托福閱讀難點(diǎn)易錯(cuò)題型解題思路實(shí)例解析之句子插入題

托福閱讀不同題型在解題思路上是有很大區(qū)別的，今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福閱讀難點(diǎn)易錯(cuò)題型解題思路實(shí)例解析之句子插入題。希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀難點(diǎn)易錯(cuò)題型解題思路實(shí)例解析：句子插入題

托福閱讀句子插入題解題基本思路介紹

在做題的時(shí)候，我們需要先讀句子插入題中出現(xiàn)的句子，再看原文。這樣做的好處是比較省時(shí)間，可以較快的找到被插入句子的主語(yǔ)。而且重點(diǎn)把握該句的動(dòng)詞和名詞，從而為讀原文做好準(zhǔn)備。

托福閱讀句子插入題解題思路實(shí)例分析

舉個(gè)例子，比如TPO34中Passage 3 Protection of Plants by Insects里的第13題：

Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.

Where does the sentence best fit?

通過(guò)這句話，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)they是該句的主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞capture是謂語(yǔ)，而insects是句子中的賓語(yǔ)，那么抓住這個(gè)句子的主干再去做題，就明確了回原文閱讀的目的了。

下面我們來(lái)看原文：

Ants are probably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants.[A] Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy.[B]To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar.[C]Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.[D]

此時(shí)我們需要注意的，將句子插入原文后，插入后的句子不能改變?cè)拈g的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。

如果我們放在A處，那么插入后的文章給人的感覺(jué)就比較突兀，因?yàn)榈谝痪湓捙c第二句話沒(méi)有鋪墊，聯(lián)系不夠緊密。而如果放在B處的話，前邊的plants supply ants with abundant energy和后邊的to return this favor的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系就被打破了，同樣也是不可取的。那么如果放在C處，句子的主語(yǔ)并沒(méi)有改變，而且driving away or killing intruding insects和capture the insects也是有關(guān)聯(lián)的。因此C處是合適的。而如果放在D處，那么intruders和插入句中的insects是同一回事，可是句子的主語(yǔ)卻是they。因此句子的邏輯就不對(duì)了，所以不能插入在D處。

在做題過(guò)程中，我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，銜接詞和指代詞也是需要我們仔細(xì)斟酌的。因?yàn)檫@些標(biāo)志性的信號(hào)詞，直接決定我們做題的正確與否。銜接詞，比如表示并列、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等關(guān)系的詞匯，例如and, but, so, therefore等等。指代詞，常見(jiàn)的有it, they, this, that等詞匯。在閱讀原文的過(guò)程中，我們只要牢牢地盯緊這些詞匯，就能確保對(duì)文章內(nèi)在邏輯的把握，就能減少判斷錯(cuò)誤的可能性。

托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句練習(xí)：美國(guó)債務(wù)危機(jī)

The US House of Representatives has voted to allow the government to keep borrowing extra money for another four months, deferring a possible debt crisis, which would have brought the administration to a standstill. The measure was welcomed by the White House. From Washington, here’s Paul Adams. With the possibility looming that the US might default on its debt obligations for the first time, the Republicans have decided not to pick a fight with Barack Obama, at least not now. Until an abrupt change of course at the end of last week, they had been threatening to demand spending cuts to offset raising country’s borrowing limit. This move sure to be endorsed by the Senate puts off one fiscal crisis, but another over sweeping cuts in defence and domestic spending due to take effect at the beginning of March is waiting in the winds.

美國(guó)眾議院投票表決允許政府再為另外4個(gè)月?lián)碛蓄~外的資金，從而推遲可能的債務(wù)危機(jī)，使政府免于陷入癱瘓。 白宮對(duì)此表示歡迎。 來(lái)自華盛頓，Paul Adams.報(bào)道。 美國(guó)有可能首次出現(xiàn)債務(wù)違約情況，對(duì)此共和黨決定不再為難巴拉克?奧巴馬，至少目前如此。 就在共和黨上周末突然一改常態(tài)之前，他們還一直威脅要求削減開(kāi)支，來(lái)抵消提高借債上限的措施。 這個(gè)措施可阻止財(cái)政危機(jī)，肯定能得到參議院的支持，但美國(guó)已準(zhǔn)備好三月份將會(huì)對(duì)國(guó)防和國(guó)內(nèi)開(kāi)支進(jìn)行大幅削減。

托福閱讀題型之送分題-詞匯題 ,這個(gè)便宜你難道不撿嗎?

詞匯量少的寶寶可看好了哦!

最易忽視的線索1：與詞匯搭配的介詞。

任何詞性的單詞與介詞搭配，詞義都由介詞的詞義定。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子：seek for/search for/hunt for/look for，都由for 來(lái)搭配，雖然四個(gè)動(dòng)詞從詞義上來(lái)說(shuō)有區(qū)別，但都是表示找尋什么，也是因?yàn)榻樵~for的作用。For有表“目標(biāo)”的意思。

TPO1-2

24. But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.

The word “penchant” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. Compromise B. Inclination C. Tradition D. Respect

解析：介詞for可以用來(lái)表示“去向，趨勢(shì)”。比如：I’ll leave for Chicago tomorrow.四個(gè)選項(xiàng)里面B具有明顯的趨向性，所以答案為B。

DELTA EXERCISE

When hoisted up in the sky, the microscopic particles act as multiple surfaces on which the moisture in clouds can condense as tiny droplets.

The word “hoisted”in the passage is close in meaning to

A. Lifted B.Grouped C. Returned D. Pointed

解析：介詞up可以用來(lái)表示“在……上面”,所以答案為A。

TPO1-3

37. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating ground water…

The word “plugged”in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. washed B. dragged C. filled up D. Soaked through

解析：介詞with可以用來(lái)表示“在一起、用、有”。plugged 所在句子句意大致為：原本的顆粒之間的縫隙并沒(méi)有完全被粘性的化學(xué)物質(zhì)所X.X。鑒于有with，可以猜測(cè)是因?yàn)檎承缘幕瘜W(xué)物質(zhì)把縫隙連起來(lái)了，C選項(xiàng)的filledup表示填充，正好符合，所以答案為C。

DELTA EXERCISE

One of the rose’s most common associations in folklore is with death. The Romans often decked the tombs of the dead with roses;

The word “decked” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. Painted B. Separated C. Decorated D. Disguised

解析：decked和介詞with這里搭配，with就表示“用和伴隨”。那么通過(guò)句意可以猜到是用玫瑰花裝飾死者的墳?zāi)?，所以答案為C。

TPO2-3

37. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.

The word expanded in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. Was enlarged B. Was improved

C. Was varied D. Was rejected

解析：expanded和介詞from…to在這里搭配，而from…to本來(lái)就表示變化。from后面是1or 2 inches (in height)1或2英寸高，to后面是life-size…6 or 9 feet真實(shí)大小，6或9英尺。那么“從小變大”，答案為A。

線索2：邏輯關(guān)系-轉(zhuǎn)折or 同義重申。所以答案應(yīng)該在與原文句子里的單詞有近義詞或反義詞當(dāng)中尋找。是不是太簡(jiǎn)單粗暴了?是的，我們就是這樣的。

所有的邏輯關(guān)系我們都可以簡(jiǎn)化為轉(zhuǎn)折和同義重申。有轉(zhuǎn)折詞的即為轉(zhuǎn)折，無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)折詞的即為同義重申(同樣的范疇和語(yǔ)氣通過(guò)不同的方式再說(shuō)一次)。

詞與詞之間：

TPO1-2

15. In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists in the late nine teenth and early twentieth century, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.

The word “championed”in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. Changed B. Debated C. Created D. Supported

解析：The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists……中，championed 其實(shí)是和accepted是并列的關(guān)系，都是用來(lái)修飾theory的。那么accepted這個(gè)詞是個(gè)常規(guī)詞匯，意思為接受，那么championed也就是相近的意思，那么答案為D，接受的，支持的。

句子內(nèi)部：

TPO 2-1

3. There is little doubt, however,that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.

The word delicate in the passage isclosest in meaning to

A. fragile B. predictable C. complex D. valuable

解析：exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures中，delicate是用來(lái)修飾ecological balance的，后面緊跟著有個(gè)“and”，因此其語(yǔ)氣應(yīng)該和后面的limited in the potential 一致。Limited是個(gè)常規(guī)詞匯，意為有限的，語(yǔ)氣為負(fù)面的，那么作為并列delicate也應(yīng)該是負(fù)面的語(yǔ)氣，用來(lái)修飾生態(tài)平衡，那么答案為A，脆弱的生態(tài)平衡。

TPO2-2

16. Although limited to askull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans.

The word precious in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. Exact B. Scarce C. Valuable D. Initial

解析：precious所在的句子的主句與其從句因?yàn)閍lthough呈現(xiàn)出轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，所以precious的語(yǔ)氣和詞義應(yīng)該與limited相反。limited為有限的，語(yǔ)氣為負(fù)面，所以precious的語(yǔ)氣應(yīng)為正面的積極的，答案為C，意為有價(jià)值的。

7. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.

The phrase devoid of in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. Consisting of B. Hidden by C. Except for D. Lacking in

解析：devoid所在的主句與從句因?yàn)閟ince邏輯關(guān)系為因果，被我們劃為同義重申。那么從句句意為因?yàn)榻^大多數(shù)的莊稼的培植必須事先移除土地的自然植被，所以主句說(shuō)一旦莊稼種植失敗，就留下了大面積的土地devoid植物的覆蓋，當(dāng)然是沒(méi)有植物的覆蓋了，所以答案為D。當(dāng)然還可以根據(jù)主句內(nèi)部的and判斷出與and后面的句意的邏輯關(guān)系為并列，后面說(shuō)susceptible to wind and the water erosion容易受到風(fēng)和水的腐蝕，可以判斷出前文應(yīng)該是沒(méi)有植物的覆蓋，答案為D。但是susceptible to這個(gè)詞匯很多同學(xué)都不認(rèn)識(shí)，所以還是前一種方法對(duì)于此題更可行。

句與句之間：

DELTA EXERCISE

Cool has with stood the fleeting nature of most slang. As a modifier, as a noun,and as a verb, cool has been around along time.

The word “fleeting”in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. Temporary B. Youthful C. Emotional D. Popular

解析：fleeting這句和后一句的邏輯關(guān)系為同義重申，因?yàn)楹笠痪溟_(kāi)頭沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)折。后一句講到cool已經(jīng)存在很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間了，所以講的是時(shí)間的范疇，那么選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該也是時(shí)間的。A和B都有點(diǎn)和時(shí)間有關(guān)聯(lián)。但是因?yàn)榈谝痪溆衱ith stood詞義為禁得住，第一句的句意為絕大多數(shù)俚語(yǔ)有著一個(gè)特質(zhì)即為fleeting，而cool卻經(jīng)受住了這樣的考驗(yàn)。加上后句講存在了很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，結(jié)合起來(lái)也就是說(shuō)cool經(jīng)受住了俚語(yǔ)隨時(shí)間快速消逝的考驗(yàn)，所以答案為A，短暫的。簡(jiǎn)而言之，別的俚語(yǔ)都很快就消逝了，而cool卻流傳下來(lái)。

TPO3-3

38. Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St Helens, in the north-western United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.

The word pales in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. Increases proportionally B.Differs

C. Loses significance D. Is common

解析：pales所在的句子一開(kāi)頭并沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)折詞匯出現(xiàn)，所以與前一句的邏輯關(guān)系為同義重申，因此重點(diǎn)在于讀懂前一句的句意。前一句為：生態(tài)學(xué)家特別想知道是哪些因素導(dǎo)致了群落的復(fù)蘇，因?yàn)槿澜绲捻敿?jí)群落都正在被人類的活動(dòng)所嚴(yán)重破壞。請(qǐng)寶寶們注意嚴(yán)重這個(gè)詞。pales所在的句子緊接著就舉例了，結(jié)果舉了個(gè)大自然活動(dòng)的破壞的例子，并把大自然活動(dòng)的破壞和人類互動(dòng)的破壞放在一起比較，根據(jù)同義重申的邏輯關(guān)系，應(yīng)該是人類活動(dòng)的破壞性很嚴(yán)重，那么正話反說(shuō)，大自然活動(dòng)的破壞性就沒(méi)有人類活動(dòng)的破壞性強(qiáng)。所以答案為C，沒(méi)那么嚴(yán)重。

托福閱讀推理題的解題路徑!

一、正向推理

所謂“正向推理”，是指最終答案所描述的特質(zhì)與文章所描述的特質(zhì)一致。值得注意的是，這種特質(zhì)的一致性往往體現(xiàn)為“整體”與“部分”特質(zhì)的一致性，所以我們也常常把“正向推理”稱為“整體與部分推理”。

正向推理包含兩種主要情形，一種叫做給定段里面沒(méi)有推理對(duì)象的情況，另外一種叫做有舉例引發(fā)的“整體與部分推理”。所謂“整體與部分推理”，就是文章里面講述一個(gè)特質(zhì)是A，下面選項(xiàng)中的特征也是A，這個(gè)特質(zhì)本身沒(méi)有變化。文章里面講什么特質(zhì)，下面選項(xiàng)中就是什么特質(zhì)，只不過(guò)一個(gè)是“整體”，一個(gè)是“部分”而已。“整體”具備A的特質(zhì)，那么“部分”也具備A的特質(zhì)，也就是A

A。

二、逆向推理

“逆向推理”又叫“取非式推理”，文章中講的是A，下面選項(xiàng)里最終答案是“非A”，此推理包含三種情形。

一種是由新時(shí)間點(diǎn)引發(fā)的逆向推理，比如“now”表示現(xiàn)在，含有典型的暗轉(zhuǎn)折含義。事實(shí)上，凡是時(shí)間點(diǎn)概念，都暗示著轉(zhuǎn)折。比如說(shuō)：1999年澳門回歸了，這意味著1999年之前澳門沒(méi)有回歸。這條原則可能聽(tīng)起來(lái)怪怪的，但意義重大，以后我們做托福文章要比其他沒(méi)有經(jīng)歷過(guò)嚴(yán)格訓(xùn)練的同學(xué)多長(zhǎng)一個(gè)心眼，但凡是有時(shí)間點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)，就意味著前后的特質(zhì)不一致，而這恰好是考點(diǎn)。

第二種是由新地點(diǎn)引發(fā)的逆向推理。事實(shí)上，它和第一點(diǎn)的內(nèi)涵是一致的，可以被統(tǒng)稱為“分類取非”。在文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)把一個(gè)大類分成兩個(gè)小類的情況，比如文章里面講述生物分為兩類，一類是動(dòng)物，一類是植物，這時(shí)文章里面會(huì)談到動(dòng)物和植物的“不同點(diǎn)”而不會(huì)是“相同點(diǎn)”。

最后一種是由特定詞引發(fā)的逆向推理，這一類詞包括unlike、without以及所有能夠表示“比例”的詞等。

實(shí)際上，推理題的真正難點(diǎn)在于我們很難在短時(shí)間內(nèi)找到用于推理的句子，這樣我們可以用以上兩個(gè)大類的推理路徑來(lái)解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。