托福閱讀提升正確率先看懂句子邏輯關(guān)系
托福閱讀提升正確率先看懂句子邏輯關(guān)系 ,3種常見關(guān)系剖析,今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x提升正確率先看懂句子邏輯關(guān)系 ,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀提升正確率先看懂句子邏輯關(guān)系 3種常見關(guān)系剖析
托福閱讀句子邏輯關(guān)系分析：因果關(guān)系
涉及的題型有：細節(jié)題、修辭目的題、推理題、句子插入題。
因果關(guān)系在整個托福閱讀中的出鏡頻率非常高，我曾做過一個統(tǒng)計，在托福給出的官方練習(xí)題中，細節(jié)題中考查到因果關(guān)系的比例高達三分之一。所以，無論是從考試的角度，還是提高閱讀力本身，掌握因果關(guān)系在句子之間的體現(xiàn)都是非常重要的。
以很多學(xué)生們非常熟悉的一篇文章"The origin of theaters"為例，有一道細節(jié)題問到考生為什么人們會逐漸放棄當時的"rituals"。
在定位詞出現(xiàn)的句子中，我們會非常容易看到句子開頭有一個短語叫做"as a result"。
根據(jù)題目要求，答案的出處應(yīng)該就在前一句話中，而只要能夠認識"detached"這個單詞，考生還是能比較順利地選出正確答案。
類似于"as a result"這樣具有因果關(guān)系提示的詞組還有很多，寫作的時候也能派上用場，所以提醒各位考生一定要踏實地做好積累。
比如，"attribute X to Y"這個短語在官方練習(xí)題中就出現(xiàn)過三次，并且都是決定考生是否能讀懂文章的必備詞匯。
同理，在推理題中，我們也可以利用常見的因果關(guān)聯(lián)詞找到推理的方向。
官方大綱中也明確指出，推理題會“給出一個結(jié)論，讓考生推理結(jié)論產(chǎn)生的原因”。
在官方練習(xí)題中一篇名為"The extinctions of dinosaurs"的文章里就有一道非常典型的推理題，根據(jù)段落最后一句話句首的"So"，考生可以將解題的突破囗鎖定在前一句話中。當然，推理題本質(zhì)上不同于細節(jié)題，還需要在文章給出的基礎(chǔ)之上做適當?shù)匾辍?/p>
而且，推理題也會讓同學(xué)們?nèi)ネ莆闹械哪承┬畔淼挠绊?，但是考查“推結(jié)果”沒有“推原因”的比例高，所以在備考的時候還需要合理分配時間。
因果關(guān)系更是在修辭目的題中有著明顯的出題規(guī)律。考生們一定要學(xué)會換位思考，作者為什么要在一個段落中交代“原因”?無外乎就是為了給對應(yīng)的事情一個解釋。
反之，作者為什么要提及“結(jié)果”，也是為了告訴讀者相關(guān)事情帶來的影響。
此外，有個不可忽視地信號，在最新放出的官方練習(xí)題中，因果關(guān)系在修辭目的題中的體現(xiàn)越來越含蓄。這無疑是暗示考生，未來的考試中不一定會出現(xiàn)明確的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，但仍然考查的是因果關(guān)系。
托福閱讀句子邏輯關(guān)系分析：比較關(guān)系
涉及的題型有：細節(jié)題、修辭目的題、推理題、句子插入題。
比較關(guān)系在句子之間的體現(xiàn)我想先從修辭目的題說起。
大家可以先用三十秒的時間來瀏覽下下文的這段話：
Tunas,mackerels,and bill fishes have made streamlining into an art form.Their bodies are sleek and compact.The body shapes of tunas, in fact，are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view.Most species lack scales over most of the body,making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all.They are also covered with a slick,transparent lid that reduces drag.The fins are stiff,smooth,and narrow,qualities that also help cut drag.When not in use,the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.
讀過這篇文章的同學(xué)應(yīng)該不陌生，是官方指南上的第六篇例文，這道題目問的是作者為什么要提及方框內(nèi)的這部分信息。
通過句尾的四個單詞，同學(xué)們能夠理解到飛機的這一操作其實和前文描寫魚在海里游的行為具有相同的道理，也就能判斷出最后兩句話之間是類比的關(guān)系。
所以修辭目的題中對于比較關(guān)系的考查還是比較容易上手的，無外乎對比和類比兩個角度。
在推理題中，比較關(guān)系是常見的推理思路一一“反向推理”的邏輯基礎(chǔ)。例如，官方指南上一篇講到"Himalayas"和"Caledonia"山脈的文章，作者利用了對比的手法論證山的高度和年齡之間的關(guān)系。不僅有時間上的比較，也有兩座山之間的比較，這種類型的題目往往是大家容易出錯的點。
托福閱讀句子邏輯關(guān)系分析：例證關(guān)系
涉及的題型有：詞匯題、細節(jié)題、修辭目的題、推理題、句子插入題。
眾所周知，一篇成熟的議論文，都會有強有力的例子來證明作者自己的觀點。
所以，例證關(guān)系也是非常重要的句間關(guān)系，這一關(guān)系的體現(xiàn)我們從詞匯題開始說起。
官方指南上有一道詞匯題，提問的對象是"distort"這個單詞。
相信很多同學(xué)都認識這個詞，現(xiàn)在，請大家從句間關(guān)系的角度上去重新思考下。
請看下文：
Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressive people often distort other people's motives.For example,they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
在"distort"這個詞出現(xiàn)的后一句就是一個非常簡單的實例，通過實例我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話就是對"distort"最簡單的一種解釋，從而理解出這個單詞的意思是“誤解”。
在主流的八大題型中，例證關(guān)系體現(xiàn)最頻繁的就是修辭目的題，超過半數(shù)的修辭目的題都是在考查舉例的寫作意圖。這類題目的未來趨勢是盡量減少關(guān)聯(lián)詞的出現(xiàn)，取而代之的是句子的具體表達。
怎么通過句子的表達來判斷提問的對象是否是一個例子呢?就要從例子的呈現(xiàn)的特點去思考。
比如在一篇議論文中，如果出現(xiàn)了描寫一個人或者一個團隊的冒險經(jīng)歷，亦或是他們做實驗的過程，有具體的記敘型要素，那么他們的出現(xiàn)就是為了證明上文中的論點服務(wù)的。
官方指南中講“食草動物的飲食習(xí)慣”和“19世紀的美國政治”兩篇文章中都有典型的例題。
到了推理題中，題干中的對象多半是一個“例子”，也就是說我們不僅要讀懂例子本身，更需要去結(jié)合例子和前文觀點之間的關(guān)系。
最典型的一道例題在一篇名為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的長期穩(wěn)定性"的文章中，通過前后句的例證關(guān)系我們才能推理出"redwood forests"可能的生長地帶。雖然例證關(guān)系在推理題中出現(xiàn)比例并沒有在修辭目的題中那么高，但是為了在考場上游刀有余，還是要進行相應(yīng)的思維訓(xùn)練。
實例解讀托福閱讀的段落中心如何抓取
閱讀TPO3 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer
Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer
The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.
第一段段落中心： 背景鋪墊Ogallala Aquifer所在地區(qū)的氣候和經(jīng)濟等信息。The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
第二段段落中心：Ogallala Aquifer水量大，但是補給速度慢。The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.
第三段段落中心：灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)變了這個地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟。This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.
第四段段落中心：Ogallala蓄水層的水位下降特別快。The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies.
第五段段落中心：農(nóng)民對Ogallala即將枯竭的反應(yīng)不一。
In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.
第六段段落中心：應(yīng)對水供應(yīng)危機的三種解決方案及其缺點。
如何巧解托福閱讀中的否定事實信息題
熟悉托福閱讀的考生都知道，托福閱讀有十大題型，這十大題型各有側(cè)重考查點，是ETS為考查我們各方面語言能力而設(shè)計的。因此，明確題型的特點和其所考查的能力，能夠幫助我們在做題的時候思路更加清晰，目標更加明確，正確率自然能夠得到保證。同時，針對不同題型的特定的解題技巧，也幫助我們更快、更準、更穩(wěn)的去解題。今天，等待我們?nèi)ヌ剿鞯模褪欠穸ㄊ聦嵭畔㈩}--Negative Factual Information question。
否定事實信息題長得非常好辨識，問題標志詞為EXCEPT或NOT，題干要求在四個選項中選出一個和題干去掉EXCEPT或NOT之后所敘述內(nèi)容不相符合的選項(聽起來好繞@@，以下簡稱“去否題干”)，其實就是四個選項中三個選項的內(nèi)容是“正確的”(確切來講是符合“去否題干”內(nèi)容的)，一個選項內(nèi)容是不符合“去否題干”內(nèi)容的，我們要做的就是找出它，是它是它就是它(沒錯，就是挑錯題)!那么問題來了，我們都知道，事實信息題通常只需要找一個選項符合題干就可以了，否定事實信息題卻要在原文中找三個選項符合“去否的題干”!聰明的同學(xué)已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了，這意味著否定事實信息題需要很大很大的閱讀范圍，它考查的能力比事實信息題要更加注重“信息查找能力”。很明顯，這種思路是典型的“4選3”思路，與我們說的“巧解”大相徑庭，那么如何“巧解”否定事實信息題呢?
我們來看一道例題：
Paragraph 2: The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder,and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum.This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.
According to paragraph 2, Watt's steam engine differed from earlier steam engines, in each of the following ways, EXCEPT:
It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder
It worked with greater speed.
It was more efficient in its use of fuel.
It could be used in many different ways.
--TPO6-1 Powering the Industrial Revolution
讀題干后，我們找到關(guān)鍵詞Watt's steam engine，題干問的是Watt's steam engine與earlier steam在哪些方面不同。通常，同學(xué)們在讀完題干后知道選項中有3個是Watt's steam engine的特點，然后就帶著關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，定位后細讀定位內(nèi)容，然后對比選項，選出答案為A。這是最普遍的同學(xué)們的做法。通過讀定位部分我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，定位部分的內(nèi)容占據(jù)段落一半的內(nèi)容，而且涉及蒸汽機的工作原理，增加了閱讀難度，那有沒有什么方法能夠快速解這道題呢?首先我們再來分析以下題干，題干問的是Watt's steam engine在哪些方面differed from早前的蒸汽機，differ from意為“不同于”，涉及到“比較”，同學(xué)們可以快速的開以下腦洞，猜想本題的正確選項很有可能是earlier steam engine的特點，也許這個特點只有earlier steam engine具備，也許是Watt's steam engine和earlier steam engine共有的特點，總之，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)earlier steam engine特點的選項，就一定是本題的正確答案了!這一點在我們讀段落第二句的時候一下子就得到了驗證，發(fā)現(xiàn)earlier steam engine是用expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder，那么答案很顯然選A，這樣，我們規(guī)避了去核對剩下3個選項的繁瑣步驟，并且，由于選項的詞匯和句子都非常簡單，我們還可以通過讀剩下3個選項來幫助我們更好的理解文意。
通過上面這個題目，不知道同學(xué)們有沒有總結(jié)出來技巧?聰明的同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)了，我們的技巧就是先根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位，大致劃定符合“去否題干”內(nèi)容所在的范圍，然后此范圍以外的內(nèi)容(通常在該范圍之前我們就能讀到)，就是否定事實信息題的正確答案。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個技巧利用了否定事實信息題正確答案的特點，這就更加印證了，當我們更深入的了解了題型的特點，就會有更好的方法幫助我們更高效的解題。更多否定事實信息題的解題技巧，請繼續(xù)關(guān)注。
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托福閱讀提升正確率先看懂句子邏輯關(guān)系
