中級筆譯翻譯技巧之增譯法
如何提高自己的筆譯水平?今天小編給大家?guī)砹酥屑壒P譯翻譯技巧之增譯法，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
名師指導(dǎo)：中級筆譯翻譯技巧之增譯法
英漢兩種語言在句法、詞匯、修辭等方面均存在著很大的差異，因此在進(jìn)行英漢互譯時必然會遇到很多困難，需要有一定的翻譯技巧作指導(dǎo)。常用的翻譯技巧有增譯法、省譯法、轉(zhuǎn)換法、拆句法、合并法、正譯法、反譯法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重組法和綜合法等。這些技巧不但可以運(yùn)用于筆譯之中，也可以運(yùn)用于口譯過程中，而且應(yīng)該用得更加熟練，因?yàn)榭谧g工作的特點(diǎn)決定了譯員沒有更多的時間進(jìn)行思考。
增譯法：指根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式，在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多，而英語(論壇)句子一般都要有主語，所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時候，除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動語態(tài)或"There be…"結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語境補(bǔ)出主語，使句子完整。英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在漢譯英時需要增補(bǔ)物主代詞，而在英譯漢時又需要根據(jù)情況適當(dāng)?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時常常需要增補(bǔ)連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在漢譯英時還要注意增補(bǔ)一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語，以確保譯文意思的完整?？傊ㄟ^增譯，一是保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。如：
(1)What about calling him right away?
馬上給他打個電話，你覺得如何? (增譯主語和謂語)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.
要是我能看到四個現(xiàn)代化實(shí)現(xiàn)該有多好啊!(增譯主句)
(3) Indeed, the reverse is true
實(shí)際情況恰好相反。(增譯名詞)
(4)就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了人權(quán)。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增譯物主代詞)
(5)只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增譯連詞)
(6)這是我們兩國人民的又一個共同點(diǎn)。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增譯介詞)
(7)在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域，中國反對以大欺小、以強(qiáng)凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增譯暗含詞語)
(8)三個臭皮匠，合成一個諸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增譯注釋性詞語)
2020年翻譯資格考試筆譯二級測試題：西游記
一日，悟空酒醉，在樹下酣然入睡，忽然來了兩個人，不由分說將悟空靈魂捆綁起來。他們連拉帶扯將他帶到一個城門口，只見城門上方有一牌匾，上書: “幽冥界”。悟空大驚失色問到：“幽冥界不是閻羅王住的地方嗎?
你們?yōu)楹螏襾泶?”O(jiān)ne day, Wukong got drunk and fell asleep under a tree. Suddenly, two persons arrived and roped his soul without saying a word. They pulled and pushed him to a gate over which there was a tablet reading “You Ming Jie” literally meaning “The Underworld”. Wukong panicked and demanded: “Isn’t this where Death5 lives? Why bring me here?”
那兩人說：“你陽壽已盡，所以我們來取你魂魄?！蔽蚩沾笈?， 掏出金箍棒，將他們打死。悟空怒氣未消，掄起金箍棒直打進(jìn)城里。閻羅王聽說有人打進(jìn)城里趕緊過來看個明白。
They answered: “Your living days have run out so we are to fetch your soul. ” Wukong flew into a towering rage, took out his weapon, and killed them. Being still angry he waved the stick and broke into the underworld town. A山er hearing that someone has broken in, Death decided to find out what had happened.
悟空對著閻王喊道：“我乃花果 山水簾洞的孫悟空，已修得長生不老之術(shù)，你為何還派人勾我魂魄?”
Wukong roared at Death: “My name is Sun Wukong; I come from Water Curtain Cave, Hua Guo Shan; I have already acquired immortal magic; Why did you still send for my soul?”
閻王忙命人取來生死簿，找到悟空名字，只見上面寫道：“孫悟空，石猴，壽命三百四十歲?！?悟空心中不服，一把抓起毛筆， 將自己和許多猴子的名字涂抹掉。然后他離開地府
Death hurriedly had the Book of Births and Deaths fetched, found his name and saw this — Sun Wukong, rock monkey, life of 340 years. Thinking this was wrong, Wukong grabbed a writing brush and crossed off the names of himself and many other monkeys and then le山.
悟空自從強(qiáng)取金箍棒，亂涂生死簿之后威名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)。但龍王和閻王對他咬牙切齒，向玉帝奏報了悟空的罪行。Since Wukong extorted his gold band stick, and messed up the Book of Births and Deaths, he had made quite a name for himself. But Dragon King and Death hated him to guts and reported his criminalities to Yu Di .
玉帝開會商討如何處置孫悟空， 大家意見各異，氣氛熱烈。此時， 太白金星啟奏：“這石猴乃天地所生，有降龍伏虎的本事，捉其不易，不如召他入朝，安排官職， 以安其心。”玉帝首肯，并派太白金星完成此事。
Yu Di called a meeting to discuss how to handle Sun Wukong. Opinions varied and the discussion was heated. Then Tai Bai Jin Xing, a popular lovable old man in Chinese mythology, proposed: “This rock monkey is related to Heaven and quite powerful. It’s not easy to catch him. We might engage him and settle him down.” Yu Di approved and sent him to do it.
聽聞玉帝欲授他官銜，悟空滿心歡喜，隨太白金星上了天庭。玉帝封他做“弼馬溫”負(fù)責(zé)管理神馬。悟空兢兢業(yè)業(yè)，悉心照料馬匹。半月之后，他獲悉“弼馬溫” 乃下賤之位，怒從心起，棄崗而去，回到水簾洞。
Hearing that Yu Di would give him a title he was pleased and followed Tai Bai Jin Xing to the heavenly court. His rank was Bi Ma Wen, a position responsible for taking care of horses. Wukong worked heart and soul. Half a month later, a山er learning that his rank was low and not respected he became angry, deserted his post and returned to Water Curtain Cave.
悟空將遭遇講與部下，部下皆為他不平。有人說：“大王本事與天齊，我看大王可做齊天大圣。從此悟空便自稱“齊天大圣”又將寫有“齊天大圣”的大旗立于洞前。悟空擅離天庭的消息不脛而走，玉帝派天兵天將來捉他， 哪吒變成三頭六臂來打悟空，悟空照做，幾番激戰(zhàn)天兵敗下陣來最后鎩羽而歸。
Wukong shared his misery with his followers and they felt sorry for him. Someone suggested: ”“King, you are invincible. I think you deserve to be Qi Tian Da Sheng, literally As Great as Heaven.” Wukong accepted and erected a name flag in front of the cave. The news of Wukong leaving heavenly court without permission spread out and Yu Di sent an army to bring him back. Ne Zha, a popular powerful young boy in Chinese mythology, turned himself into a monster with three heads and six arms to fight Wukong but Wukong did the same. A山er several rounds of battle the army was defeated and retreated.
玉帝召開緊急會議商討此事。太白金星又說：“該妖猴自稱齊天大圣，我們不妨給他個空銜，即可避免一戰(zhàn)?！庇竦蹨?zhǔn)奏，再一次將孫悟空召上天庭，賜他“齊天大圣”的頭銜。
Yu Di called an emergency meeting to discuss this. Tai Bai Jin Xing said: “This damn monkey wants to be Qi Tian Da Sheng, we might as well give him that empty title to avoid a war.” Yu Di agreed and summoned Sun Wukong for the second time and created him Qi Tian Da Sheng.
2020年翻譯資格考試筆譯二級測試題：西游記
受封齊天大圣后悟空每日逍遙自在，如熊孩子般四處搗亂。眾人不堪其擾，奏報玉帝：如此下去恐生惡果。玉帝便派他管理蟠桃園。
Since given the new title, Sun Wukong had great fun every day, monkeying about like a naughty boy. Everyone was annoyed and reported to Yu Di that serious consequences might occur if things went on like this. Therefore, Yu Di asked him to run Pan Tao Yuan, the flat-peach orchard.
蟠桃園隸屬王母，其桃若千年才熟一次，凡人吃了可以成仙。悟空不再四處閑逛，時常帶手下官員在桃園賞玩景色。一日，他看到白里透紅的仙桃，心里癢癢， 把旁人支開，偷吃了個夠。從此, 一發(fā)不可收拾。
The orchard belonged to the Queen, whose peaches took several thousand years to ripen and eating one of them could make ordinary people immortal. Wukong stopped rambling about to enjoy the beautiful scenery with his inferiors. One day, tempted by the peaches, pink and white, he turned away others and ate to his heart’s content secretly. Therea山er, he became addicted.
不久之后，王母要舉辦盛會便命七仙女去摘蟠桃。七仙女尋不到悟空，和看園人打個招呼便進(jìn)去摘桃了，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)罕有熟桃，因?yàn)槭旃驯晃蚩胀党浴?/p>
Before long, the Queen wanted to throw a grand party so she ordered her seven daughters to pick peaches. They couldn’t find Sun Wukong so they went straight inside to pick peaches a山er greeting the caretaker but found most of the peaches green because Wukong had eaten the ripe ones.
好不容易看到一個又大又紅的桃子，七仙女連忙伸手欲摘。不料，該桃子實(shí)乃睡夢中的悟空。被驚醒后，他大罵七仙女。她們連忙解釋是奉王母之命前來摘桃為蟠桃會準(zhǔn)備的。
When finally a red big peach was seen, they immediately reached for it. To their surprise, it was actually Sun Wukong having transformed himself into a peach to sleep on the branch. When woken up he cursed at the seven goddesses. They promptly explained that they were picking peaches by order of the Queen for a peach party.
悟空了解到蟠桃會是要宴請?zhí)焱ケ娚?，可他卻未受邀請。悟空很不高興，立刻使出定身法，把七仙女定住，自己飛往蟠桃會會場。悟空溜進(jìn)會場，看到滿桌美食美酒忍不住直流口水。只可惜有許多管事的在擺設(shè)宴席，他無法偷吃。他眼珠一轉(zhuǎn)，想出一計(jì)。
Wukong learned that the party was to entertain the courtiers but he had not been invited. Wukong was so pissed off that he froze the seven ladies with magic and flew to the party venue. Wukong sneaked inside and seeing all the delicacies and fine wine he couldn’t help salivating. Unfortunately, many footmen and maids were arranging food and plates so he couldn’t enjoy them. But soon he came up with a trick.
悟空從身上拔下一撮毛，對著吹了口氣，它們便變成瞌睡蟲，爬到那些管事的臉上。他們一個個倒頭入睡。悟空大模大樣走進(jìn)去，暢飲大吃。他出來的時候醉醺醺認(rèn)錯了方向，走到了太上老君的住處。
Wukong pulled a lock of hairs, blew at them and turned them into sleeping worms. These worms then climbed to the faces of those servants and maids. They fell asleep one a山er another. Wukong strode in and indulged himself in the sea of food and wine. When he le山 he was drunk and went in the wrong direction. Consequently he arrived at the lodge of Tai Shang Lao Jun.
悟空誤打誤撞進(jìn)了煉丹房，看到五個葫蘆，里面裝滿仙丹, 他一把抓起全倒入口中。不久，悟空酒醒，想起自己闖下大禍，心生怯意，便溜出去，逃回花果山。
Blundering into the workshop, he saw five gourds filled with elixir pills. Without thinking ， he grabbed the gourds and poured the content into his mouth. Soon later, Wukong sobered up. Recalling his crime he was so scared that he sneaked out and fled to Hua Guo Shan.
悟空的罪行很快敗露。玉帝不肯寬恕，派天兵降他，經(jīng)過一番苦戰(zhàn)終將他擒獲。鑒于悟空罪行嚴(yán)重，玉帝決定立即將他處死。
Wukong’s misbehavior was soon found out. Yu Di wouldn’t forgive him this time so he sent an army to catch him. A山er some fierce fights Wukong was captured. Considering his serious crime Yu Di decided to execute him at once.
2020年翻譯資格考試筆譯二級測試題：西游記
悟空被擒，玉帝判其死刑，令人削其頭顱。不料，大刀折成兩截他卻毫發(fā)無損。太上老君說到： “ 不如用我的煉丹爐燒死他吧?”
A山er Monkey King was caught, Yu Di sentenced him to death and ordered him to be beheaded. To everyone’s surprise, the knife was halved but his head was intact. Tai Shang Lao Jun said: “Let me
burn him inside my elixir furnace. ”
悟空被丟進(jìn)八卦爐。七七四十九天后，老君料定他已被燒為灰燼，開爐查看。哪知悟空跳了出來，踢翻八卦爐，舞動金箍棒想要逃走，卻被團(tuán)團(tuán)包圍。
Forty nine days later a山er Wukong was thrown into the furnace, assuming that he must have been burned to ashes, Lao Jun opened it to check. Unexpectedly, Wukong jumped out, kicked over the furnace and tried to escape, twirling his weapon, but he was soon heavily surrounded.
雖被包圍，悟空卻仍處上風(fēng)。玉帝只好派人請如來。見到如來眾人停手。悟空道：“你是何人，多管閑事!”Though surrounded Wukong was still winning. Yu Di had to send for The Buddha . When he arrived everyone stopped fighting. Wukong said:“Who are you?Mind your own business!”
如來面露微笑，自報家門，然后問到：“你又為何屢次挑釁?” 悟空傲慢地說：“我會七十二變，一個筋斗十萬八千里，無人能勝我。俗話說勝者為王，玉帝咋不把寶座讓給我?”
The Buddha smiled and introduced himself. Then he asked: “Why have you been so provocative?” “I know 72 transformations. I can fly 18,000 li with just one somersault. I am invincible. As the saying goes, the winner takes all, why doesn’t Yu Di give up his throne to me? ”, Wukong arrogantly said.
如來笑著說：“若你真牛咱便打個賭，你若能翻出我的手掌心， 我就讓玉帝讓位給你，否則你再莫來搗亂?！盩he Buddha laughed and said: “If you are really so good, let’s make a wager. If you can leave my palm I will ask Yu Di to give up his throne to you. If not, be good and stay away.”
悟空覺得好笑, “如來真是笨極了，我一個筋斗十萬八千里，哪有翻不出他手掌心的道理?”于是他同意了。Wukong thought it was funny. “The Buddha is really really an idiot. I can fly 18000 li with one somersault. How can I not leave his palm.” so he accepted the wager.
如來伸出右手，悟空飛身上去然后騰云飛去。秒秒鐘便已無影無蹤。片刻之后，悟空看到五根柱子，料是到了天邊，為了留下證據(jù)他便寫下“齊天大圣到此一游”，然后得意洋洋地回去了。
The Buddha held out his right hand. Wukong jumped on and then flew on a cloud. Seconds later, he disappeared. A山er a while he saw five pillars which he guessed were supporting the sky at the end of the earth. To have some proof he wrote on one pillar these words: Qi Tian Da Sheng has been here. Then he returned to the Buddha gleefully.
他說：“我曾到天邊，且留下了記號?！边@下你得叫玉帝把寶座讓給我吧?如來笑笑說：“你高興的太早。你不曾離開。這三腳貓功夫也敢賣弄?？纯次业氖种割^?！?/p>
He shouted: “I reached the end of the world and le山 some marks.” Now you must tell Yu Di to give me his throne. The Buddha smiled and said: “Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. You have not le山 my palm. How dare you show off such foolproof tricks in front of me? Now look at my fingers.”
悟空看到如來右手中指上寫著“齊天大圣到此一游”。他不敢相信，想再試一次。如來懶得理他，右手一翻變出一座五行山把悟空壓在山下。為防止他逃出來，如來又帖了一張咒符在山 上，最后告訴他等他時機(jī)恰當(dāng)時自然有人來放他出來。
Wukong saw that on his middle finger was written what he had written on the pillar. He couldn’t believe his eyes and wanted to try again. The Buddha ignored him, turned over his hand, conjured up a hand-shaped mountain and put it over the head of Wukong. To ensure that he couldn’t escape the Buddha put a written spell on the mountain. In the end he told Monkey King he would be released when the time was right.
光陰似箭，悟空被壓山下已五百年。一天，如來佛在雷音寺中對眾人說：“我有三藏大乘真經(jīng)可救人于苦難，欲授給東方人，但他們須歷經(jīng)苦難到此來取。不知誰愿意去東方尋找一個佛心堅(jiān)定之人?”
Five hundred years had flown by since Wukong got trapped under the mountain when one day in Lei Yin Temple the Buddha announced: “I have three Mahayana scriptures that can rescue people from misery and suffering. I want to teach them to the people living in the east but they must come to fetch them by going through ordeals. I need someone to find a determined and pious monk to do this. Any volunteer?”
觀音請纓。如來予她五件寶物，需交給取經(jīng)之人。分別是“錦瀾袈裟”、“九環(huán)錫杖”和三個“箍”。
Guanyin volunteered. The Buddha handed her five treasures to be presented to the pilgrim she would find which were: a cassock made of gold and silk, a 9-ring walking stick, and three magic headbands.
袈裟和錫杖可做護(hù)身之用而這三個緊箍可助他收服三位神通廣大的妖魔為徒,只要他默念緊箍咒戴箍之人便頭痛難忍，俯首聽命。
The cassock and stick could protect the pilgrim and the three bands could help him tame three powerful monsters and demons as his followers; as long as he murmurs the tightening spell the band wearer will have a killing headache so he would be obedient.
觀音收好寶物，攜弟子前往東方。途經(jīng)流沙河時遇到一位赤發(fā)墨顏的怪物。該妖怪本是天庭的卷簾大將 ，因?yàn)榇蛩橐患毐环胖稹?/p>
Guanyin packed the treasures and le山 for the east with an assistant. When they passed Liu Sha He, literally meaning Quicksand River, they met a monster with red hair and an inky face who used to be a guardian in heavenly palace. He was banished for breaking a precious cup.
該妖怪見到觀音便哀求她幫自己擺脫苦境。觀音叫他皈依佛門，取法名“沙悟凈”，告訴他：“不日將有一唐朝和尚從此路過去西天取經(jīng)，你護(hù)送他去西天，功成之后你便可官復(fù)原職?！庇^音繼續(xù)東行，遇到一個豬頭妖怪。該妖怪原是天庭的天蓬元帥，因酒后失德被貶下凡間，投胎失誤便成了如此模樣。妖怪求菩薩救他， 觀音也讓他皈依佛門，賜法名“豬悟能”，命他隨唐僧取經(jīng)， 將功贖罪。
On seeing Guanyin he begged her to help him out of his misery. Guanyin asked him to convert to Buddhism and gave him a religious name Sha Wujing. Then she said: “A few days later a monk from Tang Empire will arrive. Accompany him to his destination and your position will be restored.” Guanyin continued traveling eastwards when she encountered a pig-headed monster who used to be a marshal in heavenly palace and was expelled for his drunken misbehavior. Something went wrong with the reincarnation and there he was. He pleaded with Guanyin for help. Guanyin converted him to Buddhism and gave him a religious name Zhu Wu’neng. Then she asked him to escort Tang Monk on the pilgrimage as redemption.
觀音繼續(xù)東行，見一小龍呻吟。原來是西海龍王的兒子因意外燒毀了玉帝賞賜的明珠而被吊掛起來。小龍看到觀音連忙求救。觀音請求玉帝赦免了小龍但是讓他變成白馬做唐僧的坐騎。終于，觀音來到了五行山下。悟空連忙求救。菩薩說到：“我正要去大唐尋找取經(jīng)之人，那人路過此處時你拜他為師，求他放你出來護(hù)送他到西天取經(jīng)?！盙uanyin continued to travel eastwards until she saw a groaning young dragon who was the son of West Sea Dragon King. He was hung there because he had accidentally burned a precious pearl rewarded by Yu Di. When he saw Guanyin he implored for help. Guanyin asked Yu Di to pardon him but also asked him to be Tang Monk’s horse. At last, Guanyin reached Mount Hand. Monkey King begged for help but Guanyin replied: “I am going to look for a Tang Monk to fetch scriptures from the Buddha. When he passes here you can ask him to be your master and to release you so that you can protect him on the pilgrimage.”
中級筆譯翻譯技巧之增譯法相關(guān)文章：
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中級筆譯翻譯技巧之增譯法
