GRE作文之Issue和Argument的區(qū)別及技巧
今天來了解一下Issue和Argument的區(qū)別及技巧,我們一起來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
GRE作文：Issue和Argument的區(qū)別及技巧
GRE作文之Issue：準(zhǔn)備提綱
Issue要求考生根據(jù)所給的題目，完成一篇表明立場的邏輯立論文。Issue題庫涉及社會、文化、科技、歷史、政治、藝術(shù)等諸多方面。不同類型的題目有較大差別，但在同一類型的題目中卻包含了許多命題方向非常接近的題目。
Issue寫作對于論據(jù)的要求是非常高的，因此你的名人事例的儲備，相關(guān)知識量的積累是非常重要的。這一環(huán)節(jié)也正是GRE考生最為頭疼的一部分，舉不出支持自己的觀點(diǎn)的例子，因此讓自己的文章顯得只有蒼白的論證，缺乏說服力。因此要多讀歷史，積累例子，尤其關(guān)注那些重要的哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家、藝術(shù)家、政治領(lǐng)袖等人的生平事跡、主要貢獻(xiàn)。例如Issue里的這樣一道真題：“Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society?！?真正影響深遠(yuǎn)的思想家和具有高度創(chuàng)造力的藝術(shù)家總是與他們的時(shí)代和社會步伐不一致)。這個(gè)題目如果沒有必備的那些思想家和藝術(shù)家的例子，文章必然缺乏說服力。因此讀歷史積累寫作素材，具體說就是論據(jù)素材是拿高分的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。
另外，寫提綱對于Issue部分的備考是至關(guān)重要的，也是最占用時(shí)間、最核心的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。每一個(gè)題目的提綱力求詳細(xì)，不用去寫開頭段和結(jié)尾段，就寫正文各段你的各個(gè)分支觀點(diǎn)，也就是正文部分的論證過程。除了論證以外，寫完后想想可以用些什么論據(jù)，把支持論證的論據(jù)也寫上。需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，一定要較為詳細(xì)地寫Issue提綱，否則，在考場如果遇到?jīng)]有思考過的題目，很容易自亂陣腳，導(dǎo)致失敗。此外，題目必須考前按題材分類去寫提綱，看懂，知道對立面和大致寫作思路。論據(jù)往往在同類的很多題目中通用。寫完提綱后，再寫20-40篇完整的文章(語言能力弱的話，盡量多寫)。
GRE作文之Argument：掌握邏輯
Argument要求考生分析所給題目，完成一篇駁論文，指出并且有力地駁斥題目中的主要邏輯錯(cuò)誤。Argument部分，首先要熟悉每一個(gè)題目，找出主要的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，也就是Argument題目的提綱，同時(shí)每一個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤準(zhǔn)備一套語言套路去說。寫完每一個(gè)題目的提綱后，寫10-15篇完整的文章(語言能力弱的話，可以增加寫作量)，找partner幫你改，知道錯(cuò)誤以后再重寫。
有些考生寫GRE文章，喜歡用專業(yè)性的邏輯用語，其實(shí)沒有必要，就事論事比較好。在批駁的時(shí)候?yàn)榱孙@得有力，可以多用用for example、it is possible that、it is likely that之類的句型，因?yàn)锳rgument就是挑錯(cuò)與找茬的過程。如果實(shí)在覺得錯(cuò)誤不好找，那么就根據(jù)每一句話批，基本上，每一個(gè)表示原因的句子中都可能存在邏輯錯(cuò)誤。
有人認(rèn)為，Argument背一下錯(cuò)誤分類就可以了。但是在實(shí)踐中這些只是次要的方面，主要的還在于尋找論述者的論據(jù)和事實(shí)是否對論點(diǎn)做了充分且必要的證明。只有找出他們之間的缺點(diǎn)和不足,文章才會流暢。掌握邏輯的因果關(guān)系，更好地把握文章的結(jié)論,會寫出更漂亮的文章，而不是僅僅的survey、 response、data等一些誰都用的東西，無論什么都是越具體越有說服力。
GRE作文難度： Issue>Argument
總的來看，Issue難度高于Argument。對于考生來說，Issue比Argument要求擁有更扎實(shí)的寫作功底和更嚴(yán)密的邏輯思維。同時(shí)，ETS對于Issue的模板化和plagiarisms更加敏感?？傊?，獲得Issue高分需要較多的努力。相比之下，Argument內(nèi)容相對單一 (出錯(cuò)的邏輯類型比較少)，題目中給了考生更多的提示信息，因此提高Argument成績?nèi)菀滓恍?/p>
參照ETS評過分的范文，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)：無論Issue還是Argument在評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上都有共同之處：第一，觀點(diǎn)要有深度，論證要有說服力;第二，組織要有條理，表達(dá)清晰準(zhǔn)確;第三，語言流利，句式復(fù)雜，詞匯豐富。這三條說的也就是行文的“思想性”、“結(jié)構(gòu)性”以及“表達(dá)性”。眾多高分作文的考生大凡都在這三個(gè)方面做得很好，我們理所當(dāng)然也要從這里入手，采取“各個(gè)擊破”的方法解剖GRE作文的本質(zhì)，從而得到一個(gè)理想分?jǐn)?shù)。
以上就是新GRE作文Issue和Argument的區(qū)別以及GRE寫作技巧介紹，各位考生在進(jìn)行GRE作文備考時(shí)可以采取各個(gè)擊破的方法，分別進(jìn)行攻克，爭取拿到GRE寫作高分。
GRE作文ARGUMENT官方題庫滿分范文點(diǎn)評
GRE作文官方題庫ARGUMENT題目：
“Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams’ revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch’s $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams.”
【滿分范文賞析】
The author argues that Adams Realty is superior to Fitch Realty. To support this claim the author cites statistics about the number and working hours of agents, and the number and sales prices of homes sold by the two farms. Further, the author cites anecdotal evidence involving personal experience with Fitch and Adams. A careful analysis reveals that this evidence lends little credible support for the argument.
【本段結(jié)構(gòu)】
本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument開頭段結(jié)構(gòu)，即C—E—F的開頭結(jié)構(gòu)。段落首先概括原文的Conclusion，接下來概括原文為支持其結(jié)論所引用的一系列Evidence，最后給出開頭段到正文段的過渡句，指出原文的Flaw，即其Evidence不能為其結(jié)論提供可靠的支持。
【本段功能】
本段作為Argument開頭段，具體功能就在于發(fā)起攻擊并概括原文的結(jié)論，即Adams不動產(chǎn)公司要優(yōu)于Fitch不動產(chǎn)公司。本段接下來分布列舉了原文為支持其結(jié)論所引用的證據(jù)——這兩家公司所擁有經(jīng)紀(jì)人的數(shù)目和工作時(shí)間、二者所售出的住宅的數(shù)量和價(jià)格、以及與兩家公司接觸的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷等等。這些信息的歸納為正文段中即將進(jìn)行的具體攻擊作出鋪墊。
The claim is partially based on the fact that Adams has more agents than Fitch and that many of Fitch’s agents work only part-time. There is no correlation between the number of employees, their working hours, and the quality of their work. Without such a link, we could consider the possibility that a smaller firm could be more effective than a larger one and, likewise, that a part-time agent could be more effective than a full-time agent. Besides, the author does not provide any information about the specific number of Adams agents who work part-time.
【本段結(jié)構(gòu)】
本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第一個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和其在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。
【本段功能】
本段作為正文第一段，攻擊原文所犯的第一個(gè)重要邏輯錯(cuò)誤——相關(guān)性錯(cuò)誤。原文的論點(diǎn)部分建立在Adams的經(jīng)紀(jì)人數(shù)目更多并且Fitch的很多經(jīng)紀(jì)人僅兼職工作這一事實(shí)上。然而，一個(gè)較小規(guī)模的公司可能會比一個(gè)較大規(guī)模的公司效率更高;同理，一位兼職的經(jīng)紀(jì)人也可能會比一位全職的經(jīng)紀(jì)人工作效率更高。另外，原文作者并沒有對Adams的兼職經(jīng)紀(jì)人的具體數(shù)目提供更多信息。
The claim is also supported by the fact that Adams sold more properties than Fitch last year. One year of sales records is an insufficient sample. It is possible that in most other years Adams could have sold fewer properties than Fitch. Moreover, the disparity in sales volume could be explained by factors other than the comparative quality of the two firms. For example, perhaps Adams serves a denser geographic area or in an area where turnover in home-ownership is higher for reasons unrelated to Adams’ effectiveness. It is even possible that the only reason sales volume is higher at Adams is because the company employs more agents but, perhaps, each Adams agent sells fewer homes on average than each Fitch agent does. Without ruling out such alternative explanations for the disparity in sales volume, the author cannot defend the conclusion based on such scant evidence.
【本段結(jié)構(gòu)】
本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第二個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和其在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。
【本段功能】
本段作為正文第二段，攻擊原文中出現(xiàn)的第二個(gè)重要邏輯錯(cuò)誤——調(diào)查類錯(cuò)誤+因果類錯(cuò)誤。除上一段中提到的論據(jù)外，原文所依賴的另一論據(jù)是Adams去年比Fitch售出了更多的房產(chǎn)這一事實(shí)。然而，僅僅一年的銷售數(shù)據(jù)是一個(gè)不充分的樣本——可能在大多數(shù)其它年份里Adams的房產(chǎn)銷售量均低于Fitch的房產(chǎn)銷售量。進(jìn)一步，本段指出兩家公司房產(chǎn)銷售量之間的差異可以被這兩家公司的相對競爭力之外的其它可能因素所解釋，并隨后提出了兩種其它的可能解釋。最后，本段指出作者在沒有排除這些其它可能解釋之前是不能利用如此缺乏的證據(jù)對其結(jié)論進(jìn)行辯護(hù)的。
Support for the claim is also drawn from the average sales price of homes. This evidence only illustrates that the homes that Adams sells are more valuable on average than the ones that Fitch sells, not that Adams is more effective in selling homes than Fitch. Moreover, it is possible that a few relatively high-priced or low-priced properties skewed these averages, rendering any conclusions about the comparative quality of the two firms based on these averages irrelevant.
【本段結(jié)構(gòu)】
本段采用了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的Argument正文段結(jié)構(gòu)，即：概括第三個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤的錯(cuò)誤類型和其在原文中出現(xiàn)的位置，接下來給出合理的理由和他因來反駁原文。
【本段功能】
本段作為正文第三段，攻擊原文中出現(xiàn)的第三個(gè)重要邏輯錯(cuò)誤——因果類錯(cuò)誤+平均值錯(cuò)誤。在原文中，對兩家不動產(chǎn)公司房產(chǎn)平均銷售價(jià)的比較也為原文論點(diǎn)提供了支持。然而，這一證據(jù)僅能說明Adams所售房產(chǎn)平均而言比Fitch所售房產(chǎn)的價(jià)值更高，而并不能說明Adams的售房效率比Fitch更高。進(jìn)一步，本段指出房產(chǎn)售價(jià)的平均值可能會受到個(gè)別售價(jià)相對較高或較低的房產(chǎn)的影響，因此基于這些平均值所得出的任何關(guān)于這兩家不動產(chǎn)公司品質(zhì)比較的結(jié)論均是不相干的。
GRE issue寫作優(yōu)秀實(shí)例：全球化
題目：
With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of the society -- including education, politics, the arts and the sciences -- will benefit greatly from international influences.
隨著全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)在經(jīng)濟(jì)和通訊等領(lǐng)域中的發(fā)展，毫無疑問，社會的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域——包括教育、政治、、藝術(shù)和科學(xué)——都會從國際影響中獲益匪淺。
正文：
I fundamentally agree with the contention in the title statement that, with the growth of global network in many areas, every aspect will benefit from international influences more or less. However, the continually appearing harmful byproducts of globalization,though maybe not so disturbing right now, calls for a more comprehensive and balanced view in which the positive and negative influences are both considered.
Admittedly, globalization is a process leading to improving productivity in increasing national welfare in every country who participates in it. As David Ricardo, one of the most important economist of the Classical Political Economics, brilliantly illustrated as the famous Law of Comparative Advantage, "Even if one nation is less efficient than other countries in every commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade,when every nation keep producing commodity in which its comparative advantage (presenting as comparative price in a monetary society) is greater and exchange with other countries for other products." Nowadays, not only has this principle been proved right in economic area, but in culture, politics, education and social spheres, it becomes a fundamental rule and primary notion based on which the policies are established. Thus the idea is widely accepted that material progress and well-being of one country will do good to that of others.
However, when we enjoy the advantages of the globalization, there are still many disconcerting phenomenon along with this process. First of all, more and more multinationals from developed countries locate their manufacturing departments, which produce much pollution, in developing countries like Thailand, Vietnam and China, while leave their Research&Development sectors at home for some cost-saving reasons. But this aggregates the environmental deterioration and industry structure laggard in the developing countries. In other words, people in these countries will suffer the potential dangers from international influences.
In addition, too rapid globalization help deracinate some cultures in powerless position.As an example, in China, fewer and fewer children and youth are interested in the Chinese Opera, not to say take it as a career. Their most favorite singers are Branny Spears and Robby Williams who are popular all over the world. But, can you simply conclude that R&B and Rap music is of more values to the young people in China than the Chinese Opera that has a history of over 2000 years? Actually, though energy- and time-consuming, it is one of the most important responsibilities, as a member of the society, to protect those ancient cultures from being bogged down in the Sargasso sea of modern culture when we keep on with the globalization.
Finally, the loss of intelligence is another dilemma confronted by developing countries in these days. Whether supported by national scholarship or self-financed, many students from these countries maintain a further education in western countries.Nevertheless, when they find satisfying job opportunities, they will probably not go back and work for their motherland. Unfortunately, this part of students is always among the most intelligent human resources of the country, who are supposed to be the main force to construct the country. This kind of destruction to a society can even not be measured by money.
To sum up, without a open attitude to the world, a nation becomes myopic and eventually inefficient. Without considering the negative influences brought by the process of globalization, nations, especially the developing countries, will suffer from the latent destructions sooner or later. Though we may not accuse globalization for all the harms, it is advisable for everyone to pay our attention to it and do our best to constrain the bad effects to the least. Otherwise, it is unprofitable to choose construct the global networks, not only to us, but to our descendants.
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GRE作文之Issue和Argument的區(qū)別及技巧
