托福閱讀解題遭遇生詞怎么辦
托福閱讀解題遭遇生詞不要慌, 這些推斷方法順利猜詞義，今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福閱讀解題遭遇生詞不要慌，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀解題遭遇生詞不要慌 這些推斷方法順利猜詞義
1、根據(jù)同義、反義關(guān)系猜詞
如果該詞前或后出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容提示它們是反義關(guān)系。(表示相反概念的詞語(yǔ)如下rather than，instead，unlike，contrast，on the contrary.)
例如:
the main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a highvalue on hard work and honor and a son who repudiates his mother's valuesinstead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity
the word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to __
A、refuses to accept B、lives up to C、tries to understand D、makes the best of
假如repudiates我們不認(rèn)識(shí)，從后面的小詞 instead 這個(gè)詞判定兒子和媽媽價(jià)值觀念是相反的，由此信息看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)只有A選項(xiàng)帶有否定的意味
2、根據(jù)句意或段落文章的上、下文猜測(cè)
(1)、后面的句子或短詞單詞在解釋前面的詞。(常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志詞:contribute to，be responsible for，account for，since ，therefore ，for，because，in which等)
his big break came with the novel so big(1924) ,which wasawarded the pulitzer in literature.
the word break in this sentence could best be replaced by ___
A、rupture B、revelation C、opportunity D、rest
which was awarded the pulitzer in literature告訴我們一定考查的是正態(tài)度，所以答案不可能是AD，所以應(yīng)該選C、opportunity 是一種有利的狀態(tài)或合適的時(shí)機(jī)。
(2)后面的和此詞為并列關(guān)系。(并列關(guān)系詞如下：and not only ..but also as…as and both … andeither… or neither… nor.)
托福閱讀：我們都是柯南，詳解推斷題
推斷題，顧名思義，就是要做一定的推理，于是，同學(xué)們沸騰了，推理啊!誰(shuí)不會(huì)啊!毛利小五郎上身!神探夏洛克附體!我就是柯南!五花八門，無(wú)奇不有，無(wú)孔不入，似乎每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都很有道理!于是，陷入死循環(huán)，等到再遇到這樣的題型，只能憑感覺(jué)，看到哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)順眼，就選擇哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)。然后，你就錯(cuò)了。
那么，今天我們從一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)單的角度來(lái)攻破推斷題，即反向推理。
反向推理，指當(dāng)事物A和事物B特征相反，現(xiàn)在已知事物A特征，問(wèn)B特征時(shí)，那么B等于A的反向特征。而其中，最為明顯的在于時(shí)間前后的推理。我們先看一道非常簡(jiǎn)單的真題。
【Paragraph 1】The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. "Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward," observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a peak in the 1830's. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.
1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D. They did not operate in a national market economy.
本題中有非常明顯的信息可以幫助我們定位，即年份數(shù)字“1815”，定位到原文After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. 在1815年之后，改進(jìn)的交通方式使得越來(lái)越多的西部弄明逃開(kāi)了自給自足的生活方式，進(jìn)入了國(guó)家市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)。這是講在1815年之后的事情，而題干中問(wèn)的是“prior to 1815”，即在1815年之前，那么根據(jù)反向推理原理，直接對(duì)1815年之后的事情取反，即“在1815年之前，交通方式還未改進(jìn)，人們是自給自足的生活方式，還未進(jìn)入國(guó)家市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)”，直接對(duì)應(yīng)D選項(xiàng)。所以本題選擇D選項(xiàng)。
在托福閱讀考試當(dāng)中，時(shí)間上的反向推理題還有很多很多，難度也可能會(huì)更高，比如，我們?cè)賮?lái)一道題。
【Paragraph 1】It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.
2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?
A. Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.
B. Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
C. The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.
D. Few microscopic species existed.
本題中我們可以根據(jù)專業(yè)詞匯“Cambrian period”定位到It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. 直到六億年前的寒武紀(jì)時(shí)期，肉眼可見(jiàn)的生物才在地球上大量出現(xiàn)并產(chǎn)生可以讓我們了解物種多樣性興衰的化石。可是題干中用的是“before the Cambrian period”，即寒武紀(jì)之前，那么只要將原文中寒武紀(jì)之后的內(nèi)容取反，即“在寒武紀(jì)之前，肉眼可見(jiàn)的生物還沒(méi)有大量出現(xiàn)，我們還不能了解物種的多樣性”，對(duì)應(yīng)B選項(xiàng)。
所以，當(dāng)問(wèn)題或原句信息中出現(xiàn)了明確的在某種時(shí)間前后發(fā)生的事件時(shí)，大家要注意作者已經(jīng)在給出一定的提示了，我們可以通過(guò)前后的信息進(jìn)行推斷。
從這個(gè)角度看來(lái)，其實(shí)，閱讀的推斷題，很可愛(ài)對(duì)嗎?只要我們了解它的出題原理和作者的出題意圖，明確原文中句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，其實(shí)推斷題并不是為難廣大考生的絆腳石，而是幫助我們?nèi)〉瞄喿x高分、提升閱讀理解能力的好工具!
托福閱讀：推斷套路千千萬(wàn)，看完這篇斬一半
推斷題Inference Question，又叫推理題，是許多同學(xué)最煩惱的閱讀題型。往往閱讀已達(dá)25分以上的同學(xué)，最后的幾道錯(cuò)題中就有推斷題的身影。曾遇到一個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)已經(jīng)29的高分學(xué)員，二刷托福的最后階段，還是每每在推斷題上栽跟頭。
原因呢，就在于推斷題邏輯的“模糊”——比起大部分題型，比如細(xì)節(jié)題簡(jiǎn)單粗暴、非黑即白的邏輯，推斷題的態(tài)度要顯得曖昧許多。但首先我們要確定的是，雖然很難在原文中找到直接的同義改寫(xiě)，但文中一定會(huì)有依據(jù)。一旦依據(jù)不足，那做的就不是推斷題，而是“腦補(bǔ)題“了。問(wèn)我們：“What can we infer about X”，實(shí)際上是問(wèn)“作者對(duì)X有什么潛臺(tái)詞?”
潛臺(tái)詞里套路多，所以我們首先把題目分為兩類。一類是(1)“題干定位“型，一類可以叫作(2)“選項(xiàng)定位型“。讀完題干就可以區(qū)分。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子：
現(xiàn)在城市中養(yǎng)貓的人群正在興起，逐漸改變了以往狗多貓少的情況。其中原因有很多，首先，比起養(yǎng)狗，養(yǎng)貓更加方便。貓咪幾乎沒(méi)有體味，不需要遛，也不需要經(jīng)常洗澡：貓會(huì)自己“洗澡”。與狗不同，它們的唾液有很強(qiáng)的清潔力。此外，貓比狗需求的陪伴更少，這很適合生活忙碌的白領(lǐng)人群?，F(xiàn)代寵物行業(yè)培養(yǎng)了許多適宜家養(yǎng)的貓咪品種。比如美國(guó)短毛貓，脾氣較為溫順，尤其是銀虎斑，性格乖巧，適合作為家養(yǎng)寵物。
根據(jù)這段原文出兩道推斷題。(1)關(guān)于美國(guó)短毛貓，我們可以推斷出什么結(jié)論?(2)關(guān)于養(yǎng)貓，我們可以推斷出什么結(jié)論?那么第一題就是“題干定位題”，因?yàn)椤懊绹?guó)短毛貓”可以確定定位區(qū)間——原文的最后一句話。而第二題，我們卻顯然無(wú)法根據(jù)題干來(lái)定位，因?yàn)檎挝淖侄际侵v養(yǎng)貓的。所以第二題我們采取的策略是根據(jù)選項(xiàng)去定位。我們可以叫它“選項(xiàng)定位型”。
區(qū)分了兩種類型，就可以分別看看它們的套路了!
一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的思維導(dǎo)圖：
今天我們要詳細(xì)講解的是題干定位型的推斷題。以下是一些用得上的推理邏輯。
1. 反向推理
要有信心的是：只要題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是可以定位的，這道題就肯定不難，肯定可以拿下。我們要做的就是緊扣定位區(qū)間，從幾句話中確定依據(jù)，再回頭看選項(xiàng)。很快就可以知道哪幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)的依據(jù)不足。我們還是根據(jù)上面這個(gè)養(yǎng)貓的例子來(lái)出幾道題，考考大家的邏輯。
1. 關(guān)于動(dòng)物的唾液，我們能推斷出什么結(jié)論?
A. 貓的唾液比人類的沐浴液更有清潔力。
B. 狗的唾液沒(méi)有清潔力。
C. 動(dòng)物的唾液都有清潔力。
D. 因?yàn)樨埖耐僖嚎梢宰晕仪鍧?，所以貓的一生不需要洗澡?/p>
這道題拿到手，當(dāng)然是用“唾液“作為關(guān)鍵詞去定位。找到定位區(qū)間：“貓咪并不需要遛，也不需要經(jīng)常洗澡：貓會(huì)自己“洗澡”。與狗不同，它們的唾液有很強(qiáng)的清潔力。“依據(jù)僅有這兩句話，其中沒(méi)有提到“人類的沐浴液”，因此排除A;“貓不需要經(jīng)常洗澡”和D中的“一生不需要洗澡”矛盾，排除D;C顯然不對(duì)，因此選擇B。
B這個(gè)選項(xiàng)，我們叫做反向推理，由“與狗不同，……”這句話推出。這個(gè)邏輯非常常見(jiàn)?，F(xiàn)在來(lái)看一看TPO中的練習(xí)題：
It should be obvious that cetaceans – whales, porpoises, and dolphins – are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
A.It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
B.There were great numbers of them.
C. They lived in the sea only.
D. They did not leave many fossil remains.
這道題是非常經(jīng)典的題干定位、反向推理。題干中的sea otter, 定位到的區(qū)間為unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.邏輯和上面那道例題非常相似，根據(jù)unlike推出sea otter情況與cetacean相反，因此選A。
還有一種更為隱晦的反向推理。比如，托福出分了，媽媽對(duì)你說(shuō)：你和小明、小紅都是一個(gè)班的，你看看小明這次考得特別好，小紅也考得不錯(cuò)!請(qǐng)問(wèn)根據(jù)媽媽的話可以推斷出什么?當(dāng)然是媽媽的潛臺(tái)詞：“你”沒(méi)有考好。這件事媽媽沒(méi)有明說(shuō)，但仍然是反向推理出來(lái)的。
那就讓我們把這種題目拿下，考出個(gè)超級(jí)好的成績(jī)，讓媽媽無(wú)話可說(shuō)：
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community, to survive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
根據(jù)題干的commensalism, 找到定位區(qū)間“There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community”。第一句話羅列了三種關(guān)系，第二句話強(qiáng)調(diào)了第一種和第三種是key factor，那么沒(méi)有提到的第二種——也就是題干所問(wèn)的這一種，就是與之相反的不是key factor。答案呼之欲出：就是C,its significance is small.
再來(lái)一題更難的：
With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
A. It did not contain any marine fossil.
B. It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
C. It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
D. It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
這題拿到手，還是找定位區(qū)間：“the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.”第一句話說(shuō)gypsum的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明它是在沙漠形成的;第二句話講了gypsum上下兩層的情況：富含marine fossils。從第二句話中，我們傾向于推出中間的gypsum曾并沒(méi)有marine fossils，邏輯和上題一樣。第一句話給了我們佐證：gypsum本身應(yīng)當(dāng)從沙漠來(lái)，當(dāng)然沒(méi)有海洋沉淀。答案：A。
反向推理的邏輯大致如此。其中還有一種較為特殊的“時(shí)間推理”，我們也可以看一看。
2. 時(shí)間推理
時(shí)間推理的邏輯非常簡(jiǎn)單。大致就是：小明在2017年去了美國(guó)讀大學(xué)——可以推出2017年以前小明沒(méi)有去美國(guó)讀大學(xué)。通過(guò)時(shí)間先后來(lái)反推，其實(shí)也屬于反向推理中的一種。一道簡(jiǎn)單的TPO：
The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco,
and cotton.
B. They were able to sell their product
at high prices.
C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D. They did not operate in a national market economy.
答案選C。你選對(duì)了嗎?
再來(lái)看一看時(shí)間推理更進(jìn)一步的題會(huì)出成什么樣：
This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?
A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.
D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
這道題目跪了無(wú)數(shù)人。其實(shí)這題看似信息雜亂，但題目中的canal building是可以定位的：文中的前3句話。第一句話就是題眼所在：在steam locomotive出現(xiàn)之前，canal building was at its height。你是否理解了at its height?它表示“達(dá)到了頂峰“。
所以選B，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)。A信息不足，而C和D都和原文有不同程度的出入。
再來(lái)練一道題：
Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?
A. They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.
B. They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.
C. They waste more oil than they collect.
D. They are unlikely to occur nowadays.
這道題同樣絆倒了許多同學(xué)?，F(xiàn)在我們?cè)賮?lái)根據(jù)推理邏輯做一遍，就會(huì)覺(jué)得它并不難。Gusher可以定位到這句話：“Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past.“如此有限的一句話，只能推出D這個(gè)結(jié)論，其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，字面看起來(lái)雖然很有道理：gusher就是井噴，可以說(shuō)有A、B、C說(shuō)的石油到達(dá)地表更易、標(biāo)志著巨大油儲(chǔ)量、廢油比集油多等特征。但是，它們都沒(méi)有依據(jù)，根本不需要仔細(xì)研究。所以先確定依據(jù)，再看選項(xiàng)，可以大大節(jié)省時(shí)間。
3. 從屬推理
最后來(lái)講一講比較罕見(jiàn)、也較難的邏輯：從屬推理。先來(lái)舉個(gè)栗子：
新東方的同學(xué)們都非常好學(xué)。比如小明，他雖然有學(xué)校的課業(yè)壓力，但絲毫不放松托福的學(xué)習(xí)，不僅能很快完成作業(yè)，還能主動(dòng)提問(wèn)、積累詞匯，最后取得了很好的托福成績(jī)。
根據(jù)小明我們能推斷出什么?
A.小明在托福學(xué)習(xí)上比學(xué)校課業(yè)上花更多的時(shí)間
B.小明的詞匯量比較差
C.小明是新東方的學(xué)生
D.小明的交作業(yè)交得最早
這道題很容易，選C，其他選項(xiàng)都是依據(jù)不足，過(guò)度推斷。C這種邏輯我們就叫它“從屬推理”。有點(diǎn)像亞里士多德的三段論，但我們更強(qiáng)調(diào)觀點(diǎn)和例子之間的從屬關(guān)系。例子能夠滿足觀點(diǎn)的條件。
嚴(yán)格來(lái)講，要定位一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，應(yīng)當(dāng)定位到完整的論證結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是單純的例子部分。就拿上題來(lái)說(shuō)，如果只定位到小明個(gè)人的部分，就會(huì)遺漏觀點(diǎn)句中的依據(jù)。前方高能，難題兩道：
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as they mature.
B. They support many species when they reach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
掌握了從屬推理之后，定位出來(lái)的區(qū)間就不是從“Once a redwood forest...”開(kāi)始，而是要包含上面的觀點(diǎn)句：”At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community.”妥妥的選C。但是這道題要排除A、B、D卻并不是那么容易，因?yàn)樯婕暗絤aturity, diversity 和stability三個(gè)變量。我們根據(jù)原文意思來(lái)畫(huà)個(gè)示意圖：
有沒(méi)有感覺(jué)到A、B、D都是要欺騙感情的呢?所以這道題，應(yīng)該堅(jiān)決果斷地選C，這樣就能爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間。
最后再來(lái)一道難題：
After the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., the presence of administrators, merchants, and troops on British soil, along with the natural flow of ideas and goods from the rest of the empire, had an enormous influence on life in the British Isles. Cultural influences were of three types: the bringing of objects, the transfer of craft workers, and the introduction of massive civil architecture. Many objects were not art in even the broadest sense and comprised utilitarian items of clothing, utensils, and equipment. We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available. The flooding of Britain with red-gloss pottery form Gaul (modern-day France), decorated with scenes from Classical mythology, probably brought many into contact with the styles and artistic concepts of the Greco-Roman world for the first time, whether or not the symbolism was understood. Mass-produced goods were accompanied by fewer more aesthetically impressive objects such as statuettes. Such pieces perhaps first came with officials for their own religious worship; others were then acquired by native leaders as diplomatic gifts or by purchase. Once seen by the natives, such objects created a fashion which rapidly spread through the province.
Paragraph 1 suggests that one benefit for British natives in buying such items as red-gloss pottery made in Gaul was
A. improved quality of utilitarian items
B. Understanding the symbolism of Classical mythology
C. higher social standing
D. Learning to mass-produce pottery for a profit
定位區(qū)間：從觀點(diǎn)句“We should not underestimate the social status associated with such mundane possessions which had not previously been available”開(kāi)始，直到”red-gloss pottery”具體的例子展開(kāi)部分。答案C來(lái)自觀點(diǎn)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)日用品和社會(huì)地位之間的關(guān)系。你做對(duì)了嗎?
總結(jié)一下，今天我們研究了推斷題中的“題干定位型”，即用題干中的關(guān)鍵信息可以確定定位空間的題。
分析了反向推理、時(shí)間推理和從屬推理這三個(gè)邏輯。是不是已經(jīng)可以拿下這一半的推斷題了呢?下次有機(jī)會(huì)我們?cè)僬归_(kāi)“選項(xiàng)定位型”即無(wú)法用題干信息定位的推斷題。
托福閱讀：當(dāng)心否定事實(shí)信息題中的“陷阱”
Negative Factual Information Questions，一般譯作否定事實(shí)信息題，有時(shí)也被稱為反向事實(shí)信息題、排除列舉題或選非題，在閱讀十大題型中出錯(cuò)率一直較高。出錯(cuò)的原因，往往被簡(jiǎn)單歸結(jié)于“粗心大意”。誠(chéng)然，在其他題型的解答過(guò)程中，同學(xué)們往往都是在努力尋找與原文說(shuō)法最為接近的選項(xiàng)，而遇到否定事實(shí)信息題，由于思維慣性，在看到與原文說(shuō)法基本一致但本該被排除的選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，往往會(huì)忘記題目中那個(gè)大大的EXCEPT或NOT，導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選。
但是，只是說(shuō)不要“粗心大意”并沒(méi)有什么用，就像在穿越雷區(qū)的時(shí)候只是說(shuō)“要當(dāng)心哦”并沒(méi)有太多實(shí)際的幫助。只有當(dāng)我們了解到哪里可能埋雷，哪里可能會(huì)有陷阱，才更有可能避開(kāi)危險(xiǎn)，安全抵達(dá)目的地。而在否定事實(shí)信息題的解答過(guò)程中，對(duì)題型認(rèn)知不夠準(zhǔn)確是一些題目錯(cuò)誤率居高不下的主要原因。
而且這鍋還真得由ETS(即托?？荚嚦鲱}人)來(lái)背。在其出版的《托福考試官方指南》中，關(guān)于否定事實(shí)信息題的介紹如下：
Negative Factual Information Questions
These questions ask you to verify what information is true and what information is NOT true or not included in the passage based on information that is explicitly stated in the passage. To answer this kind of question, first locate the relevant information in the passage. Then verify that three of the four answer choices are true and that the remaining choice is false. Remember, for this type of question, the correct answer is the one that is NOT true.
簡(jiǎn)單翻譯就是，這類題型要求你根據(jù)文章中所明確給出的信息判斷哪些選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法是正確的，哪些是不正確或文章中未提及的。需要先在文章中定位相關(guān)信息，然后判斷哪三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的說(shuō)法正確而哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。并且記住，對(duì)于這類題型來(lái)說(shuō)，正確答案反而是那個(gè)說(shuō)法不正確的選項(xiàng)。
以上，同學(xué)們很容易得出的結(jié)論即是，為了答對(duì)否定事實(shí)信息題，我們需要排除三個(gè)與原文說(shuō)法一致的選項(xiàng)，找到那個(gè)說(shuō)法不一致，或未提及的選項(xiàng)。而在絕大多數(shù)時(shí)候，這個(gè)判斷選項(xiàng)的思路是正確的。例如在Spartina這篇文章中，有一道否定事實(shí)信息題：
Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the dayand exposed others).
According to paragraph 1, each of the following is true of Spartina alrerniflora EXCEPT:
A. It rarely flowers in salt marshes.
B. It grows well in intertidal zones.
C. It iscommonly referred to as cordgrass.
D. It occurs naturally along the Gulf Coast and the Atlantic coast of the United States.
正確答案A中的否定詞rarely使得該選項(xiàng)與原文第一句的說(shuō)法正好相反。
但是，有些題目之所以錯(cuò)誤率高，或同學(xué)們?cè)诖痤}的時(shí)候覺(jué)得難，覺(jué)得正確答案不好找，往往因?yàn)檫@些題屬于所謂的“例外”，即常規(guī)思路看似不適用的情況。有許多否定事實(shí)信息題，僅從選項(xiàng)的措辭來(lái)看，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)看似都與原文的某些內(nèi)容一致。而這是我們?cè)诮庾x官方指南的時(shí)候往往會(huì)忽略掉的一種可能性，也即是本文標(biāo)題中所指的“陷阱”。如果沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這種可能性的存在，遇到此類題目的時(shí)候，出錯(cuò)的幾率自然大大提高。
例如以下這道經(jīng)典例題，來(lái)自Westward Migration這篇文章：
Why were these hundreds of thousands of settlers—most of them farmers, some of them artisans—drawn away from the cleared fields and established cities and villages of the East? Certain characteristics of American society help to explain this remarkable migration. The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them acrossthe Atlantic. Many of those who experienced this sharp break there after lackedthe ties that had bound them and their ancestors to a single place. Moreover,European society was relatively stratified; occupation and social status were inherited. In American society, however, the class structure was less rigid;some people changed occupations easily and believed it was their duty to improve their social and economic position. As a result, many Americans were an inveterately restless, rootless, and ambitious people. Therefore, these social traits helped to produce the nomadic and daring settlers who kept pushing westward beyond the fringes of settlement. In addition, there were other immigrants who migrated west in search of new homes, material success, and better lives.
According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons why Americans migrated westward EXCEPT
A. the desire to move from one place to the next
B. the hope of improving their socioeconomic status
C. the opportunity to change jobs
D. the need to escape religious or political crises
本題正確答案D選項(xiàng)來(lái)自原文中的這句話The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or piece of land until some religious, political, or economic crisis uprooted them and drove them across the Atlantic. 很多同學(xué)在答題的過(guò)程中只記得看到了“因?yàn)樽诮袒蛘味w徙”這個(gè)內(nèi)容，從而認(rèn)為D選項(xiàng)與原文說(shuō)法一致，就想當(dāng)然的按照慣例排除了這個(gè)選項(xiàng)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)選。但只要稍微細(xì)心，就能夠意識(shí)到這是部分美國(guó)人的歐洲祖先遷移到美國(guó)的原因，而不是美國(guó)人西遷的原因，反而是可以直選的正確答案。
而另一道來(lái)自Role of Play in Development這篇文章的例題：
Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually veryactive, involving movement in space and, at times, noise making. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth orfor building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.
According to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT
A. exposure to predators
B. abuildup of fat stores
C. a lossof fuel that could be used for growth
D. riskof injury from slipping or falling
正確答案B選項(xiàng)看似在文章中有直接對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容“building up fat stores”，但仔細(xì)閱讀會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，失去用以形成脂肪的能量才是玩耍的代價(jià)之一，而脂肪本身的積累并不是。甚至這里的B和C選項(xiàng)可視作一對(duì)矛盾選項(xiàng)，非此即彼，必有一為正確答案。
同樣，在Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia這篇文章中有一道題：
The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruptionor grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant land owners with a definite market orientation.
According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to theindustrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPT
A. Generally liberal trade policies
B. Huge projects undertaken by the state
C. Relatively uncorrupt governments
D. Relatively little social or political disruption
正確答案B選項(xiàng)也似乎與原文中的“grandiose state projects”一致，但聯(lián)系前半句話中的without就會(huì)意識(shí)到正好與問(wèn)題中的EXCEPT對(duì)應(yīng)，這個(gè)答案也是可以直選出來(lái)的。而這道題的B和C選項(xiàng)也是原文中的并列結(jié)構(gòu)，被處理成了正好矛盾的選項(xiàng)。
還有更多例題這里就不一一列舉了，而我們可以得出的結(jié)論是：否定事實(shí)信息題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，需要被排除的那三個(gè)一定與原文說(shuō)法一致，而需要被選出來(lái)的那個(gè)正確答案，由于選取的只是部分內(nèi)容，1)可能直接與原文矛盾，2)可能屬于完全未提及，甚至3)看似在原文中能夠找到對(duì)應(yīng)，實(shí)際內(nèi)容也符合題目，可以做直選。而意識(shí)到正確選項(xiàng)的這三種可能性，意識(shí)到否定事實(shí)信息題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)在原文中都可能有對(duì)應(yīng)，能幫助避免只憑借部分信息就認(rèn)定選項(xiàng)對(duì)錯(cuò)的這種“粗心大意”，也往往比僅僅采用排除法解題更有效率。
但是再仔細(xì)想想，任何題型的正確答案，不就應(yīng)該是符合題目要求的選項(xiàng)嗎。從這個(gè)角度來(lái)看，并不存在所謂的“例外”，無(wú)非是題目和選項(xiàng)的措辭，使得否定事實(shí)信息題的正確答案也可能與原文的某些內(nèi)容一致，剛好能夠回答問(wèn)題。
說(shuō)到底，仔細(xì)讀題目，仔細(xì)讀原文，仔細(xì)讀選項(xiàng)，句子要看完整，不要看一半就想當(dāng)然，等等這些最基本的要求，是在練習(xí)和考試中都要始終如一地堅(jiān)定貫徹執(zhí)行的。所謂的技巧，無(wú)非是對(duì)于各種規(guī)律和套路的總結(jié)。對(duì)于前人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，從來(lái)不是去盲目相信或生搬硬套，而是在反復(fù)驗(yàn)證的過(guò)程中，去完善和優(yōu)化，并最終成為自己可以熟練運(yùn)用的能力。
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