細數托福閱讀6大類出題點信息應對技巧

托福閱讀文章中包含的信息量很大，其中既有和解題相關的出題點信息，也有一些無關緊要純屬干擾的誤導信息，今天小編給大家?guī)砹思殧低懈ｉ喿x6大類出題點信息應對技巧，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

細數托福閱讀6大類出題點信息應對技巧

1、重要的邏輯關系(relation)

很多考生在閱讀文章的時候只注意到了文章所闡述的重要內容，但是忽略了信息之間的邏輯關系，因而對信息關聯理解不準確(incorrect)，這也是一種嚴重的錯誤(mistake)。因此，在閱讀過程中記錄下信息之間所產生的邏輯關系可以避免(avoid)考生丟失信息之間的關聯信息。

2、新概念和局部核心概念

所謂“新概念”是指當考生讀到文章某個位置時，之前沒有出現過的概念。這種新概念的出現(appearance)，意味著已有的概念已經不能說明這里要闡述的問題，所以，新概念的出現必然也意味著一個重要信息的出現。而“局部核心概念”是指在連續(xù)的幾個段落中集中闡述的主題概念，對于這種概念來說，無論是作為觀點還是舉例大家都應該注意(pay attention to)，因為它顯然是作為重點在文章中被強調的(emphasized)。

3、時間和數字(number)

一般來說，出現時間概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和時間順序(order)有關，作者會用不同的時間點串出一條時間線索(clue)。而個別數字的出現則意味著這個數字所闡述概念的重要性是不容忽視的(ignored)，因此，除非文章中出現了數據堆積的現象(phenomenon)，考生都需要把數字記錄(record)下來。在記錄時間和數字時需要注意兩個問題(question)，一是在記錄時間的同時要同步記錄下該時間點所發(fā)生事件的關鍵詞，二是無論文章中的時間和數字是什么形式(form)，考生在記錄的時候都一律記錄成阿拉伯數字，以便于之后做題時的查詢。

4、主題段和主題句的關鍵詞(key words)

TOEFL文章中的主題段和主題句都是參與搭建文章結構的，因此記錄它們中的幾個關鍵詞對于把握全文的結構非常重要。同時，文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也會包含在這部分內容中。

5、人名、地名和專有名詞(proper noun)

這些概念在文章中出現的時候，一般都會出現大寫字母或引號等標記(sign)，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，當提到這幾個具體的概念時(concept)，文章通常是在用這些概念說明某個理論或者觀點(opinion)，因此記錄下這些概念對于理解相關理論和觀點可以起到一定的輔助作用。

6、舉例主體

有的時候，為了說明某些理論和觀點，文章中會出現大段的舉例文字。

實際上(in fact)，TOEFL考試中考查這些例子具體內容(specific content)的時候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用這些例子的原因(reason)或它們所證明的觀點。因此，考生在快速筆記中只需要記錄下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所闡述的具體信息，可以適當忽略(omit)。

托福(TOEFL)考試閱讀模擬試題

Hormones in the Body

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.

Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning "to excite" or "to set in motion." A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.

Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual's personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.

Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.

27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) desire

(B) origin

(C) science

(D) chemical

28. The word it in the passage refers to

(A) secretin

(B) small intestine

(C) bloodstream

(D) pancreas

29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) remembered

(B) surprised

(C) invented

(D) motivated

30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must

(A) be part of the digestive process

(B) influence the operations of the nervous system

(C) affect processes in a different part of the body

(D) regulate attitudes and behavior

31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to

(A) whether scientists understand their function

(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body

(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process

(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) misunderstood

(B) precise

(C) significant

(D) simple

33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) sudden

(B) small

(C) changing

(D) noticeable

34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.

(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.

(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.

(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people's psychology and actions extensively.

35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) advertised

(C) prescribed

(D) researched

36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?

(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal

(B) Adults with strong digestive systems

(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment

(D) Children who may remain abnormally small

37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

These sentences are highlighted in the passage.

(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.

(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form.

(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.

38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren't aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.

Answer Choices

The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.

Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.

Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.

Answer Keys

Reading:

27. B

28. A

29. D

30. C

31. D

32. C

33. B

34. D

35. A

36. D

37. A

38. third square

39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….

2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..

3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….