托福獨立寫作如何避免無話可說
為了讓大家更好的準(zhǔn)備托??荚?,小編給大家整理一些托福寫作小知識,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。
托福獨立寫作素材選擇和語言運用常見問題注意事項提點
托福獨立寫作如何避免無話可說?
關(guān)于素材,也就是文章中寫點什么內(nèi)容,很多考生最頭疼的就是無話可說。新托福寫作考察的話題包括教育、就業(yè)、個人成功、社會、家庭、環(huán)境、媒體、旅游、科技等。話題種類繁多,考生想要做到有話可寫,就需要在平時多做素材的積累,比如每天看兩個話題的范文,搜集出文章中的論點、論據(jù),并用中文或者key words記錄下來,形成自己的素材庫,考前翻閱一下。即便是出現(xiàn)新題,考生也不用擔(dān)心,因為平時積累的素材多了,思路就寬了,總能帶來一些啟發(fā) 。
托福寫作語言運用注意事項講解
接下來是托福寫作中的語言問題。其實托福寫作中對語言并不是特別重視,因為雖然新托福是語言考試,但是在寫作這一塊,考官并不太在意考生使用的詞匯有多高難度、句式有多復(fù)雜,這就是新托福寫作和雅思寫作的差異。美國人在意的是你寫出來的文章能不能讓他看明白,邏輯通不通。當(dāng)然,雖然不要求語言的復(fù)雜性,語言的多樣性還是有要求的。詞匯上來說,要注意不重復(fù)用詞,那么考生平時需要積累常用的替換詞。句型來說,更為簡單,因為英文中的句式也就那么多種,考生只需要把每一種句子的形式整理一下,考試時有意識地安排進文章即可。語言這一塊對于英語功底還可以的學(xué)生來說絕對是沒有問題的。
托福獨立寫作如何分層次拆解論述話題?實用技巧實例精講
什么是托福獨立寫作的話題拆分法?
拆分法就是將人們習(xí)慣或公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為分類的依據(jù)從不同角度對問題進行剖析。拆分的對象可以是題目中存在的 名詞,也可以是題目中所“隱含”的 時間 和 地點。
托福獨立寫作話題拆分技巧實例講解
我們來看下面的例子:
The Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information.
這道題目中有三個名詞。第一個名詞是the Internet,我們可以將它拆分為局域網(wǎng)(Local Area Network, LAN)、廣域網(wǎng)(Wide Area Network, WAN)和城域網(wǎng)(Metropolitan Area Network, MAN),那么文章的三段分別強調(diào)局域網(wǎng)、廣域網(wǎng)和城域網(wǎng)給人們提供大量有價值的信息。
第二個名詞是people,我們可以將它拆分為學(xué)生、商人、老人;因此,文章可以具體寫網(wǎng)絡(luò)為這三類人群提供大量有價值的信息。
第三個名詞是information,我們可以將它拆分為不同種類的信息,如新聞、教育信息、生活信息和娛樂信息等;因此文章可以針對網(wǎng)絡(luò)為人們提供上述任意三方面有價值的信息而展開。
我們再來看一個例子:
The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than those made in foreign countries.
我們需要思考的問題是:哪些國外的電影和電視節(jié)目(movies and television programs)可以引起我們的興趣呢?這些電影和電視節(jié)目可能涉及歷史和自然景點(historical and scenic spots)、傳統(tǒng)和風(fēng)俗(tradition and customs)、奇聞和傳說(anecdotes and legends)或者是宗教信仰(religious beliefs)等——因此,全文可以從上述任意三個方面展開。
有些考生會嘗試著拆分foreign countries. 他們將foreign counties拆分為美國、英國和印度:美國的電影和電視節(jié)目更多彰顯美國文化大熔爐的特征(cultural melting pot);英國的電影和電視節(jié)目更多表現(xiàn)了“日不落帝國”(the empire on which the Sun never sets)的“光輝歲月”(splendid moment);印度的電影和電視節(jié)目更多體現(xiàn)了千年的歷史積淀(historical sediments)——這也是一種可行的拆分方法。
托福獨立寫作中間段論證寫法思路實例講解
托福獨立寫作中間段寫法思路分析
很多同學(xué)都很頭疼獨立寫作的中間到底寫點什么,小編也經(jīng)常聽到學(xué)生抱怨:那些范文的作者怎么有那么多有的沒的可以扯,我就是想不出那么多話那么多內(nèi)容往文章里搬啊。面對這樣的問題,小編一開始也很困惑應(yīng)該怎樣去幫助他們,因為這是確實存在的一個事實,暫且不談英文,即便是說中文,也有一些人是能“扯”的,有一些人是“不能扯”的。后來小編發(fā)現(xiàn),“能不能扯”在方向上來說就已經(jīng)錯了,或者說已經(jīng)偏了,偏離了簡單寫作的軌道。原因在于,內(nèi)容是無止盡的,非要一個高中生腦子里裝很多內(nèi)容素材也確實強人所難。即便經(jīng)歷了長期的準(zhǔn)備積累,在考場上要把這些信息想到,再敲到文章里也是很耗費時間的,所以說關(guān)于論證細(xì)節(jié),如果從內(nèi)容下手進行思考,反而會讓寫作看起來更復(fù)雜。那么,托??荚囍械暮唵螌懽鞯降资鞘裁茨?那就是考生一定聽說過的“論證方法”。大部分考生對這個詞不陌生,知道主體段需要運用各種論證方法進行支持。在此,小編想強調(diào)的是,考生大可不必從內(nèi)容上去思考寫點什么,而是直接可以從論證方法入手,因為論證方法是有止盡的,最常用的也是最好用的論證方法包括因果論證(分析原因、說明結(jié)果)、舉例論證、引證以及對比論證。我們隨便看幾個范文段落就可以發(fā)現(xiàn),文章段落中的每一句話都是有存在的目的的,所謂目的就是論證的方法。
論證方法實例分析1
例如:
1. Firstly,the wide application of the Internet dramatically boosts the convenience and efficiency of acquiring knowledge for people.(中心句)2.In the times without the Internet,the main way to be well-educated was attending schools.3.But the scarcity of educational resources enabled only a few elites to do it.4.Thanks to the Internet technology,the knowledge gets across among people regardless of time and space.5.For example,Khan Academy,an innovative online educational company,offers high-quality and free-of-charge cramming courses involving mathematics,physics and other high school subjects.6.Another renowned program called “Coursera” cooperates with top universities and puts online real lectures of top-notch professors for people to learn from at no cost.
整個段落一共6句話,第一句話是中心句,第二句到第四句是對比論證(沒有網(wǎng)絡(luò)的時候VS有了網(wǎng)絡(luò)的時候),第五句和第六句是兩個例子。
論證方法實例分析2
再如:
1.In the first place,job satisfaction is becoming increasingly important in contemporary society.2.Due to the fierce competition and social pressure,whether workers can attain satisfaction in their positions determines how hardly they work,which also determines how many profits the company will get.3.My brother can be cited as a good example.4.At first,he worked in an international company which cared nothing for its employees but profits.5.He was forced to work for extra hours without extra salary in regular working time, which generated extreme tiredness and dissatisfaction.6.As a result,he soon changed the job into a more satisfying one which has more vacation,better working environment and more friendly relationships between colleagues.7.Now,my brother enjoys his job which creates great job satisfaction for him and works more assiduously.
整個段落一共7句話,第一句仍然是中心句,第二句用的是因果論證,第三句開始舉了具體的個人例子。
因此,當(dāng)中心句寫完之后,到底寫點什么來支撐一個段落的字?jǐn)?shù),考生可以從論證方法這個概念去思考。例如Body 1中心句之后可以先用因果論證,帶一下原因,再將結(jié)果層層遞進寫幾句話,結(jié)束之后字?jǐn)?shù)肯定不夠,那就想一下還有一種論證方法叫舉例論證,能不能編一個例子出來。同理,Body 2還是先寫中心句,接下來寫一句因果,寫一句對比(正反假設(shè)),最后再來一組例子。簡而言之,我們在思考的時候從論證方法出發(fā),但是呈獻給考官看的還是內(nèi)容。論證方法只是便于我們快速想到寫的內(nèi)容的方向,總比絞盡腦汁直接想內(nèi)容要簡單得多。
如何讓段落邏輯清晰?
在了解了怎樣以最快速度想出理由段寫點什么內(nèi)容之后,還需要注意的一個問題是,有些人能“條理清晰地扯”,有些人“扯出了一團漿糊”。那么怎樣才能讓考官看著覺得這個段落邏輯清晰呢?筆者在看了很多官方范文及學(xué)生的高分文章后,發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個規(guī)律,好的文章段落有一個共同的邏輯層次,即由抽象到具體,上文兩個段落的層次安排也是按照這樣來進行的,中心句結(jié)束后進行解釋,最后搬上例子。這樣看來,文章理由段的寫法也非常簡單,按照上面的安排操作即可,根據(jù)論證方法配以具體的內(nèi)容,一個段落就能輕松完成了。在此要強調(diào)的是,新托福作文中,主體段的例子是非常重要的,考生應(yīng)該做到每一個段落都要有例子支持,當(dāng)然并不一定是具體某個人的例子,可以是引用的研究結(jié)果,也可以使用排比的句式寫出一組列舉的例子。
托福綜合寫作的閱讀聽力部分如何應(yīng)對?這些高分技巧不可不學(xué)
托福綜合寫作閱讀部分:尋找核心句關(guān)鍵詞
英美人寫文章的總體邏輯可以概括為總分或總分總。而托福綜合寫作的閱讀材料多為前者布局,且多為四段式(首段總起,三段分別展開)。
首段主要用來提供背景信息或者提出話題,而作者的立場或論點多位于首段的最后一句,聰明的考生會把注意力多集中于首段的尾句,確定作者的立論點,從而對于下一階段的聽力大致話題和論述做到心中有底。
隨后的段落即展開給出作者之所以立論的三個分論點或論據(jù),在單個的段落當(dāng)中,又遵循了西方人慣有的總分模式,單個段落的首句多為topic sentence,考生可以只關(guān)注三個段落的首句以快速獲取段落主要內(nèi)容,從而避免全文通讀速度不夠而導(dǎo)致的來不及看完閱讀。
托福綜合寫作聽力部分:判斷說話人立場、記錄觀點和支持性論據(jù)
聽力環(huán)節(jié)的筆記很重要,是決定綜合寫作能否順利完成的關(guān)鍵因素。沒有經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練或者疏于練習(xí)的同學(xué)會對于該記什么無從下手,結(jié)果就是筆記做了,自己看不懂,或者筆記太過凌亂,毫無可利用性。
要知道聽力該記什么怎么記,此時應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記心里的仍然是西方人的邏輯性。"總分"表明了在聽力的開始段是表明說話者立場和論點的,那么按照我們之前分析的,閱讀和聽力必然是同主題,所以聽力開始時候大家不必忙著亂記一通,事實上,什么都不用寫,鎮(zhèn)定情緒,聽清說話者的立場即可。
接著,和閱讀中相似,說話者會從三個方面闡述支持自己的觀點,很多情況下,這三點和閱讀中的三點是剛好契合,一一對應(yīng)的。
但聽力三方面的分論據(jù)往往是從閱讀中無法推斷的,所以分論點及論據(jù)是需要同學(xué)進行筆記的,應(yīng)當(dāng)記的是key words,切忌洋洋灑灑想記全一句話,最后自己也難以讀懂
托福綜合寫作高分還需要提升記憶容量
各位考生不妨觀察一下自己抄寫英文句子的情況。大多數(shù)未經(jīng)訓(xùn)練的第二語言學(xué)習(xí)者很可能都是每寫下一個詞就要回去重新讀一次才能繼續(xù)抄下去--有的時候甚至可能需要每寫一個字母就要返回文本重看一眼才能繼續(xù)。這說明此人的記憶容量只能容納一個詞(或者甚至連一個詞都容納不了)。
記憶容量大的人理解文本更為容易,又因為能夠理解所以記憶文本更加容易,進而又因為能夠記得住而聯(lián)系上下文更為輕松,而記憶容量過小的人基本上連看完一篇文章都非常吃力。
不過,只要稍加訓(xùn)練,記憶容量就會擴充至足夠用的地步。迅速將自己的英文記憶容量提高到"夠用"的地步,最好的方法就是通過"跟讀"、"朗讀"訓(xùn)練平日積累。
因為朗讀可以非常有效而又迅速地提高文字理解能力。這很關(guān)鍵,記不住的最重要原因并非"記憶力差"--無論記憶力多好,都很難記住無法理解、無法關(guān)聯(lián)的信息--聽得懂才容易記得住。
總而言之,托福綜合寫作想要獲得高分,考生欠缺讀聽寫那個部分的能力都是很難實現(xiàn)的,而上分這些各個環(huán)節(jié)的高分經(jīng)驗技巧,相信會給大家提供很好的參考和補充。
托福高分作文常用詞匯整理匯總 這些精選副詞學(xué)起來
托福寫作高分詞匯實例賞析:副詞類
accordingly 相應(yīng)地、對應(yīng)地
Through internships, students will become familiar with the companies’ expectations towards competitive graduates and build their career path accordingly.
adversely 不利地、負(fù)面地
The children and spouse of a smoker will be adversely affected by the constant smoke in their environment.
alarmingly 驚人地、令人驚奇地
China has the largest population in the world, and therefore the business industry is bound to grow at an alarmingly fast rate.
astoundingly 驚人地、令人驚奇地
The urban population produces astoundingly large amounts of pollution, for example, the alleged white pollution which is creeping all over the country.
basically 主要地、基本地
Basically, the problem-solving skills learnt in science are beneficial in curing diseases and developing new energy technologies.
comparatively 比較地、相當(dāng)?shù)?/p>
In addition, due to the comparatively higher prices of handmade products, consumers might be hesitant before deciding to buy them.
completely 完全地、徹底地
News broadcasts on television are supplying completely trustworthy information concerning the latest happenings at home and abroad.
considerably 相當(dāng)?shù)亍⒎浅5?/p>
The educational level of citizens considerably depends on the quality of teachers in higher learning institutions.
consistently 一貫地、一致地
In order to avoid health problems, young people should consistently participate in outdoor activities.
deeply 深深地、深入地
The value of “unity ispower” is deeply rooted in people’s minds.
eventually 最終地、最后地
Most ordinary citizens joined in the struggles against enemies, and as a result, they survived and eventually lived in peace.
exceedingly 極度地、非常
The people of strong ability to plan and organize are exceedingly capable of administering a large number of employees or assistants.
exceptionally 異常地、特殊地
To illustrate, when a person manages to complete a formidable job, a strong sense of fulfillment will rise up and make him/her exceptionally honored and happy.
excessively 過分地、過度地
Peer pressure often causes youngsters to spend excessively on fancy clothes and accessories.
fully 充分地、完整地
Only through residing in dormitories could college students fully experience the essence of university education.
highly 高度地、非常
That is why the government is highly concerned about improvements in traffic conditions and invests heavily in the construction of a more advanced infrastructure.
increasingly 越來越多地、漸增地
Students attend colleges to obtain more opportunities for advancement in an increasingly competitive job market.
inescapably/inevitably 不可避免地、必然地
People’s behavior inevitably/inescapably reflects their nature.
inextricably 密不可分地、無法擺脫地
When a university is established, it becomes inextricably connected to the community where it is located.
inherently 固有地、內(nèi)在地
Most magazines of the mass media industry, being inherently commercial, are driven by business motivations.
overly 過度地、極度地
Souvenirs are overly expensive in some tourist sites.
possibly/probably 可能地、大概
Critical thinking skills help students fight poverty and make the nation possibly/probably fairer and freer.
presumably 可能地、大概
Creativity is needed when one is building new companies that will presumably create new jobs and boost the local economy.
radically 根本地、徹底地
The old fashion is suddenly new again viewed in the context of a radically different environment.
regularly 定期地、有規(guī)律地
Medical research indicates that those who conduct physical exercise regularly face fewer risks of diseases than those who never do it.
remarkably 顯著地、非常地
Being limited to only one type of books might remarkably narrow a reader’s mind and knowledge scope.
seemingly 似乎地、好似
New graduates prefer to work in large companies that seemingly attach great importance to the social welfare benefits of their working staff.
significantly 重大地、值得注目地
Automobiles have significantly influenced every aspect of society in many ways and have changed to keep up with the times.
similarly 相似地、同樣地
Similarly, it becomes difficult for students to know which job best fits them after graduation due to their lack of real-life experience.
substantially 實質(zhì)上、大量地
The habitats of wild animals may substantially dwindle, which will destroy the diversity of animals and the ecological balance.
thoroughly 徹底地、絕對地
Everyone should appreciate and thoroughly comprehend the essential value of friendship.
undeniably 不可否認(rèn)地、確鑿無疑地
Undeniably, each manager has to take risks and prepare for potential challenges during the struggle toward generating profits and achieving further development.
undoubtedly 確實地、毋庸置疑地
Undoubtedly, computers have changed the way individuals interact with each other in American society.
unsurprisingly 不出所料地、不出奇地
Unsurprisingly, students who are under constant stress in their studies may suffer from mental problems or even commit crimes.
vastly 極大地、深遠(yuǎn)地
The agricultural way of life has played a vastly important part in the country’s history.
上一篇:托福寫作熱點話題詞句類素材分享
下一篇:托福閱讀長難句匯總