托福閱讀推理題怎么做
托福閱讀推理題怎么做?不要放過任何有用信息，今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿x推理題怎么做 ,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀推理題怎么做?不要放過任何有用信息
推理題分類
這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來說，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。
推理題解題思路解析
1、一般對比推理：根據(jù)兩個事情的對比特征，問其中一個事物的特征，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、時間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理 ：一個大的集合的兩個方面形成對比，兩者之間存在著互補性關(guān)系，也就是一個的增加意味著另一個的減少。反之，相同。這個比較抽象，我們來看一個例子：
例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降，所以(B)為正確答案。
不要放過任何有用信息
1.日期和數(shù)字。
2.關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
綜合上文，大家可以看到托福閱讀推理題其實主要是通過文中信息來做推斷，但是大家在找信息的時候一定要抓住關(guān)鍵信息，爭取不要漏掉任何有用信息，這樣才能合理推理出題目的答案。
托福閱讀做題都有哪些原則
1這每篇文章的題目基本上根據(jù)文章布局一步一步向前推進(jìn)，即使有個別題打亂文章布局，在題干里總是有提供信息的關(guān)鍵詞將考生帶入文章的具體部位。
2做題時，根據(jù)題干或選項的關(guān)鍵詞回歸文章尋找重現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞或其釋義的語言區(qū)域，同時排除相應(yīng)的選項。
3到難句子時，最直接有效的方式就是對其進(jìn)行句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析，迅速把握整個句子的意思，不要盯著單個的詞不放，不然就會因小失大。
4每個問題的四個選項或者是對文章中相關(guān)部分的正確釋度、或者是歪曲原文、或者與原文毫不相干。換句話說，命題專家在設(shè)置試題時會玩一些文字游戲，用各種表達(dá)形式讓考生暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向、霧里看花?？忌鷳?yīng)該明白自己的職責(zé)是辨別真?zhèn)?，找到合符文章意思和題意的選項。
托福閱讀推理類題目的解法
托福閱讀大家都想能更好地把題目做對，不過托福閱讀題型還是很多的，不同的托福閱讀題也有著不同的解決辦法，具體該如何做呢?下面介紹的就是一種很常見的題目：推理題，希望能給大家一些好的建議。
一、推理題的標(biāo)志
托福閱讀題型中推理題的題干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞，分為有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題兩大類。
二、推理題的做法
對于無共性的推理題，也就是托福閱讀題干中無線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。
對于有共性的推理題，也就是托福閱讀題干中有線索的，可以先圈定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。推理題主要有下列思路：
1.一般對比推理
ETS設(shè)計推理題的手段不多，根據(jù)兩個事物的對比特征出題是其中之一。問其中一個事物的特征時，只要將與之形成對比的另一個事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：
It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
&<61;There were great numbers of them.
&<61;They lived in the sea only.
&<61;They did not leave many fossil remains.
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知 sea otters 和 pinnipeds 兩種動物與 whales 形成對比，而且很難想象原始的 whales 的樣子;根據(jù)“一般對比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的 sea otters 的樣子不難想象”。第一個選項表達(dá)了此意，為正確答案。
2.時間對比推理
這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A)families were larger.
(B)population statistics were unreliable.
(C)the population grew steadily.
(D)economic conditions were bad.
工業(yè)革命之后與工業(yè)革命之前兩個時間形成對比。既然工業(yè)革命之后西方世界的家庭變小了，那么工業(yè)革命之前的家庭一定比較大。因此(A)為正確答案。
例二：
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “silent.”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
1927年前后形成對比。既然1927年以前的電影只有音樂而沒有配音，那么1927年之后的電影一定有。所以(C)為正確答案。
例三：
“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
&<61;They did not smoke when they were burned.
&<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
&<61;They were not available to all.
&<61;They contained sulfuric acid.
問題：關(guān)于19世紀(jì)以前的蠟燭，從第一段可以推出下列哪一點?
這道題的題干中有“19世紀(jì)以前”這一時間，由此可見它屬于“時間對比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世紀(jì)帶來了大量新發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明，使蠟燭業(yè)發(fā)生了革命性的變化，所有人都能用蠟燭照明。” 根據(jù)“時間對比推理”思路，由于19世紀(jì)以前的情況與19世紀(jì)形成對比，而19世紀(jì)所有人能用蠟燭照明，那么在19世紀(jì)之前，并非所有人都能用上蠟燭。第三個選項 “They were not available to all”表達(dá)了這一意思，為正確答案。
3.集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以稱之為百分比推斷，它指的是在一個集合中，包含兩個相對的方面，共同構(gòu)成一個大的集合。一方所占的比例減少意味著另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味著另一方所占比例的減少。根據(jù)這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數(shù)量變化推斷另一方的消減。
例一：
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk cultures.
(B) They have no social classes.
(C) They have popular cultures.
(D) They do not value individualism.
原文談到folk culture 和popular culture兩種文化，它們之間形成對比。既然美國和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那么它們就有popular culture。因此(C)為正確答案。
例二：
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降了。所以(B)為正確答案。
上面針對托福閱讀題型中推理類題目的介紹希望能給各位一些好的幫助，托福閱讀題眾多掌握好方法才是最重要的，托福閱讀的成績關(guān)鍵也是如此。
把握托福閱讀需做到過目不忘
所謂外行看熱鬧，內(nèi)行看門道。在托福閱讀的過程中，大家一定要記?。何覀冏x的是“意思”，而非“語句”，語句只是工具而已。能夠透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)，是我們做到過目不忘的很重要的一個前提。換言之，在讀一段之后，我們要能夠把握這一段當(dāng)中有幾個重要的信息點?？赐暌黄恼潞?，能夠記住每一段都主要從哪個方面講了什么核心意思。
何謂把握段落的信息要點?我們來看一個例子：
The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.(選自TPO12：Transition to sound in film.)
第一句話說在1920的從無聲電影到有聲電影的轉(zhuǎn)變到目前為止標(biāo)志著電影歷史上最重要的變革。第二句話說盡管自從那時開始的幾十年的高度可視技術(shù)在劇院和家庭成像方面的發(fā)展，沒有任何一項革新能夠被當(dāng)作一個相似的分水嶺。第三句話，幾乎在每一種語言當(dāng)中，不論怎樣措辭，電影歷史上的最基本的區(qū)分在于有聲電影和無聲電影之間。
我們可以清晰看到，這一段雖然有三句話，但是三句話講的其實是一個意思。就是說從無聲到有聲電影的這樣一個變革很重要…….。所以我們在看完這一段的時候就記住這一個意思就可以了，因為就只有一個核心意思，基于這一段出的題無非是問這個意思，各位孩兒們是不是覺得很神奇?
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is the most significant development in the history of film?
○The technological innovation of sound film during the 1920s
○The development of a technology for translating films into other languages
○The invention of a method for delivering movies to people's homes
○The technological improvements allowing clearer images in films
孩兒們重點體會一下正確選項是如何于原文的要點相對應(yīng)的，同時還要體會一下出題者在正確選項以及對應(yīng)信息之間paraphrase的手法。
當(dāng)然，上邊的這一段肯定是比較簡單的情況，因為要點比較單一。我們再來看一個例子。
Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. These critics were making a common assumption—that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.
這一段也是看起來一大堆，但其實思路很簡單。第一句說盡管從后來的角度很難想象，一些批判性的觀點認(rèn)為有聲電影會是一個從人們視線當(dāng)中很快消失的技術(shù)革新，正如早起的努力一樣。第二句說這些批判性觀點通常假設(shè)ABC等技術(shù)不足會一如既往的發(fā)生。第三句說盡管他們對于這些技術(shù)缺陷的評估是相關(guān)的，然后他們忽略了考慮一些電影行業(yè)中的新生力量，這些新生力量是不會把no作為一個answer的。
所以這一段的寫作思路就是一些批判性的觀點是什么，最后指出了這些觀點是不正確的?？傮w上可以概括為兩個信息要點，出題也無非是針對這兩個信息要點。
According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?(4)
○Linking images with recorded sound was a larger obstacle than weak sound amplification or fragile sound recordings.
○Sound films in the 1920s were unable to solve the technical flaws found in sound films before the First World War.
○Technical inadequacies occurred less frequently in early sound films than critics suggested.
○Critics assumed that it would be impossible to overcome the technical difficulties experienced with earlier sound films.
童鞋們在今后的閱讀當(dāng)中一定要有意識地主動地去理解和記憶每一段的信息要點，這對你們的解題會有很大的幫助。
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