托福閱讀指代題題型特點(diǎn)介紹

托福閱讀指代題是考生在做題時常會遇到的一種題型，這種題型往往會對一個段落考后的某個代詞進(jìn)行提問，詢問你這個代詞指代的對象是什么。今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x指代題題型特點(diǎn)及解題方法匯總精講，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀指代題題型特點(diǎn)介紹

1)選擇代詞找尋它所指代的具體內(nèi)容;

2)能否分析代詞與其先行詞之間的照應(yīng)關(guān)系;

3)被指代的內(nèi)容通常出現(xiàn)在代詞之前;

4)選項(xiàng)單詞或短語都來源于文章，很具有干擾性。

5)提問方式：The word X in the passage refers to

代詞主要分為人稱代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、其他代詞。

①人稱代詞：

主格 he,she,it,they

賓格 him,her,it,them

所有格 his,her,its,their

②指示代詞：

this,that,these,those

③關(guān)系代詞：

who，whom，which，whose

④其他代詞：

one，other，another，all，none，both

托福閱讀指代題解題方法分享

1)分析原句

2)看選項(xiàng)

3)代入原句檢驗(yàn)(檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：是否數(shù)格一致)

①是否數(shù)一致：

The energy content of food is stored in the chemical bonds that link its atoms and molecules.

這句話中的代詞 its 指代的一定是單數(shù)名詞 food ，不可能是 chemical bonds 。

②是否符合原意

Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

這句話中的代詞 They 指代的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是前面一句話的某個名詞或名詞短語，那么 They 指代的是 Pent-up aggressive impulses 還是 outlets 呢?根據(jù)句子的意思， 它們可能會以直接的方式對父母表達(dá)出來 ，顯然只有 impulses 才會被表達(dá)出來， outlets 是不會被表達(dá)出來的，因此代詞 They 指代的是 Pent-up aggressive impulses 而不是 outlets 。

托福閱讀指代類題型5個解題要點(diǎn)思路分析

1. 見到代詞找指代，指代通常在前方

這句話是代詞指代題的總則，考生務(wù)必牢記：代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后，原詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在代詞之前。根據(jù)這條原則考生可以快速排除選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)在代詞之后的詞匯,鎖定正確答案。

2. 主代主，賓代賓，所有格，就近找

代詞指代的語法規(guī)則非常嚴(yán)格，因此考生要優(yōu)先考慮代詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑褐髡Z、賓語、還是所有格代詞，然后在前句中快速尋找對應(yīng)的語法成分就可以輕松解題。僅依靠這條規(guī)律就可以解決大部分代詞指代類題目，例如：

When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers", they are stung and eaten.

題目中代詞“they”在主句中充當(dāng)主語成分，考生迅速定位前方從句中的主語“small fish”，題目就迎刃而解。

又例如所有格代詞(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近該代詞的核心名詞：

Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.

題目中的所有格代詞“their”之前有兩個名詞“florists”和“flowers”，語法基礎(chǔ)薄弱的考生要花些時間才能弄清楚所謂“他(它)們的”究竟是誰們的?事實(shí)上根據(jù)“就近原則”，在距離代詞最近的地方找到符合句中語意的核心名詞，就可以鎖定答案。而上述句中距離“their”最近的名詞時“flowers”，因此正確答案就是它。

3. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)有搭配，多重指代層層推

所謂平行結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)就是分層次描述，閱讀部分經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“not only..., but also...”，“one..., the other...”，“some..., others...”等固定搭配對兩層或多層語意進(jìn)行描寫，通過對這種常見結(jié)構(gòu)的把握，考生就可以快速鎖定答案。例如：

Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.

雖然上述語句語法結(jié)構(gòu)和語意都較為復(fù)雜，但不難看出題目中“many people..., others...”是固定搭配，因此“others”做為代詞所指代的名詞必定是前文中的“many people”，正確答案應(yīng)為“adults”。

此外，為了增加難度，對于代詞指代的考察也經(jīng)常在定位方面設(shè)置障礙，既通過一層推理很難鎖定目標(biāo)詞匯。因此考生需要多一點(diǎn)耐心和多一份細(xì)心，在前文內(nèi)容中層層回溯，逐一定位，抽絲剝繭，最終必然能夠順利解題。例如：

The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

本題看似復(fù)雜，其實(shí)通過層層倒推，鎖定目標(biāo)詞“cities”并不十分困難。

4. 單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)都對應(yīng)，主動被動要分清

代詞指代題中有一些常見陷阱，例如同時出現(xiàn)大量名詞，有單數(shù)、有復(fù)數(shù)、有可數(shù)名詞、也有不可數(shù)名詞，讓考生霧里看花;或是將前文中的主動句改寫成后文的被動句，顛三倒四，讓考生頭暈?zāi)X脹。po解這種陷阱的手法其實(shí)很簡單，無論怎樣變化，代詞指代總有一定之規(guī)，例如：

In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.

本題中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主語帶主語”原則。代詞出現(xiàn)的語句是被動句，因此“they”不再指代前文主語，而是指代前文中的賓語。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”還是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感動彷徨無助，口訣中已經(jīng)明確指出，代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)必然與原詞單復(fù)數(shù)一致，因此正確答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。

5. 定位排除和代入，驗(yàn)證語意要記牢

總而言之，代詞指代題的解題步驟清晰明了：第一步定位文中代詞，用上述方法搜索原詞;第二步分析選項(xiàng)，排除位置和語意不符的詞匯;第三步帶入原句中簡單翻譯，進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。

托?？荚囬喿x材料專題訓(xùn)練

【Introduction】

根據(jù)一份今在「英國醫(yī)學(xué)雜志」刊出的報告指出，母乳雖然含有豐富營養(yǎng)，但長期吃母奶無助於降低幼兒罹患?xì)獯瓦^敏癥狀風(fēng)險。

【Section One】Article

The benefits of breast-feeding are many and varied. Studies suggest that breast-fed kids are smarter, taller, thinner, healthier and less stressed than babies on bottles. Plus, breast-feeding helps moms bond with their babies and may even lower their blood pressure. So, is there anything breast milk can‘t do? Apparently, yes, according to a new study published Tuesday by BMJ Online: It doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

That‘s a question researchers have long debated. Until now, the evidence has been mixed: Some studies have suggested that exclusive, prolonged breast-feeding helps stave off asthma and allergies later in life; other studies have shown no protection, or even an increased risk. But most of the available data has come from observational studies. The new BMJ paper, in contrast, was a large, long-term randomized trial that involved more than 17,000 breast-feeding women and babies, 13,889 of whom were tracked until age 6 1/2. Researchers recruited the moms in maternity hospitals and clinics in Belarus. About half of them — those who had already begun breast-feeding — were encouraged to continue breast-feeding exclusively; the control group got no such extra urging.

Researchers report that women in the intervention group breast-fed significantly longer than women in the control group: at three months, 73% of the intervention group was breast-feeding, compared with 60% of the control group, and the number of women breast-feeding exclusively was seven times higher. By a year after birth, rates of breast-feeding had dropped across the board; but still, 20% of the intervention group was breast-feeding versus 11% of the controls.

In general, about 10% of the children had ever suffered wheezing in their lives, though less than 1.5% had had full-blown asthma. Roughly 3% to 5% had had hay fever, and about 1% had suffered bouts of eczema. Researchers also performed skin-prick tests on the children; again, there was no significant difference between incidence of allergy — to dust mites, cats, pollen, grass and Alternaria, a common fungus — between the groups. In the breast-fed group, about 9% were allergic to pollen and Alternaria, 12% to cats and grass and 15% to dust mites. Absolute rates of all allergies were slightly lower in the control group, but the variations weren‘t statistically relevant.

The BMJ study is "to our knowledge.. the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation," write the study‘s authors. But it‘s not likely to be the last. Science will continue to debate the discrete pros and cons of breast-feeding, but doctors unanimously agree that breast, in general, is best for babies‘ health, growth and development. Mothers should breast-feed newborns for at least 12 months — and exclusively for at least 6 months — according to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines.

【Section Two】Vocabulary

limiting or limited to possession, control, or use by a single individual or group

extend the duration of.

to fend off, to ward off

enlist (someone) in the armed forces.

the period during pregnancy and shortly after childbirth

action taken to improve a medical disorder.

so as to include or affect all classes or categories

to maintain contact with (a person) so as to monitor the effects of earlier activities or treatments

a set of printed questions, usually with a choice of answers, devised for a survey or statistical study.

10. wheeze

breathe with a whistling or rattling sound in the chest, as a result of obstruction in the air passages. (of a device) make an irregular rattling or spluttering sound.

possessing or exhibiting all the usual or necessary features or symptoms

12. bout

a short period of intense activity.

13. eczema

a medical condition in which patches of skin become rough and inflamed with blisters which cause itching and bleeding.

14. prick

press briefly or puncture with a sharp point.

15. mite

a minute arachnid with four pairs of legs, several kinds of which are parasitic.

16. pollen

a powdery substance discharged from the male part of a flower, each microscopic grain containing a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule.

is a genus of ascomycete fungi. Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients.

18. fungus

any of a large group of spore-producing organisms which feed on organic matter and include moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

a disadvantage of or argument against something.

fully in agreement.

a branch of medicine dealing with the development, care, and diseases of children

the secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

an acute allergic reaction to pollen that is usually seasonal and is marked by sneezing, nasal discharge and congestion, and itching and watering of the eyes

【Section Three】Homework

1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.

When the infants were about 6 1/2 years old, researchers followed up with standard questionnaires about asthma, hay fever and eczema. Rates of each condition were similar in both groups.

2. What is the main idear of this Article?

3. What is the main reason that the author is confident with the conclusion of the study?

4. Which word is the "best" synonym of "recruit" here ?

A. recover B. renovate C. refresh D. draft E. enroll

5. Which kinds of allergies are described in the article?

參考答案：

1. 當(dāng)小嬰兒六歲半時，研究員以一致的問卷來追蹤哮喘、花粉病和濕疹。兩組各項(xiàng)過敏的比例都很接近。

2. Although breast-feeding has many advantages, it doesn‘t offer infants much defense against asthma or allergies.

3. The conclusion is drawn from the largest randomized trial ever done in the area of human lactation.

4. E

5. asthma, hay fever and eczema