托福閱讀生態(tài)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)科詞匯梳理

托福閱讀文章涉及各類學(xué)科領(lǐng)域，可以說是無所不考，文章中涉及到的多樣學(xué)科詞匯給考生閱讀速度的提升和閱讀理解準確度的提高帶來了不少的困擾，下面小編就和大家分享托福閱讀生態(tài)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)科詞匯梳理，希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀生態(tài)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)科詞匯梳理

1. ecologist 生態(tài)學(xué)家

2. ecosystem 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

We all have an interest in maintaining the integrity of the ecosystem. 維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的完整是我們共同的利益.

3. balance (of nature) 自然界生態(tài)平衡

4. fauna 動物群

Composition of birds fauna and habitats are also analysed and evaluated.文章還對庫區(qū)鳥類的區(qū)系組成和生態(tài)環(huán)境進行了分析與評價.

5. flora 植物群

The subtropical island has a remarkably rich native flora.這個亞熱帶島嶼有相當豐富的鄉(xiāng)土植物種類.

6. rain forest 雨林

7. food chain 食物鏈

This poses a threat to agriculture and the food chain, and consequently to human health.這會對農(nóng)業(yè)和食物鏈造成威脅，由此而危及人的健康。

8. acid rain 酸雨

9. greenhouse effect 溫室效應(yīng)

The specific impact of the greenhouse effect is unknowable.溫室效應(yīng)的具體影響無法知道。

10. infrared radiation 紅外線輻射

Radiative transfer of infrared radiation through the atmosphere is animportant geophysicl process.紅外輻射在大氣中的傳輸是重要的地球物理過程.

11. ozone layer (ozonosphere) 臭氧層

The ozone layer surrounding the earth protects our skin from being hurtby the ultraviolet rays.環(huán)繞地球的臭氧層保護著我們的皮膚免受紫外線的傷害.

Reflections from the ground and subsequent refractions by theozonosphere, cause the usual repeat focus pattern.地面的反射以及隨后臭氧層的折射, 會引起那種常見的重復(fù)焦點現(xiàn)象.

12. ultraviolet radiation 紫外輻射

Ultraviolet radiation threatens other forms of life as well.紫外線輻射也威脅著其他形式的生命.

13. pollution 污染

14. pollution control 污染控制

15. air pollution 空氣污染

16. water pollution 水污染

17. noise pollution 噪音污染

18. soil pollution 土壤污染

19. pollution-free 無污染

People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle.人們將享受到無污染汽車的諸多好處。

20. pollutant 污染物

21. noxious (toxic) 有毒的

Heavy industry pollutes our rivers with noxious chemicals.重工業(yè)產(chǎn)生的有毒化學(xué)品會污染我們的河流。

22. fumes (有毒)廢氣

23. waste 廢物

Overcrowding has taxed the city's ability to deal with waste.人口過多使得城市的垃圾處理能力達到了極限。

24. solid waste 固體垃圾

25. sewage (wastewater) 污水

There should be greater treatment of sewage before it is discharged.污水排放之前應(yīng)該進行更充分的處理。

26. sewage purification 污水凈化

27. sewage disposal 污水處理

28. decibel (噪音)分貝

The decibel level was mounting.噪音在增強。

應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對托福寫作中的無話可說

無話可說是一個極端，有的考生題目看得懂，提綱也一目了然，就是不知道該寫什么，在考場上頭腦一片空白，想到的也只是空泛的東西。在這種情況下，即使是用中文也難以寫好，更何況要用英文去表達。

對此辦法就是要善于聯(lián)想到一些具體的事實、具體的例證以及具體的現(xiàn)象。比如說，要談?wù)撾娨暪?jié)目這一話題，可以聯(lián)想到新聞聯(lián)播，并由此想到它讓人們開闊視野，了解世界，但有人覺得話題太熟悉了，反而一時說不出什么來。

其實，作文題一般是永恒的話題，在任何時候都可以討論;或為當代話題，讓所有的人都會有話可說。題目是公平的，不會讓某一專業(yè)的考生有特別的優(yōu)勢。

所以，考生一定能聯(lián)想起具體細小的事情，再形成觀點。把看得見摸得著的事物帶來的思考變成作文里的分支觀點，具體細節(jié)內(nèi)容變成證據(jù)。這不失為一種很好的策略。例如，“計算機的利與弊”這個話題似乎太大，但是可能想到的具體的現(xiàn)象是小孩、學(xué)生要在計算機前玩計算機游戲。由此帶來的思考是，這些學(xué)生整天呆在那里對他們的頭腦是有害的(harmful to their minds)，并且浪費大量時間(waste a lot of time)。

因此，當頭腦出現(xiàn)空白時，應(yīng)該將具體的、細小的、瑣碎的、微不足道的事物所引發(fā)的思考變成觀點，再進行論述。這種定式思維的形成需要多下工夫。從無話可說到有話可說，下面的例子讓人不無啟發(fā)：在多種場合下，經(jīng)常要歡迎領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講幾句話。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)往往首先開口說：同志們(大家)好，我利用這個機會講三句話。接著講句話時，腦子里不知道第二句話是什么，講第二句時，根本就沒想第三句要說什么。但他終說了三句話，以“謝謝大家”結(jié)束講話?！邦I(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話1、2、3”成了一種定式，他總能找到有關(guān)內(nèi)容講幾點，這種功夫是長期磨煉的結(jié)果，寫作文也一樣，平時需要多多練習(xí)這種思維。

托福寫作中，這種無話可說的情況很多，大家可以按照上面介紹的技巧來進行自己的寫作練習(xí)，經(jīng)常練習(xí)就可以慢慢養(yǎng)成托福寫作的時候邊寫邊思考的習(xí)慣，在考試的時候就不會發(fā)生無話可說的情況。

托福閱讀真題原題+題目

Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.

The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.

In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.

1. The word standard in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) practical

(B) customary

(C) possible

(D) unusual

2. The King's 24 Violins is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate

(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument

(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras

(C) the superiority of French violins

(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty

3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?

(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.

(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the

world.

(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.

(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.

4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 19 as examples of composers whose music

(A) inspired more people to play the violin

(B) had to be adapted to the violin

(C) demanded more sophisticated violins

(D) could be played only by their students

5. The word they in line 22 refers to

(A) Civaldi and Tartini

(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension

(C) small changes

(D) internal structure and fingerboard

6. The word strain in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) struggle

(B) strength

(C) strategy

(D) stress

7. The word Accordingly in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) However

(B) Consequently

(C) Nevertheless

(D) Ultimately

8. According to the passage , early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins

(A) were heavier

(B) broke down more easily

(C) produced softer tones

(D) were easier to play

9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced

by a violin?

(A) A long fingerboard

(B) A small body

(C) High string tension

(D) Thick strings

10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) resonator (line 2)

(B) solo (line 7)

(C) left-hand technique (line 25)

(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)

11. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modern

violin music EXCEPT

(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand

(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes

(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck

(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWER KEYS

PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C