雅思閱讀技巧總結之快速定位
作為雅思閱讀的第一個考點，如何才能在如此大的閱讀量下快速定位找到答案，變得十分關鍵。今天小編給大家?guī)砹搜潘奸喿x技巧總結之快速定，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
雅思閱讀技巧總結之快速定位
如何選取雅思閱讀定位詞?
首先，選取定位詞需要遵循一個總的原則，即——以名詞為主。
在此提醒烤鴨們不要忘記了雅思閱讀考試的核心是同義替換，從考試核心出發(fā)，名詞在各類詞性中意思相對唯一且明確，也因此不容易出現替換，所以在選取定位詞的過程中，首先需要尋找的便是名詞。
當然這并不表示所有的名詞都可以用作定位詞。我們首先選取名詞作為定位詞的原因是其意思相對唯一明確，不易替換，但是名詞中有一類是不符合這個特點的——抽象名詞。
抽象名詞可以舉出很多例 子， 諸 如 reason，idea，definition… 我 們 以definition 為例，definition 的意思是“定義，解釋”，一篇文章中可能會出現對多個專家學者對某一特定現象的解釋或闡釋，那么在這篇文章中，每一個學者說過的話，都是一個“definition”，如此一來，如果我們選擇某一題目中的“definition”作為定位詞，那么該題目便無法對應到文章中的具體部分，顯然就無法進一步解答了。
因此，在定位詞的選取上，我們要遵循名詞為主的總原則，但是要排除掉名詞中的抽象名詞一類。
尋找特殊詞
在以名詞為主的總原則下，我們要進一步睜大我們的眼睛，去發(fā)現題目中的“特殊詞”。那么何為“特殊詞”?常見的“特殊詞”又有哪些?
(1)以大寫、斜體形式出現的詞
雅思閱讀中會有字體上的差異，大多數情況下，如果我們在題目中讀到了以大寫或是斜體形式出現的單詞，這些詞因其“外形”上的與眾不同，值得我們格外留意，一般來講，這類詞是適合選擇的定位詞。
(2)數字
眾所周知，英文里的數字相對來講拼寫繁瑣，所以大多數情況下，閱讀中出現的數字都是以阿拉伯數字形式出現的，包括百分數、分數等等，也因此數字在大多數情況下在一堆英文字母里就顯得格外突出啦!所以，一般來講，數字同樣也是適合選作定位的“特殊詞”之一。
(3)時間
雅思閱讀中涉及到的時間非常多，大到世紀，小到分秒。時間同樣是一類適合選擇作為定位詞的“特殊詞”。時間的特性之一便是其唯一性，而這恰恰符合我們選擇定位詞的要求，諸如 1985、二十世紀等都是唯一且確定的時間，同樣容易發(fā)現，且不易替換。更不用說年份這類詞嘗嘗是以阿拉伯數字形式出現的，就更加顯眼了!
(4)人名
學術類閱讀中常常涉及各類專家、學者，因此人名同樣是出鏡頻率較高的一類“特殊詞”。人名出現需要大寫，且拼寫方式明顯與其他詞不同，烤鴨們最頭疼的替換問題更是完全不需要擔心!因此，一般情況下，人名同樣是題目中適合作為定位詞的“特殊詞”。
雅思閱讀定位特殊詞的特殊情況
首先看題目中有無“特殊詞”的原因是其顯眼好找，且不易替換的特性?！安灰滋鎿Q”
當然不等于“不會替換”，考官們在“特殊詞”上，也會想盡辦法，企圖難倒眾烤鴨們。
例如數字上容易出現特殊情況的百分數。《劍橋雅思 7》Test 2 Passage 3 的第 34題 ：
“The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.”中選擇“20%”作為定位詞，而回到文章中卻根本沒有發(fā)現 20% 這個數字，實際上就是考官耍了一個小trick，20% outside 在文章中變成了 80% within。
所以，當用百分數 X 作為定位詞沒有找到對應時，我們要去尋找 1-X。
遇到雅思閱讀定位詞沒有特殊詞怎么辦?
要始終堅信，考官是冷酷無情的!他們是不會輕易放過烤鴨們的，所以大多數情況下，只有少部分題目中會出現上述容易定位的“特殊詞”。在沒有“特殊詞”的情況下，我們需要選擇普通詞作為主要定位詞。
首先，普通詞定位同樣是建立在詞性原則基礎上的，即以名詞為主。
其次，我們在選取普通定位詞的時候，重點是關注一道題目中的主語名詞和賓語名詞。
一般情況下，我們以主語名詞為主，賓語名詞為輔。原因在于主語名詞中的“主”字，其重要性已經不言而喻，所以一道沒有“特殊詞”的題目，我們首先應當關注主語名詞。
但是，當賓語名詞與主語名詞相比，賓語名詞是一個更加不熟悉、不常見，甚至完全不認識的詞時，賓語名詞就一躍成為了主要定位詞。原因有兩點：
(1)該詞在文章中的對應性很強，有可能僅在此文中出現并進行專門討論。
(2)該詞本身就是一個專有名詞，那么該詞就從一個所謂的“普通詞”變成了不易，甚至是無法替換的“特殊詞”。
例 如， 劍 7 Test 1 Passage 2 中 第 22 題：
“Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation systems.”中的“irrigation systems”，即灌溉系統一詞，大多數烤鴨初看該詞并不知道其準確意思，但是它屬于要以賓語名詞為主的情況，且本身就是一個專有名詞，文中該詞也是以原詞形式出現的。
同樣的情況也適用于第 26 題：
“In the future, governments should maintain ownership of water infrastructures.”的“infrastructures”一詞。
所以，當沒有“特殊詞”，而只能選用普通詞定位時，我們需要將題目中的主語名詞和賓語名詞選出并比較，一般情況下以主語名詞為主，賓語名詞為輔;當賓語名詞更加不熟悉、不常見，甚至完全不認識時，以賓語名詞為主要定位詞。同時需要提出的是，普通詞定位大概率會出現同義替換，要想做到精確定位，除了掌握好定位原則之外，還需要在同義詞上多下功夫!
雅思閱讀的正確答題順序：順序原則
什么是“順序原則”?即雅思官方在題型特點注釋中所述的“Answers are in passage order.”若某題型符合這一描述，考生可以順著題號一題一題地往文章更靠后的位置找答案。
順序原則與題型：宏觀地看一篇雅思閱讀文章包涵的全部題型，答案分布的順序也符合題型出現的先后順序，例如全文包含先判斷題，后填空題這兩種題型，則較有可能出現的情況是判斷題答案分布在文章的前半部分，而填空題在文章后半部分。例如: 劍橋雅思真題集系列7，Test 4 Passage 1: 前7題判斷題分布于前6個段落，剩下的段落填空題分布于第9段，和前面7段無關。
接下來說說哪些題型符合“Answers are in passage order”(我們把題型總體分成四大類：判斷、選擇、填空和配對)
1.判斷題，包括identifying information(TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN)和identifying writer’s views(YES/NO/NOT GIVEN)均嚴格符合“順序原則”。
2.選擇題。四選一的單選題符合順序原則，而多選題則無所謂順序原則，所選答案在list中的位置可能與它們在文章中出現的先后順序不吻合，但是這種題型在答題卷上以任何順序寫出所選答案都可以。
3.填空題，(在此我們把所有要填單詞作答的題型全部歸為填空題)，除段落概括填空(summary completion)以外，簡答題(short answer questions)、句子填空(sentence completion)、表格填空(table completion)、筆記填空(notes completion)、流程圖填空(flow-chart completion)和示意圖填空(diagram labeling)均符合“順序原則”。針對段落概括填空，我們可以默認它也為順序原則，但需要做好個別答案亂序的心理準備(例如C7T4P1(Ant Intelligence)、C8T2P2(The Little Ice Age)
4.配對題。字面理解，“配對”即把混亂的項與相應部分對應起來，因此配對題很自然就是亂序的，包括段落標題配對(matching headings)、段落信息配對(matching information)、人名與陳述配對(matching people to statements)和事件與時間段配對(matching events to time periods)等。
雅思閱讀答題注意事項
需要注意的是，順序原則僅適用于同一題型內，若跨越了題型，就不一定了。例如：劍橋雅思C9T1Q18-26，18題至20題為short answer questions，21題至26題為identifying writer’s views，兩種題型均符合順序原則，但是20題的答案在文章的相應位置并不一定出現在21題答案的相應位置之前。
雅思閱讀解題指導方針
最后來說說雅思閱讀做題順序原則和解題過程的關系。兩者的關系主要體現在前者對如何讀題干的影響。對于遵守順序題型的題型，考生在審閱題干時候可以選擇審一題解一題的做法，因為相關內容在文中按順序出現，這樣做考生也會感到循序漸進，脈絡清楚。當然，選擇在一開始講該題型的每個題干都審閱一遍也未嘗不可，可先完成較容易定位的題目，再活用順序原則，縮小較難定位題目所需的搜索范圍。對于亂序題型，特別是段落信息配對題，考生須在文中搜索答案之前審閱全部題干，因為信息在文中的分布為亂序，所以第1題的信息有可能出現在比如，倒數第二段，而我們的閱讀順序，如前文所述，肯定是從頭段至尾段的。
雅思閱讀模擬題：經濟進化論
Economic Evolution
A Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at $36,000 per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at 300 for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.
B How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.
C In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful:VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon).Those that are purchased “survive” and "reproduce" into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.
D As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed—so just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur. But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have been made in the past they have failed—because markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of “economic calculation” in a planned socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economies to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.
E Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like consumer-traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will." In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fight. The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a third, more powerful village—that would reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade that—in the long run—leads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.
F Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren't generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the "higher force" is. Religious people ascribe good behavior to god's law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayek never makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be skeptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement if false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
SKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.
No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic evolution.
Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.
Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.
Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.
Questions 6-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.
6 What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?
A a strict rule
B a smart strategy
C a tightly managed authority
D a powerful legislation
7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for union according to one explanation from the perspective of economics
A an official announcement
B a diplomatic event
C the exchange of goods
D certain written correspondence
E some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation
Questions 9-13
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
In response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and gave certain explanations. One attributes 9 to the interesting change claiming that it is not as simple as it seems to be in appearance that the relationship between 10 which is a good example of 11 , which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the processing of information as well as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological transformation is concerned, both 12 and the blend of genes from the last generation bring about the difference. The economic counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13 of innumerable goods moves forward the material-oriented economy.
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