托福寫作需了解的10個(gè)核心準(zhǔn)則

托福寫作一直都是中國(guó)考生的弱項(xiàng)，其實(shí)在托福寫作中很多考察點(diǎn)同學(xué)們沒(méi)有意識(shí)到，今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福寫作需了解的10個(gè)核心準(zhǔn)則，希望能夠給幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福寫作需了解的10個(gè)核心準(zhǔn)則

Elementary principles of composition

1. Make the paragraph the unit of composition: one paragraph to each topic

不同的段落構(gòu)成文章，每個(gè)段落僅傳遞一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)

2. As a rule, begin each paragraph with a topic sentence; end it in conformity with the beginning

規(guī)則：每個(gè)段落均以主題句開頭，并且首尾呼應(yīng)。

A. the topic sentence comes at or near the beginning;

主題句前置

B. the succeeding sentences explain or establish or develop the statement made in the topic sentence;

段落圍繞主題句展開，后面的句子對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行展開解釋

C. the final sentence either emphasizes the thought of the topic sentence or states some important consequence.

末尾句或者對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，或者闡述主題句帶來(lái)的結(jié)果。

3. Use the active voice

主動(dòng)句永遠(yuǎn)比被動(dòng)句直接有力

Eg: There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground

= Dead leaves covered the ground. (清晰生動(dòng))

Eg: The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.

= Failing health compelled him to leave college. (簡(jiǎn)潔有力)

Eg: It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.

= He soon repented his words. (簡(jiǎn)潔有力)

4. Put statements in positive form

以肯定的形式表達(dá)否定的意思, 避免使用平淡、毫無(wú)色彩，猶豫不決和含糊其辭的語(yǔ)言。

Eg：He was not very often on time.

= He usually came late.

Eg: He did not think that studying Latin was much use.

= He thought the study of Latin useless.

Eg: The taming of the Shrew is rather weak in spots. Shakespeare does not portray Katharine as a very admirable character, nor does Bianca remain long in memory as an important character in Shakespeare’s works.

= The women in The Taming of the Shrew are unattractive. Katharine is disagreeable, Bianca insignificant.

5. Omit needless words

刪除冗詞

Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell.

有力的寫作一定簡(jiǎn)潔。

Owing to the fact that

=Since (because)

In spite of the fact that

=Though (although)

Call your attention to the fact that

=Remind you (notify you)

The fact that he had not succeeded

=His failure

6. Avoid a succession of loose sentences

別寫流水賬，找找語(yǔ)言的邏輯關(guān)系，通過(guò)who, which, when, where, and while 這些詞把句子串起來(lái)。

7. Express co-ordinate ideas in similar form

Parallel structure 平行結(jié)構(gòu)講究對(duì)稱美：內(nèi)容對(duì)等，結(jié)構(gòu)一致。

Eg: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

Parallel structure: Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.

8. Keep related words together

詞的位置決定詞的關(guān)系，所以遵循‘物以類聚’，意思關(guān)聯(lián)緊密的詞放在一塊。

A: 主謂之間不分割，補(bǔ)充信息需前置

Eg: Wordsworth, in the fifth book of The Excursion, gives a minute description of this church.

Eg: In the fifth book of the Excursion, Wordsworth gives a minute description of this church. (狀語(yǔ)前置，主謂毗鄰)

B：關(guān)系代詞緊隨先行詞出現(xiàn)

Eg: There was a look in his eye that boded mischief.

Eg: In his eye was a look that boded mischief. (名詞look先行，關(guān)系詞that緊隨)

9. In summaries, keep to one tense

總結(jié)通常使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，如果使用過(guò)去時(shí)，請(qǐng)保持時(shí)態(tài)一致。

10. Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end

欲擒故縱的圓周句(periodic sentence)中，強(qiáng)調(diào)信息后置。

Eg: Four centuries ago, Christopher Columbus, one of the Italian mariners whom the decline of their own republics had put at the service of the world and of adventure, seeking for Spain a westward passage to the Indies as setoff against the achievements of Portuguese discoverers, lighted on America.

Eg: With these hopes and in this belief I would urge you, laying aside all hindrance, thrusting away all private aims, to devote yourselves unswervingly and unflinchingly to the vigorous and successful prosecution of this war.

托福寫作論點(diǎn)論據(jù)語(yǔ)料庫(kù):學(xué)校設(shè)施

學(xué)校的硬件設(shè)施 ：gym :

活動(dòng)類型：

啞鈴do some dumbbell, 室內(nèi)跑道 run on the indoor track, 在場(chǎng)地上打球 play some sport on the court, 水上運(yùn)動(dòng)do some aquatic activities, 郵箱運(yùn)動(dòng)如瑜伽、游泳、在跑步機(jī)上跑步aerobics like yoga, swimming, running on a treadmill

體育館是個(gè)休閑娛樂(lè)的地方，是打發(fā)時(shí)間的首選;在這里可以做各種各樣的運(yùn)動(dòng)(舉以上的例子)。

A gym is the place where students can have fun and relax themselves, for many students it can be the first choices when it comes to how to spend their spare time. There are lots of fun activities you can do in the gym like, play some sports on the court, do some aerobics like yoga, swimming, and running on a treadmill，and stuff like that.

作用：保持體型Keep fit, 有趣 have fun,放松 relax，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生健康、活躍的生活方式 lead a healthy and active lifestyle

總之，很有必要建設(shè)一個(gè)體育館。

In a nutshell, it is really important for a university to own a nice recreation center(gym 的同義詞)，for it helps to promote a healthy, active lifestyle.

實(shí)驗(yàn)室laboratory ：

做實(shí)驗(yàn)conduct research, 把理論應(yīng)用于實(shí)際apply theory in practice, 直觀的理解概念understand concepts intuitively(直觀的)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力 develop students' creativity;

實(shí)驗(yàn)室是好學(xué)校的重要組成部分， 然后展開實(shí)驗(yàn)室的作用(即以上內(nèi)容)。

Great labs are a big part of a good university, students can use the lab to apply theory into practice and conduct researches in their fields, moreover, by doing experiments students can understand the concepts better and develop their creativity.

一個(gè)學(xué)校的軟實(shí)力 ：

名聲r(shí)eputation ：

學(xué)校的名聲跟學(xué)生沒(méi)有直接關(guān)系，我覺(jué)得沒(méi)啥意義。

Reputation of a university has no direct impact on its students, and it is kind of meaningless.

教員faculty ：

跟audit class聯(lián)系在一起;

聽課是最好的了解一個(gè)學(xué)校的方式，因?yàn)榻淌诘闹R(shí)、教書技巧和方式代表著學(xué)校，而且上課中傳遞的價(jià)值觀在很大程度上也是學(xué)校的價(jià)值觀。

Auditing class is the best to know the university better, since faculty members are an indispensable part of the university. Their knowledge，teaching skills and even the way they teach the class represent the university. The values they uphold in the class are the ones that are cherished by the university.

地點(diǎn)location ：

就學(xué)校的地點(diǎn)可以參看之前的地點(diǎn)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)：

比如大都市metropolis, 多文化的multicultural, 方便的convenient, 公共交通 public transportation, 商店shops, 酒吧和餐館 bars and restaurant,充滿活力 full of dynamics; 當(dāng)然也可以跟social里面的broaden your horizon and enrich your experience結(jié)合在一起。

大學(xué)的大小size ：

“大”的好處 ：

多元化diverse student body, 俱樂(lè)部和社團(tuán)lots of clubs and societies, 完備的設(shè)施well established facilities, 著名的教授lots of famous professors, 活動(dòng)很多various activities;

個(gè)人而言, 我喜歡較大的大學(xué)，學(xué)生團(tuán)體會(huì)比較多元, 國(guó)際學(xué)生很多，他們組織好多社會(huì)活動(dòng)。

Personally, I would say I like to attend a big university. A big university tends to have a diverse student body, there might be lots of international students like me, and they organize all kinds of social activities.

還有較大的大學(xué)會(huì)有一流的設(shè)備如圖書館、體育館和實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)施。

Also, a big university is likely to have very well established facilities like multi-functional libraries, recreation centers and research facilities. These are big parts of a colorful university life.

托福寫作模板：學(xué)校如何改善學(xué)生宿舍

題目

The university will spend money on the dormitory to improve the life quality of students. Which of the following do you think is the best way?

1) Providing a room for quiet study

2) Building an exercise room

3) Providing entertainment place (watch film)

范文1：For Choice 2

If a university wants to improve the quality of life for the students, it should install an exercise room in each dormitory. Exercise balances out a quiet lifestyle based on studying(運(yùn)動(dòng)萬(wàn)能句). An exercise room could contain equipment that is impossible to keep in a dorm room, give students as safe place to work out, and provide an opportunity to meet people with the same interests.

分論點(diǎn)1：運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)學(xué)生很重要Exercise is essential for students, but often they neglect working out and focus only on studies. An exercise room in the dormitory would be easily accessible, so would encourage students to take a short break to keep their bodies fit. An exercise room could contain equipment such as weight benches and stationary bicycles(器械名稱積累) that are too big to keep in the individual dorm room or too expensive to buy or transport from home. An exercise room, therefore, would be a great investment for the university because it would provide the students with training facilities that they would not otherwise have access to without leaving the campus.

分論點(diǎn)2：保障學(xué)生安全A dormitory exercise room is also a wise idea because students would have a safe place to work out. The university could ensure that the equipment is clean and operating properly. On top of that, students would not have to leave the building to work out. Staying inside benefits the students in two ways. 原因1：避免路途中發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)First, they do not have to worry about walking alone, possibly late at night when classes are over. That way they do not have to risk trouble with strangers or people following them. 原因2：避免溫度變化引起生病Second, they are not exposed to a severe change in temperature. For example, working out in a warm place and stepping outside in the winter, a person can become sick. Such problems are prevented by staying in the same building.

分論點(diǎn)3：有助于社交Another reason to have an exercise room is to encourage students tointeract with each other(社交萬(wàn)能句). Students may find it fun to exercise together, urging each other on. Students who enjoy exercising can meet each other and become friends. If the students only exercise on their own, they may not realize that someone else has the same interests. Even if they live in the same dorm, they might not have the same classes, and therefore, not have any reason to speak to each other. A common bond of working out together could be formed if the university installed exercise rooms.

An exercise room allows students to work out on equipment they can’t bring from home in asafe environment with other students who enjoy the same activities. Therefore, adding an exercise room is a great investment for a university.

balance out

平衡,抵消

work out

鍛煉

on top of that

除此以外

to risk trouble with X.X.X

冒著與 X.X.X 產(chǎn)生麻煩的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

a severe change in temperature

天氣的劇烈變化

urge each other on

相互督促

范文2：For Choice 3

To improve the quality of life of its students, our university should create an entertainment room in each dormitory building. An entertainment room would give students a chance to watch movies or attend activities that they otherwise could not, would allow students to make friends with the same interests, and would ensure a safe environment to relax.

分論點(diǎn)1：幫助學(xué)生省錢The stereotype of the “starving college student” may seem trite, but many students are on a tight budget and do not have excess cash for fun, extravagant activities(省錢萬(wàn)能句). Such students would greatly benefit from an entertainment room because they could, for example, watch movies without paying premium prices to go to a theater. They could enjoy a game of Ping-Pong without needing a car to drive to a community center with a Ping-Pong table. In other words, if each dormitory had its own activity room, students could enjoy a wide range of activities that they otherwise could not afford to do.

分論點(diǎn)2：有助于社交Furthermore, an entertainment room would encourage students to leave their dorm rooms and interact with a larger range of students. Instead of closeting themselves in a single room with an internet connection to the outside world, they can laugh and talk with others about the activities(社交萬(wàn)能句). Students with different majors or from different grade levels may not have classes in common, but in the activity room, they can find others with the same interests and eventually become friends(社交萬(wàn)能句). Therefore, an entertainment room would provide opportunities to increase social networks(社交萬(wàn)能句).

分論點(diǎn)3：保障學(xué)生安全Finally, college students often try risky or outright dangerous stuntsbecause they are living away from home for the first time. For example, they may drink a lot of alcohol and drive a car. In contrast, a dormitory entertainment room could provide safe activities. The room can be monitored so that there are no abuses of drugs or inappropriate behavior, allowing students to relax and enjoy themselves. In addition, if students get together regularly, they can easily observe negative changes in behavior such as a decline into depression(社交的好處、保護(hù)學(xué)生安全的萬(wàn)能句). Therefore, an entertainment room would give the students a chance to avoid dangerous activities and notice problems before they become serious.

In conclusion, our university should consider adding entertainment rooms in each dormitory. Such rooms can allow students to participate in fun activities and meet others in a safe and supportive environment.

the stereotype of X.X.X

X.X.X 的刻板印象

a tight budget

預(yù)算緊張

have excess cash for fun, extravagant activities有多余的錢用于有趣的、奢侈的活動(dòng)

closet themselves in a single room把他們自己關(guān)在房間里

outright dangerous stunts完全危險(xiǎn)的特技

a decline into depression衰退為抑郁癥

in a safe and supportive environment在一個(gè)安全的、支持性的環(huán)境中