托福寫(xiě)作如何提升句式和詞匯多樣性
如果大家在寫(xiě)托福作文的時(shí)候只是簡(jiǎn)單句的堆疊，那么寫(xiě)作的分?jǐn)?shù)肯定不會(huì)高，因?yàn)閷?xiě)作中要求大家提升作文中句式和詞匯使用的多樣性，這樣才能拿到高分，下面小編就和大家分享托福寫(xiě)作技巧解析，希望能夠幫助到大家，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福寫(xiě)作技巧解析 如何提升句式和詞匯多樣性?
一.托福寫(xiě)作技巧之提升句式和詞匯多樣性
言語(yǔ)多樣性分為句式的多樣性和詞匯的多樣性。新托?？荚囌f(shuō)到底，仍是在考察學(xué)生的言語(yǔ)才能。文章結(jié)構(gòu)就是一個(gè)人的骨架，那么剩下來(lái)的工作就是需求往這具空空的骨架中添加進(jìn)生動(dòng)的血肉，這就是我們的言語(yǔ)了。新托福寫(xiě)作考試關(guān)于考生的言語(yǔ)水平最基本的要求是沒(méi)有太多的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，也就是考生所犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤不會(huì)影響到文章的了解。在這個(gè)根底上，新托?？荚囘€要求學(xué)生會(huì)嫻熟運(yùn)用一些句式、詞匯，使文章看起來(lái)很native。句式的多樣性是很簡(jiǎn)單經(jīng)過(guò)教師的輔導(dǎo)在短時(shí)刻內(nèi)得到敏捷的提升的，可是詞匯的多樣性卻要在很大程度上依托考生自己平常本身的積累，光靠教師的總結(jié)是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，再好的教師也永遠(yuǎn)不行能把一切的詞匯總結(jié)出來(lái)。關(guān)于想要在寫(xiě)作部分取得高分的考生而言的(所謂的高分就是寫(xiě)作部分得到25分以上)就有必要下工夫去進(jìn)步自己言語(yǔ)多樣性上的涵養(yǎng)，關(guān)于一般的考生而言，只需求恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用就可。
二.托福寫(xiě)作句式詞組積累
1.綜合寫(xiě)作常用句式
綜合寫(xiě)作乃客觀寫(xiě)作，只是一個(gè)旁觀者的角度對(duì)這兩篇文章的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行描述，因此，某觀點(diǎn)是出自哪篇文章一定要說(shuō)清楚。所以，下面的這些句型在綜合寫(xiě)作中必不可缺。
a.According to+noun.
Eg: According to thepassage/lecture/author/professor,…
b.Subject+verbs of reporting+that clause
Eg: The authortells/reports/suggests/explains/says/argues/states/indicates/claims/pointsout/thinks/believes that…
或The speakeragrees/disagrees/rejects/disputes/challenges/takes a different view….
c. As is indicated/displayed/illustrated in thepassage/lecture,...
2.各類話題常用詞組
1) 有直接/間接關(guān)系 be directly / indirectly related to…&
2) 擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面 expand one’s scope of knowledge
3) 經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展 the rapid development of economy
4) 先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù) advanced science and technology
5) 身心兩方面 both physically and mentally
6) 人民生活水平的顯著提高/穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)the remarkable improvement / steady growth of people’s living standard。
備考托福寫(xiě)作除了提升基礎(chǔ)外，還要掌握一些托福寫(xiě)作技巧，比如在一篇寫(xiě)作中運(yùn)用不同句式和詞匯能提升文章的整體質(zhì)量。上文中也為大家整理了一些寫(xiě)作中常用的句式和詞組，大家可以積累下來(lái)，遇到類似話題多運(yùn)用。
托福寫(xiě)作：復(fù)習(xí)建議
建議一： 避免空洞的單詞和詞組
1. 一些空洞的單詞或詞組根本不能為句子帶來(lái)任何相關(guān)的或重要的信息，完全可以被刪掉。比如下面的句子：
When all things are considered, young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents, in my opinion.
這句話當(dāng)中的“when all things are considered”和“in my opinion“都顯得多余。完全可以去掉。改為：
Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents.
2. 有些空洞和繁瑣的表達(dá)方式可以進(jìn)行替換，例如：
Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time.
“due to the fact that”就是一個(gè)很典型的繁瑣的表達(dá)方式的例子，可以替換，簡(jiǎn)化為下面的表達(dá)方式：
Because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have now.
建議二： 避免重復(fù)
1. 盡量避免重復(fù)使用同樣的詞匯?；蛘哂械臅r(shí)候雖然詞匯沒(méi)有重復(fù)，但意思卻有重復(fù)。這時(shí)候可以做一些簡(jiǎn)化的工作。例如下面這個(gè)例子：:
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.
large 對(duì)一個(gè)farm來(lái)說(shuō)就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改為：
The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.
更簡(jiǎn)潔的表達(dá)方式為：
My grandfather grew up on a large farm.
2. 有時(shí)一個(gè)詞組可以用一個(gè)更簡(jiǎn)單的單詞來(lái)替換，例如：
My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
這里的over and over again就可以改為repeatedly，顯得更為簡(jiǎn)潔：
My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents’ farm.
建議三：選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
選擇合適的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)可以使句子意思的表達(dá)更為精確和簡(jiǎn)練。雖然語(yǔ)法的多樣性也很重要，但選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)仍然是更為重要的考慮因素。
1. 一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該能夠反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如：.
The situation that resulted in my grandfather’s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.
從意思上來(lái)分析，上面這句話需要表達(dá)的重要的概念是“grandfather’s not being able to study”，而在表達(dá)這個(gè)概念時(shí)，原句用的主語(yǔ)是situation，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是was，不能強(qiáng)調(diào)需要表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)概念，可以改為下面這句話：
My grandfather couldn’t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.
2. 避免頻繁使用“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)，例如下面的句子：
There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather.
可以改為：My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day.
更簡(jiǎn)潔的句式為：
My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily.
3. 把從句改為短語(yǔ)或單詞。例如：
Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.
簡(jiǎn)介的表達(dá)方式為：
The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university.
4. 僅在需要強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)而不是主語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，才使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：
In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather’s family.
本句不夠簡(jiǎn)潔的原因是本句的重心應(yīng)該是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather’s family”，而使用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，仿佛重心變成了cows和hay。下面的表達(dá)方式是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)更簡(jiǎn)潔一些：
In the fall, my grandfather’s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.
5. 用更為精確的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來(lái)代替動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，例如下面這句話：
My grandfather didn’t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.
Stand around doing nothing其實(shí)可以用一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)，即loiter：
My grandfather didn’t have time to loiter with his school friends.
6. 有時(shí)兩句話的信息經(jīng)過(guò)組合完全可以用一句話來(lái)簡(jiǎn)練地表達(dá)，例如：
Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree.
兩句話的信息可以合并為下面這句更為簡(jiǎn)潔的句子：
Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.
托福寫(xiě)作：常識(shí)積累
本文分為三個(gè)部分：其中Independent Writing Task 9個(gè)問(wèn)題，Integrated Writing Task 6個(gè)問(wèn)題，以及牽涉全局寫(xiě)作的3個(gè)問(wèn)題。
Independent Task
Q: Independent Writing Task有沒(méi)有題庫(kù)?
A: 沒(méi)有，但是可以借鑒TWE的題庫(kù)。
"You will see topics very similar to these [TWE Topics] on the TOEFL iBT." [OG, P267]
Q: 準(zhǔn)備Independent Writing Task需不需要專業(yè)知識(shí)?
A: "None of the topics requires specialized knowledge. Most topics are general and are based on the common experience of people in general and students in particular." [OG, P267]
Q: 寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候，觀點(diǎn)重不重要?
A: "It does not matter whether you agree or disagree with the topic; the raters are trained to accept all varieties of opinions." [OG, P267]
"I think test takers had better simply pick one side rather than straddle the fence." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
"Creativity is not necessary." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 是否可以通過(guò)增加深刻的邏輯和復(fù)雜的例子來(lái)掩蓋或者彌補(bǔ)語(yǔ)言能力的不足?
A: 不可以。
"If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be." [OG, P260]
而且從例子的選擇上講，并不要求使用龐大、復(fù)雜的例子，盡管這些例子可能論證力更強(qiáng)。個(gè)人經(jīng)歷就是一種很好寫(xiě)的例子。閱卷人并不依據(jù)論據(jù)的復(fù)雜性來(lái)看文章。
"Personal experiences are common." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 可不可以使用前人的模板(templates)來(lái)寫(xiě)作?
A: 那要看你怎么定義"模板"這個(gè)詞。如果"模板"指的是段落結(jié)構(gòu)和文章結(jié)構(gòu)，那沒(méi)有任何問(wèn)題，比如"五段式結(jié)構(gòu)"可能會(huì)一直是TOEFL文章最好的寫(xiě)法。但如果"模板"是指背下來(lái)的，可以不加思考就可以套到任何題目上的段落內(nèi)容，那就千萬(wàn)不要這樣做。
Do not "memorize" long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following:
"The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application."
"In conclusion, although I have accept that it is imperative that something be done about creating a new holiday for people and find the underlying thrust of the implied proposal utterly convincing, I cannot help but feel wary of taking such irrevocable steps and personally feel that a more measured approach would be more rewarding."
Likewise, raters will not look favorably on paragraphs like the following, which uses a lot of words but fail to develop any real ideas:
"At the heart of any discussion regarding an issue pertaining to creating a new holiday, it has to borne in mind that a delicate line has to be trod when dealing with such matters. The human resources involved in such matters cannot be guaranteed regardless of all the good intentions that may be lavished. While it is true that creating a new holiday might be a viable and laudable remedy, it is transparently clear that applied wrongly such a course of action could be calamitous and compound the problem rather than provide a solution." [OG, P259]
"I think you could use it as long as it is on topic." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 閱卷人最主要看重文章的哪些方面?
A: Your ability
to respond directly to the question;
to take a clear position; and
to write an essay characterized by (1) good organization, (2) proper use of supporting examples, (3) sentence variety, and (4) correct sentence structures.
[Workshop Manual, P26]
Q: 5分和4分最大的區(qū)別在哪里?
A: "Those that receive a score of 4 also have clear, well-written essays, but there are more flaws and the ideas are less developed." [Teacher's Manual]
Q: 詞匯和句式是不是越復(fù)雜越好?
A: 詞匯和句式需要一定的復(fù)雜性。
"Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas." [OG, P260]
但是，不是越復(fù)雜越好。
就詞匯而言，關(guān)鍵是表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性。請(qǐng)參看OG第287頁(yè)的滿分范文1，評(píng)語(yǔ)中有這樣一句話：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.同時(shí)請(qǐng)參看Workbook第57頁(yè)的范文，同樣沒(méi)有big words，也是滿分。
就句式而言，關(guān)鍵是表意準(zhǔn)確、流暢且能夠變化。但為了達(dá)到變化或者準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)復(fù)雜意思的目標(biāo)，出現(xiàn)一些復(fù)雜的句式是很正常的。但一味追求復(fù)雜是沒(méi)有意義的。
Q: 文字是不是越正式(formal)越好?
A: 不是。Independent Writing Task并不偏好formal expressions.只要能把意思表達(dá)清楚，并把問(wèn)題回答好了，就行了。參見(jiàn)OG第288頁(yè)滿分范文2，評(píng)語(yǔ)中這樣寫(xiě)道：the writer consistently demonstrates command of language and English idioms, especially by using various informal expressions ("Let's assume," "we would all agree," "can make or beak," "come in very handy").
Integrated Task
Q: 閱讀文章和聽(tīng)力文章中共有幾種可能的關(guān)系?
A: There are three kinds of connections between the reading passage and the listening passage.
a. The listening passage that challenges the points made in the reading.
b. The listening passage that presents the reasons/ways the problem described in the reading passage is solvable or really not a problem at all.
c. The listening passage that supports the points made in the reading.
[OG, P252] [Workshop Manual, P41]
目前考的都是Contrast題目(只有一次考到了Solution，但也和Contrast差不多)，預(yù)計(jì)在不久的將來(lái)也不會(huì)有太大變化。根據(jù)ETS高級(jí)專員(Assessment Specialist II)Susan Hines [Dec, 2006]的說(shuō)法，目前題庫(kù)中還沒(méi)有出過(guò)關(guān)于support的題目("Comparison is not available now.")，所以建議大家主要針對(duì)contrast題目進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，偶爾也可以用朗文的光盤訓(xùn)練一下solution的寫(xiě)法。
Q: 閱讀文章和聽(tīng)力文章之間一般會(huì)有幾點(diǎn)相關(guān)聯(lián)?
A: "Typically the main idea will be developed with three points." [OG, P252]
Q: 文章中可不可以出現(xiàn)自己對(duì)所談問(wèn)題的看法?
A: "Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading." [OG, P253]
Q: 寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候可不可以照搬閱讀和聽(tīng)力中的原話?
A: 總的來(lái)講，照搬原文是不可以的。關(guān)鍵詞可以不變，但是整體內(nèi)容必須被paraphrase出來(lái)，特別是閱讀材料里面的內(nèi)容。
"In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when you use the same words of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form of intellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is not acceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills are important to learn." [TOEFL iBT Tips, P29]
"Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed." [Susan Hines, Dec., 2006]
Q: 5分和4分的區(qū)別在哪里?
A: "A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it does not reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately." [Workshop Manual, P45]
Q: 高分(5分、4分)和3分的區(qū)別在哪里?
A: "The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture." [Workbook, P7]
"Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all three points and usually need to address two of the points of contrast." [Workbook, P11]
"Responses that earn a score of 3 respond to the prompt, but they are vaguer than either 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuracies increase. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused." [Workshop Manual, P46]
All Writing Tasks
Q: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(1~3分)在評(píng)分程序上有什么區(qū)別?
A: 總的來(lái)講，高分(4和5分)的文章要符合評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上的所有要求才能評(píng)為高分，但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的某一條就可以評(píng)為低分。
"In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the score descriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lower levels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeably fit the response." [OG, P267]
Q: 拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤和語(yǔ)言問(wèn)題要不要緊?
A: 關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)，我們要一分為二來(lái)看。一方面，我們沒(méi)必要吹毛求疵;閱卷人知道這是first draft并且是under timed condition，只要看得懂，不構(gòu)成理解障礙，就沒(méi)太大問(wèn)題(minor flaw)。另一方面，語(yǔ)法和拼寫(xiě)還是重要的，一旦這些小錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致閱卷人覺(jué)得難以理解，就會(huì)構(gòu)成重大問(wèn)題(major flaw)。
把"dependence"寫(xiě)成"dependency"沒(méi)太大問(wèn)題;偶爾把"becomes independent"寫(xiě)成了"becomes independency"是個(gè)可以看到的錯(cuò)誤，但還是問(wèn)題不大;偶爾寫(xiě)出"They prefer to be depended on their parents."這樣的奇怪句子也會(huì)得到閱卷人的寬恕。
"Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture." [OG, P253]
"If your essay includes a few minor lexical and grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score." [OG, P260]
Q: 字?jǐn)?shù)是不是很重要?
A: 首先，字?jǐn)?shù)沒(méi)有上限。
其次，目前字?jǐn)?shù)會(huì)比以前更有意義，因?yàn)榭荚囉杏?jì)數(shù)器專門動(dòng)態(tài)顯示字?jǐn)?shù)，為的是讓考生對(duì)自己的字?jǐn)?shù)做到心里有數(shù)。而且兩篇文章都有了推薦字?jǐn)?shù)。所以，我的建議是超過(guò)這個(gè)建議字?jǐn)?shù)，雖然不用超過(guò)太多。(Integrated Task超過(guò)150，Independent Task超過(guò)300)
最后，關(guān)鍵是內(nèi)容，而不是數(shù)量。不要為了求字?jǐn)?shù)而導(dǎo)致文章很啰嗦。
"Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question." [OG, P253]
"An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There is no maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted." [OG, P258]
"The length is not considered."
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托福寫(xiě)作如何提升句式和詞匯多樣性
