托福閱讀常見語法現(xiàn)象解讀之分詞用法全面介紹

托福閱讀常見語法現(xiàn)象解讀 ,分詞用法全面介紹。今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x常見語法現(xiàn)象解讀，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀常見語法現(xiàn)象解讀 分詞用法全面介紹

1. 分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

一般說來，分詞在句中都有其邏輯主語，分詞做狀語時，其邏輯主語通常就是主句的主語或賓語。如果分詞的邏輯主語不在句中，則分詞前可加上其自己的邏輯主語，由名詞或代詞主格充當(dāng)，置于分詞前，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

它不是句子，因為沒有實際的主語和謂語。它可以放于句首或句尾，做時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、方式狀語等。

The meeting being over, they went home.

There being no bus then, he had to walk home.

1)表示伴隨情況、原因等的分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前有時可以加上without或with構(gòu)成“with/without+名詞(或代詞)+分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，如：

With prices going up so fast, we can’t afford luxuries.

He kept the money without anyone knowing where it was.

2)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)也可以由“名詞(或代詞)+不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語”構(gòu)成。

Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.

He came into the classroom, book in hand.

2. 分詞做狀語

過去分詞常用作狀語，修飾謂語，大多說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。

一般說來，這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是主句的主語。

Asked why he was late, he went red.

Given more time, we could have done it better.

3. 分詞做狀語與獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(懸垂結(jié)構(gòu))做狀語的區(qū)別

分詞與獨立主格均可作狀語。但分詞做狀語時，它的邏輯主語就是句子的主語;而獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語時，前面的名(代)詞就是這個結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯上的主語，它和句子的主語不保持一致性。如：

Seen from the sky, the mountain is very small.

Everything considered, I prefer the first plan.

4. 英語中有一部分分詞短語，它獨立存在，沒有自己的邏輯主語。這些分詞短語已成為固定的習(xí)慣用語，常被看做句子的插入語

常見的有：

generally speaking

strictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speaking

considering…

judging from/by…

talking all/everything into consideration

5. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別

1)語態(tài)上不同

現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，所修飾的人或物時分詞動作的執(zhí)行者;

過去分詞表示被動，所修飾的人或物時分詞動作的承受者。

I heard someone closing the door.

I heard the door closed.

2)時間上不同

現(xiàn)在分詞表正進行，過去分詞表完成的動作。

falling leaves

fallen leaves

3)特殊分詞的分詞用法

英語中和很多與感覺有關(guān)的及物動詞，其現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，即“令人有某種感覺”;

過去分詞含有被動意義，即“人被引起某種感覺”。

托福閱讀“詞匯題”你還再糾結(jié)什么?

“托福閱讀考試的詞匯題往往是考生心中的“送分題”，因為大家覺得只要背了單詞，考的詞都背過，一篇文章四道詞匯題，全部GET!

聽起來好簡單對不對!感覺好容易有沒有!

可是啊……

問題的關(guān)鍵在于。。。單詞沒背過!

更大的關(guān)鍵在于。。。單詞背錯了!

這哪里是“送分題”?簡直是“送命題”!

看一道托?？荚嚬俜街改侠锏囊黄恼隆禗esert Formation》中的題目：

There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.

The word “delicate” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○fragile

○predictable

○complex

○valuable

大家第一反應(yīng)就是——“這個詞我背過!”

第二反應(yīng)就是——“我X，這個詞啥意思來著!好像有一大堆意思咧!”

于是腦海里開始閃回這樣的畫面：

請問，親愛的ETS祖宗，到底你想考哪個意思?

然后開始陷入深深地糾結(jié)——

一分鐘過去了。。。這個詞好像是“精美的”，是“好”詞，那就應(yīng)該選一個“好”的意思，嗯，估計是考valuable。

兩分鐘過去了。。。不對，我記得還有一個意思是“精細的”，會不會就是很“高端”的趕腳，很“復(fù)雜”的趕腳?嗯，應(yīng)該是complex。

五分鐘過去了。。?？晌以趺从X得我還背過一個意思是“易碎的”啊!會不會太“脆弱”，那就是fragile?

一個小時過去了。。。閱讀考試結(jié)束。

大家發(fā)現(xiàn)問題出在哪里了嗎?不是你單詞沒背過，而是單詞你背“過”了!

我們站在考官的角度想想，作為一個閱讀考試出現(xiàn)“詞匯題”，真的只是考你單詞認不認識、背沒背過嗎?那這樣的話何必不專門弄一個單詞測試，列出100個單詞，讓你直接選單詞意思得了唄(可參考十年前的GRE考試形式)。

那我們從閱讀文章本身角度想一想，這個單詞并不是一個孤立出現(xiàn)的“詞”，而是在文章中某一句話中所承載的一個“信息”。那么我們就可以從這句話本身來作為切入點，看看這句話提供了什么語義線索，讓我們替換這個詞之后語義不變。

The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.

這句話中間有一個很明顯的表示“并列”關(guān)系的邏輯詞and，那么以and為中心，前后分成兩個半句，我們分別來看一下：

前半句——沙漠邊緣的半干旱土地存在于一個(什么樣的)的生態(tài)平衡中。

后半句——沙漠邊緣的半干旱土地來適應(yīng)越來越大的環(huán)境壓力的潛能非常受限。

and連接的邏輯其實非常簡單易懂，就是前后方向相同。舉一個爛大街的例子：I love you and you love me.我愛你，你愛我，我們相愛。所以從邏輯角度我們判斷，后半句如果說“潛能受限”是一個不太樂觀的情況，那么反推前半句，這種“生態(tài)平衡”應(yīng)該也是不樂觀的。簡單來說，后面“壞”詞，前面也不能是“好”詞。

這樣再看四個選項，那些所謂的表示“精美”、“精細”、“復(fù)雜”的“好”詞就可以扔掉了，選擇fragile“脆弱的”就在情理之中。

“邏輯關(guān)系”是閱讀能力的非常重要的體現(xiàn)，也是托福閱讀考試不可忽視的一個考察點。如果能把我們解決這種詞匯題的視角放在邏輯層面，那么我們的做題過程就會變得輕松省時很多。

我們再來看TOEFL Practice Online中一篇文章《The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems》里的一道題：

Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community’s resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.

The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○increases proportionally

○differs

○loses significance

○is common

大家第一反應(yīng)，“pale”這個詞我背過，“面色蒼白無力”的趕腳!可是再看選項還是覺得“這是什么鬼”。所以我們不要糾結(jié)浪費時間，把視角放在原文原句，看看有什么邏輯關(guān)系能幫我們找到切入點。

The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.

翻譯一下：舉例來說，由某某火山噴發(fā)導(dǎo)致的毀滅與由人類導(dǎo)致的毀滅對比起來(怎么樣)。

這句話的邏輯關(guān)系也極其明確，就是in comparison to“對比”關(guān)系。那要想知道“人類引起的毀壞”和“火山噴發(fā)引起的毀壞”相比到底是什么樣，更重還是更輕，這一句話提供的信息還不夠。這句話給出了“for example”給上文舉例子，不妨向上多看一句：

Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities.

翻譯一下：生態(tài)學(xué)家特別想知道什么因素會導(dǎo)致生態(tài)群落的恢復(fù)，因為全世界的頂級群落(climax communities)都正在經(jīng)歷人類嚴重地破壞和摧毀。

可見，這句話告訴我們科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)“人類造成的毀壞”特別嚴重。那么下文舉例子就要順承這個關(guān)系，“自然導(dǎo)致的毀壞”和“人類導(dǎo)致的毀壞”相比——相形見絀唄!

再來看四個選項，選擇“l(fā)oses significance”就不會感到奇怪了。而我們背pale這個單詞的時候是絕對不會把這個意思和“l(fā)ose significance”聯(lián)系到一塊兒的，這就是邏輯關(guān)系在真正解題過程中的妙處。

總的來說，對于托福閱讀考試的準(zhǔn)備，詞匯量是絕對必要的條件，但不是充分的。我們往往困惑于自己單詞也背了，明明都每個詞都認識也無法做對題目。這時，解決問題就要跳出純粹追求詞匯“量”的層面，而是從閱讀文章本身著眼，提升我們邏輯分析的能力，這也是我們在上課的時候要重點培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的能力。我們做題糾結(jié)的關(guān)鍵經(jīng)常是只看樹木，不見森林。走了好多彎路，把自己感動卻沒有收獲。如果說閱讀考試的準(zhǔn)備有捷徑、有套路，那么邏輯關(guān)系就是最大的“套”，把題目零碎的信息“套”上邏輯，也會幫你把考點看得更透更清晰。畢竟，有“套”才更放心。

moving – moved disappointing - disappointed

exciting – excited surprising – surprised

有些及物動詞的過去分詞表示被動意味并不強，它主要表示的是一種狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。

I found him seated at the back of the classroom.

Lose in the forest, he had to find his way out first.

托福閱讀：淺談推理題中的類比邏輯關(guān)系

今天就想和大家分享一下閱讀推理題中涉及到的一種邏輯推理關(guān)系 — 類比關(guān)系，此類邏輯關(guān)系一般出現(xiàn)在對比類的文段中。即文章中出現(xiàn)A,B兩個比較對象， A與B有相同特征，于是我們可以根據(jù)A的特證來推斷B也有相同的特征。舉個例子：像小明一樣，小紅愛吃西瓜，于是乎我們可以從這句話里推斷出不僅小紅愛吃西瓜，小明也愛吃。接下去，我們就來看看這種邏輯關(guān)系在推理題中的應(yīng)用。

Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.

What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?

A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.

B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.

C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.

D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.

這道題目，題干問我們根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容我們可以對鯨魚作出何種推斷，于是乎我們根據(jù)解題技巧快速回到文中搜索定位詞whales, 找到以下這句話 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 這句話告訴我們leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 雖然此句沒有直接提到whales的特征，但我們可以根據(jù)剛剛提到的類比關(guān)系做一步邏輯推斷啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也應(yīng)該就是whales的特征，因此我們只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可發(fā)現(xiàn)whales的特征。原文最后一句話提到， leatherback turtle會游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的處理冰水的能力。于是乎我們可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案對應(yīng)B選項。

再來看一道稍難的題目吧

Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.

What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?

A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.

B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.

C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.

D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.

此題問我們，根據(jù)第四段我們可以對trumpeting of bull elk做出怎樣的推斷。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞trumpeting of bull elk我們快速找到原文最后一個單詞。既然是出現(xiàn)在文章的最后位置，那我們只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一個我們非常熟悉的邏輯關(guān)系—─類比關(guān)系。來看這句話 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.這句話告訴我們buck rub發(fā)出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk發(fā)出的auditory signal有相同的社會作用。根據(jù)前文我們知道buck rub可以反映年長雄鹿在鹿群里的社會地位。于是乎我們便可以做進一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也應(yīng)該有相似地功能。

我想，只要我們的同學(xué)能夠熟練掌握這種邏輯推理方法，將來一定可以避免在做這類推理題時常常出現(xiàn)的無從下手的困境。

托福閱讀： 淺談托福閱讀答案選項的設(shè)置

涉及題型(三)：

句子簡化題 sentence simplification，

細節(jié)題 factual information，

排除題 negative factual information

1. 正確答案選項的設(shè)置

丨A.原文信息的同義改寫:

1 同義詞替換

2 正話反說/反話正說(例題1.D)

例題1：(摘錄于TPO8R2，Extinction of the Dinosaurs)

...Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that theLate Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.

1.According to paragraph 1,which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?

A.Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.

B.Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.

C.The climate was very similarto today’s climate.

D.The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.

解析：文章說氣候比較溫和，答案選項反過來說氣候改變不大。

3 句型改變(例題2.C)

例題2：(摘錄于官方指南116頁，Swimming Machines)

A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes.The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special"heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.

10. Which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?

A.Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.

B.Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.

C.They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.

D.They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.

解析：文章說在7度水中保持體溫超過25度，答案選項改寫成可以在比身體更冷的水中游泳。

丨B.原文信息的抽象擴大(例題3. B)

例題3：(摘錄于官方指南103頁，Artisans and Industrialization)

Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.

A.Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.

B.The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.

C.Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.

D.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.

解析：文章說徒弟被認為是家庭的一份子，師傅的責(zé)任不僅有教手藝還有提供教育和道德監(jiān)管。答案選項說師傅的責(zé)任不僅僅是教手藝，雖然沒有直接提到其他的責(zé)任，但是在邏輯重心上和原文屬于抽象的吻合。

2.錯誤答案選項的設(shè)置

丨A. 與原文不相關(guān)的內(nèi)容：

1 文章沒出現(xiàn)的信息(例題3. C/D)

C.Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.

D.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.

解析：文章沒提到family member這一概念。

2 出現(xiàn)文章沒提到的多余關(guān)系

文章說a導(dǎo)致b，并且c導(dǎo)致d;答案提到了a導(dǎo)致的b和c導(dǎo)致的d有關(guān)系。

丨B. 與原文矛盾的內(nèi)容：

1 顯形邏輯聯(lián)系詞:

1.1答案選項的邏輯重心與原文不匹配(although a,b不等于b,but a)

1.2答案選項與原文邏輯相悖(例題3. A)

A.Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.

解析：文章的確出現(xiàn)了but一詞，但是屬于not only...but also的部分內(nèi)容，因此本身不具有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，選項A出現(xiàn)了與原文并列遞進相悖的邏輯關(guān)系。

2 動詞變化(例題1.B/例題2.B)

The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.

B.Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.

解析：文章出現(xiàn)的buffer這一詞，同學(xué)如果不認識，只看到shallow sea和temperature有關(guān)聯(lián)，而B選項也有關(guān)系，造成誤選。buffer意思為緩沖，即使不認識，也可以根據(jù) keeping it relatively constant 伴隨做結(jié)果狀語理解肯定不是B選項的改變巨大。

3 指代關(guān)系(例題2.D)

The billfishes have gone one step further.They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these criticalorgans.

D.They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.

解析：題干問bluefin tuna 因此答案選項D的指代詞they指代金槍魚，而文章內(nèi)部的確出現(xiàn)答案選項D的大致對應(yīng)，只不過文章內(nèi)部they是之前的billfishes.

4 反義詞和否定含義詞(例題1.A)

The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid.

A.Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.

解析：文章和答案內(nèi)容用否定含義的詞語相反。

丨C. 觀點不匹配：比較級/最高極/絕對詞(例題2.A)

A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over3 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes.

A.Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.

解析：文章沒有出現(xiàn)和其余魚類的比較對比。

注意：比較極/最高極/絕對詞大部分情況錯誤，如果正確，原文必須有相關(guān)信息

例題4：(摘錄于TPO3R2，The Depletion of the Ogalalla Aquifer)

Paragraph 1：The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880’s. This region has asemiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported alow-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater).This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians,who once inhabited the region.

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?

A. Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880’s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.

B. The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.

C. The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.

D. Before the early 1900’sthere was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.

解析：這里雖然有only一詞，但是其含義和原文的a low-intensity agriculture economy 低產(chǎn)量的農(nóng)業(yè)不矛盾，故正確。