托福閱讀備考中的注意事項(xiàng)
托福閱讀備考中的注意事項(xiàng)有哪些呢?今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福閱讀備考中的注意事項(xiàng) ,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀備考中的注意事項(xiàng)
1.考前沒(méi)有認(rèn)真背單詞
單詞量不足除了影響對(duì)全文理解外，還直接影響托福閱讀里面的很多vocabulary的題目的解答。所以，托福一定要背單詞，單詞真的是王道。而且，考生考T是為了什么?不就是為了出國(guó)嗎?從這個(gè)根本目標(biāo)出發(fā)，單詞的積累也是重要的?；蛟S有人會(huì)問(wèn)，看哪本托福詞匯書?實(shí)際上，市面上常見(jiàn)的任何一本單詞書拿來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)考試都不會(huì)有什么問(wèn)題。關(guān)鍵在于是否能持之以恒地把一本書啃透。有人或許會(huì)問(wèn)，專業(yè)詞匯到底看不看，看的話當(dāng)然最好，不看實(shí)際上也不影響理解文章并解答題目。如果考生時(shí)間比較緊張的話，還是建議不要背了，畢竟背單詞是一個(gè)很殺時(shí)間的事情。
2.考前沒(méi)有適應(yīng)托福閱讀文章的長(zhǎng)度和句子架構(gòu)的方式
其實(shí)要想適應(yīng)托?？荚囍械拈L(zhǎng)難句，就是多進(jìn)行句子分析，或者多看閱讀文章。這里必須要強(qiáng)烈推薦TPO，原因?qū)Ω堕喿x需要把ETS出題的角度和考題給出的正確選項(xiàng)都研究透了，才能保證練習(xí)的質(zhì)量，也是真正可以提高咱們閱讀能力的途徑。
多問(wèn)自己幾個(gè)為什么，不要對(duì)完答案就把這篇閱讀文章扔到一邊，否則我們做再多的閱讀針對(duì)性練習(xí)也只是為了尋求一種無(wú)謂的placebo effect.
3.注意到TOEFL考試的字體
每個(gè)人對(duì)文字的感覺(jué)實(shí)際上是不同的，某些同學(xué)對(duì)文字形狀可能本身就敏感，等到考試的時(shí)候，看到的英文字體和自己平時(shí)看的字體不一樣，可能會(huì)感到很別扭，很不習(xí)慣。這種情緒和考試中的緊張一結(jié)合可能會(huì)影響到考生的臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮，影響到最后的成績(jī)。所以，還是建議考生再平時(shí)進(jìn)行閱讀練習(xí)的時(shí)候就盡量把字體調(diào)成Arial，這樣與考試中英文字符的字體一樣，到了考試的時(shí)候就會(huì)感到很親切。很適應(yīng)
托福閱讀素材：心態(tài)年輕的人壽命更長(zhǎng)
Age-liars and birthday-deniers... you'd best learn a thing or two from those who are young at heart. People who feel younger than their actual chronological age may live longer than those who feel older than they truly are, a new study says.
謊報(bào)年齡、否認(rèn)生日……想要變得年輕，那么你最好試著學(xué)學(xué)那些擁有年輕心態(tài)的人。一項(xiàng)新的研究稱，那些自我感覺(jué)比實(shí)際年齡小的人可能比那些自我感覺(jué)比實(shí)際年齡大的人更加長(zhǎng)壽。
Perceived age might play a role in more than just how you feel. Results from the study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggest that people who feel a year or more older than they truly are could have around 41 percent greater risk for death.
感知年齡所起到的作用可能遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止于你的感覺(jué)如何。從《美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)雜志》(The Journal of the American Medical Association)的研究結(jié)果來(lái)看，那些感覺(jué)自己比實(shí)際年齡大一歲或好幾歲的人會(huì)比一般人高出近41%的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
University College London researchers looked at nearly 6,500 older adults, with an average age of 65.8 for the study. Around 70 percent of the subjects felt younger than they were, about a quarter felt their precise age and just under 5 percent felt a year or more older than they were, when asked "How old do you feel you are?"
倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院(University College London)的研究人員調(diào)查了近6500名平均年齡為65.8歲的老年人。在回答“您感覺(jué)自己年齡有多大?”這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，當(dāng)中大約70%的老年人覺(jué)得自己比實(shí)際年齡小，約25%的人認(rèn)為自己符合實(shí)際年齡，而只有不到5%的人認(rèn)為自己比實(shí)際年齡大一歲或好幾歲。
Those who felt older than they were had a higher death rate after a follow-up period of 99 months. While just 14.3 and 18.5 percent of people who felt younger or felt their age, respectively, died during those 99 months, 24.6 percent of those who felt aged beyond their years had died.
那些覺(jué)得自己年齡比實(shí)際大的人在接下來(lái)的99個(gè)月的隨訪期中死亡的可能性更高。而那些心態(tài)年輕以及心態(tài)歲數(shù)和實(shí)際年齡相當(dāng)?shù)娜嗽诮酉聛?lái)的99個(gè)月中的死亡可能性分別只有14.3%和18.5%，而那些覺(jué)得自己比實(shí)際年紀(jì)大的人有24.6%已經(jīng)在這99個(gè)月中死亡。
The authors say more research is needed on the topic, but suggest it could be that those who feel "young at heart" have healthier behaviors and more resilience, giving them a stronger will to live. "Self-perceived age has the potential to change, so interventions may be possible. Individuals who feel older than their actual age could be targeted with health messages promoting positive health behaviors and attitudes toward aging," the authors write in the study.
作者稱，還需要做更多的研究來(lái)論證這個(gè)話題，但也同時(shí)表示那些心態(tài)年輕的人有更健康的行為習(xí)慣及更好的抗打擊力，使得他們有更加強(qiáng)大的生存意志。作者在該項(xiàng)研究中寫道：“自我感知年齡的狀況將會(huì)改變，使得實(shí)施預(yù)防措施變得可能。那些覺(jué)得自己比實(shí)際年齡大的人可以通過(guò)健康暗示來(lái)增強(qiáng)其對(duì)于衰老的積極行為和態(tài)度?！?/p>
The good news is, you can change your perception of how young you are. And other studies suggest that there could be more benefits to thinking yourself younger, besides a longer life. One recent study found that helping participants have positive feelings toward age, by showing them positive word associations, helped older adults improve in physical tasks like balancing and getting up out of a chair, in as little as four weeks. A 2013 study found that negative stereotypes of aging and poor memory can make older adults feel up to five years older, regardless of their actual mental abilities.
好消息是，你可以改變自己對(duì)年紀(jì)的認(rèn)知。其他的研究也表明，心態(tài)年輕除了能延長(zhǎng)壽命外，還益處多多。最近有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過(guò)對(duì)老年人講積極鼓舞的話，幫助他們對(duì)年齡保持樂(lè)觀的心態(tài)的方式，能在短短四周內(nèi)，提高老年人的身體機(jī)能：如平衡能力，從椅子上站起來(lái)的能力。2013年的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，不論他們的實(shí)際心理能力如何，對(duì)衰老的消極刻板印象和記憶力衰退會(huì)使老年人感到自己比實(shí)際年齡老五歲。
There you have it. Age really should be treated as just a number.
現(xiàn)在你明白了，年齡真的應(yīng)該僅僅被看成一個(gè)數(shù)字。
托福閱讀素材：歐洲的巖洞藝術(shù)
Cave Art in Europe
歐洲的巖洞藝術(shù)
1.The earliest discovered traces of art are beads and carvings, and then paintings, from sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period. We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill. So do the naturalistic paintings on slabs of stone excavated in southern Africa. Some of those slabs appear to have been painted as much as 28,000 years ago, which suggests that painting in Africa is as old as painting in Europe. But painting may be even older than that. The early Australians may have painted on the walls of rock shelters and cliff faces at least 30,000 years ago, and maybe as much as 60,000 years ago.
段落梗概：在發(fā)現(xiàn)的早期工藝品中，西班牙與法國(guó)南部的巖洞畫顯示出了高超的技藝，在非洲南部發(fā)掘出的自然石板畫也是如此。而且通過(guò)考古發(fā)掘發(fā)現(xiàn)，非洲繪畫與歐洲繪畫一樣歷史久遠(yuǎn);歐洲人在巖石和懸崖斷面上作畫的歷史更久。
2.The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances;(2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves;and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.
段落梗概：研究人員指出西歐洞畫的三個(gè)主要地點(diǎn)：(1)在明顯有遮蔽可供人類居住的巖石和洞穴入口處，(2)在居住的洞穴一出門的走廊上(3)在洞穴所能及的最深處
3.The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.
段落梗概：繪畫的主題大部分都是動(dòng)物。在洞穴繪畫中，很少描繪人物。并猜測(cè)了原因。后石器時(shí)代的人們也相信畫人物像會(huì)引起傷害或死亡;人們?cè)谔剿魅绾翁岣叽颢C的命中率;或許是出于增加獵物的需求而畫的畫。
4.The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson. The data they present suggest that the animals portrayed in the cave paintings were mostly the ones that the painters preferred for meat and for materials such as hides. For example, wild cattle (bovines) and horses are portrayed more often than we would expect by chance, probably because they were larger and heavier (meatier) than other animals in the environment. In addition, the paintings mostly portray animals that the painters may have feared the most because of their size, speed, natural weapons such as tusks and horns, and the unpredictability of their behavior. That is, mammoths, bovines, and horses are portrayed more often than deer and reindeer. Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people. Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food. But in that period, when getting food no longer depended on hunting large game animals (because they were becoming extinct), the art ceased to focus on portrayals of animals.
段落梗概：研究者們的研究結(jié)果更清楚地揭示了法國(guó)西南部的巖洞畫的特殊象征性意義。研究顯示，繪畫者經(jīng)常描繪的動(dòng)物是喜歡食用的動(dòng)物或喜歡用作獸皮的動(dòng)物，另外畫作中主要描繪了繪畫者害怕的動(dòng)物。結(jié)論：在舊石器時(shí)代晚期的人的經(jīng)濟(jì)中，巖洞藝術(shù)與打獵的重要性有關(guān)。
5.Upper Paleolithic art was not confined to cave paintings. Many shafts of spears and similar objects were decorated with figures of animals. The anthropologist Alexander Marshack has an interesting interpretation of some of the engravings made during the Upper Paleolithic. He believes that as far back as 30,000 B.C., hunters may have used a system of notation, engraved on bone and stone, to mark phases of the Moon. If this is true, it would mean that Upper Paleolithic people were capable of complex thought and were consciously aware of their environment. In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.
段落梗概：舊石器時(shí)代晚期的藝術(shù)不僅僅局限于洞穴繪畫。許多矛桿和類似的東西上都畫了動(dòng)物作為裝飾。人類學(xué)家對(duì)舊石器時(shí)代晚期的一些雕刻品的解釋意味著舊石器時(shí)代晚期的人們已經(jīng)有了復(fù)雜的思維并對(duì)他們的環(huán)境有了一個(gè)理性的認(rèn)識(shí)。人們還在舊石器時(shí)代晚期的遺址上發(fā)現(xiàn)了以夸張的形式描繪婦女的小雕塑。
托福閱讀素材：英國(guó)公主被命名為Charlotte
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge have named their daughter Charlotte Elizabeth Diana, Kensington Palace has said.
肯辛頓宮宣布，劍橋公爵和公爵夫人已為女兒取名夏洛特?伊麗莎白?戴安娜。
The fourth in line to the throne will be known as Her Royal Highness Princess Charlotte of Cambridge.
小公主的正式稱謂將是劍橋公主夏洛特殿下，她是王室第四順位繼承人。
She was born on Saturday in the Lindo Wing of London's St Mary's Hospital weighing 8lbs 3oz (3.7kg).
小公主于5月2日出生于倫敦圣瑪麗醫(yī)院的林都院區(qū)，出生時(shí)重8磅3盎司(3.7千克)。
The Queen and other senior royals were told of the baby's name before the announcement was made public.
公主的名字在對(duì)外公布前已告知女王和其他資深皇室成員。
Charlotte, the feminine form of Charles, has a long royal pedigree and became popular in the 18th Century when it was the name of George III's queen.
“夏洛特”是與“查爾斯”對(duì)應(yīng)的女名，有悠久的皇室命名淵源，18世紀(jì)時(shí)曾是喬治三世的王后的名字。
The King bought Buckingham House in 1761 for his wife Queen Charlotte to use as a family home close to St James's Palace - it became known as the Queen's House and is now Buckingham Palace.
1761年，喬治三世為夏洛特王后買下距離圣詹姆斯宮不遠(yuǎn)的白金漢府邸，一家人住在那里——這就是著名的女王府，即現(xiàn)在的白金漢宮。
Charles is the name of two former kings and of the Prince of Wales, the princess's grandfather.
歷史上有兩位叫“查爾斯”的國(guó)王，“查爾斯”還是威爾士王子(也就是小公主的祖父)的名字。
Charlotte also has more recent connections for the royal couple.
威廉夫婦的近親中也有叫“夏洛特”的。
On the duchess's side, it is the middle name of her sister Pippa Middleton and on the duke's it is the name of his cousin Charlotte Spencer, Earl Spencer's youngest daughter.
從凱特這邊來(lái)看，“夏洛特”是凱特妹妹皮帕?米德?tīng)栴D的中名;而從威廉這邊來(lái)看，“夏洛特”是威廉表妹夏洛特?斯賓塞的名字。夏洛特?斯賓塞是斯賓塞伯爵最小的女兒。
The earl tweeted: "Perfect names. My 2-year old Charlotte Diana will be thrilled at cousinly name-sharing."
斯賓塞伯爵發(fā)微博稱：“完美的名字。我們家兩歲的夏洛特?戴安娜會(huì)很高興有個(gè)跟她同名的表妹。”
According to figures from the Office for National Statistics, Charlotte is the 21st most popular girl's name in England and Wales with 2,242 babies being given it in 2013.
據(jù)英國(guó)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)，在英格蘭和威爾士最受歡迎的女孩名字排名中，“夏洛特”位列第21，2013年有2242個(gè)女嬰叫這個(gè)名字。
Elizabeth is 39th in the list but Diana is not in the top 100.
“伊麗莎白”在該榜單中排名第39，但“戴安娜”未進(jìn)前100。
Vocabulary:
pedigree：血統(tǒng);家譜
earl：(英)伯爵
托福閱讀的題型簡(jiǎn)介
托福閱讀離不開(kāi)托福閱讀詞匯。在托福閱讀題型練習(xí)中，同學(xué)們一定不能對(duì)托福閱讀詞匯掉以輕心。托福閱讀篇章應(yīng)用題不僅僅要求根據(jù)詞匯、句法和語(yǔ)義內(nèi)容理解具體的點(diǎn)和大意，而且要求認(rèn)定文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的。當(dāng)你掌握了足夠豐厚的托福閱讀題型，那樣在做托福閱讀時(shí)便能很快的找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的答題方法。
詞匯題：
考查讀者根據(jù)上下文理解特定詞和短語(yǔ)的能力。這種題型雖難度不大，但占每篇文章后所有題目的三分之一，故考生仍應(yīng)重視起來(lái)。
指代關(guān)系題：
考查讀者認(rèn)定代詞與其它首語(yǔ)重復(fù)機(jī)制以及先行詞/后置詞的關(guān)系的能力。
考查讀者認(rèn)定代詞與其它首語(yǔ)重復(fù)機(jī)制以及先行詞/后置詞的關(guān)系的能力。
考查讀者認(rèn)定文章中某一特定復(fù)雜句子所傳達(dá)的基本內(nèi)容，并不受細(xì)枝末節(jié)的干擾，用簡(jiǎn)化的句子表達(dá)原句基本內(nèi)容的能力。
插話題：
考查讀者將特定的一句話插入文章順序相連的四個(gè)句子之間的能力。這個(gè)題型是國(guó)內(nèi)考試常見(jiàn)的Cloze Test的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，可謂技高一籌。
要完成任務(wù)，讀者必須深入理解各個(gè)句子間的詞匯、語(yǔ)法和邏輯聯(lián)系。這是新題型，有相當(dāng)難度，考生應(yīng)特別重視。
事實(shí)信息題：
考查讀者抓住文章中闡明的信息，并排除干擾回答問(wèn)題的能力。讀者的任務(wù)是在題中某意譯的短語(yǔ)選出一個(gè)與文章中某相應(yīng)句子建立對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。此題型雖然有難度，數(shù)量也較大，但屬于老題型。
正誤判斷題：
考查讀者根據(jù)文章中闡明的信息，判斷題中的短語(yǔ)哪些是正確的，哪些是錯(cuò)誤的或文章沒(méi)有提到的信息。
推論題：
文章中有些論點(diǎn)/觀點(diǎn)沒(méi)有明確闡述，但卻強(qiáng)烈暗示出來(lái)了。例如，結(jié)果引出了，推論題就可能問(wèn)造成結(jié)果的起因。如果文中有比較，推論題就可能問(wèn)及比較的基礎(chǔ)是什么。
如果文中有對(duì)某一新現(xiàn)象的明確闡述，推論題就可能要求推論舊現(xiàn)象的特征。推論題雖然是傳統(tǒng)題型，但難度很大，需要考生花大功夫準(zhǔn)備。
修辭目的題：
考查讀者透過(guò)表面特定的修辭方法/方式發(fā)掘潛在的目的能力。要求讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)外在修辭特征背后的修辭目的。
所有的托福閱讀題型都是基于文章本身的，小編建議大家在備考的時(shí)候，可以從文章入手，結(jié)合題目的特點(diǎn)，更加有針對(duì)性的理解和掌握，而且也不容易出錯(cuò)。
托福閱讀備考中的注意事項(xiàng)相關(guān)文章：