點信息是“unlike thecases of sea otters…., it is not easy to envision….whale...”,“不像sea otter的情況,對于鯨魚而言,是很難想象最初的鯨魚是什么樣子的。
不夠清晰?我們再來畫一個表格。
cases | seaotter | whale |
envision | noteasy |
有沒有發(fā)覺很熟悉!是不是跟剛剛的化學實驗一模一樣!所以請告訴我,空白處應(yīng)該填什么?“easy”,對嗎?好的,這時候我們再來看一下選項A說了什么?“It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.”
“not difficult”是不是就等同于我們填入的“easy”!所以這么一道繞來繞去的題目我們就搞定啦。正確答案就是A選項。
有沒有發(fā)覺get到了一個很高大上的技能!
托福閱讀長難句:大量物種滅絕
The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth asmeteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact. (TPO15, 46)
recur /r?'k??/ v. 再發(fā)生,復發(fā)
periodically adv.定期地,周期性發(fā)生地
hypothesis /ha?'pɑθ?s?s/ n. 假說,假設(shè)
deflect /d?'fl?kt/ v. (使某物)運動轉(zhuǎn)向;使某人改變原來的計劃
meteor /'mi?t??/ n. 流星
devastation /?dev?'ste??n/ n. 毀壞,荒廢
impact /?m'p?kt/ n. 撞擊,沖擊;影響
such sth as/that...:(像後面提及的)那樣的, 這樣的
我是分界線,大家先測試一遍速讀是否理解
The possibility (that mass extinctions may recur periodically) has given rise to such hypotheses as that (of a companion star)(with a long-period orbit) (deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits), (making some of them fall to Earth as meteors) and (causing widespread devastation upon impact). (TPO15, 46)
分析:
這個句子的主干很簡單:
The possibility has given rise to such hypotheses
注意這里的such sth as/that...:(像後面提及的)那樣的, 這樣的
例如:
Such a disaster as her car being stolen had never happened before.
Such poets as Keats and Shelley wrote Romantic poetry.
修飾一:(that mass extinctions may recur periodically),從句,解釋possibility
中文:大量物種滅絕可能會周期性發(fā)生
修飾二:(of a companion star) ,介詞短語
中文:一顆伴星
修飾三:(with a long-period orbit) ,介詞短語
中文:有長周期軌道
修飾四:(deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits),非謂語動詞
中文:使其它天體偏離正常軌道
修飾五:(making some of them fall to Earthas meteors),非謂語動詞
中文:使一些天體作為流星落入地球
修飾六:(causing widespread devastationupon impact),非謂語動詞
中文:在撞擊時造成大范圍破壞
參考翻譯:
大量物種滅絕可能會周期性發(fā)生的可能性引起了像這樣一個假說:一顆有長周期的伴星使其它天體偏離正常軌道,使一些天體作為流星落入地球,并在撞擊時造成大范圍破壞。
這個句子的主要修飾成分就是從句、非謂語動詞、介詞短語,大家務(wù)必想清楚,每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么,才能看清楚這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
托福閱讀長難句:歐洲貿(mào)易
The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships:eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, andeventually oil). (TPO18, 59)
mercantile /'m??k(?)nta?l/ adj. 貿(mào)易的,商業(yè)的
exceptional /?k's?p??nl/ adj. 異常的,杰出的,突出的
我是分界線,大家先一遍速讀看是否理解
The people of the Netherlands, (with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping),had difficulty (in developing good harbors suitable for steamships): eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, (with exceptional results) (for transit trade with Germanyand central Europe) and (for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and rawmaterials) (sugar,tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). (TPO18, 59)
分析:
修飾一:(with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping) ,介詞短語,修飾The people of the Netherlands
中文:有著長期漁業(yè)和商業(yè)海運傳統(tǒng)
修飾二:(in developing good harbors suitable for steamships) ,介詞短語
中文:在發(fā)展適合蒸汽船的好港口
修飾三:(with exceptional results) ,介詞短語
中文:有杰出的成果
修飾四:(for transit trade with Germany and central Europe) ,介詞短語
中文:因為和德國以及中歐的貿(mào)易
修飾五:(for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials) ,介詞短語
中文:加工海洋產(chǎn)品以及原材料
參考翻譯:
有著長期漁業(yè)和商業(yè)海運傳統(tǒng)的荷蘭人,在發(fā)展適合蒸汽船的好港口上有困難:最后他們在Rotterdam and Amsterdam這樣做了,并因為和歐洲以及中歐的貿(mào)易以及加工海洋產(chǎn)品以及原材料(如糖、煙草、巧克力、谷物以及油),從而取得了杰出的成果。
這個句子的主要修飾成分就是介詞短語,大家務(wù)必想清楚,每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么,才能看清楚這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
通過對比比較巧解托福閱讀推理題




