雅思閱讀配對(duì)題之如何應(yīng)對(duì)“人物+理論”

雅思閱讀配對(duì)題--如何應(yīng)對(duì)“人物+理論”，一起來學(xué)習(xí)吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

雅思閱讀配對(duì)題--如何應(yīng)對(duì)“人物+理論”

雅思閱讀搭配題 --1具體人名

(通常出現(xiàn)first name + last name)搭配理論例如：劍橋4教材Test 2當(dāng)中的 Reading Passage 1 Lost for words當(dāng)中的Question 5-8

雅思閱讀搭配題 --2集合人物

(通常是某些種族、國際或者社會(huì)團(tuán)體)搭配理論例如：劍橋8教材Test 1當(dāng)中的 Reading Passage 1 A Chronicle of Timekeeping當(dāng)中的Question 5-8在絕大多數(shù)的雅思真題當(dāng)中，本類題型基本上需要考生在整篇文章當(dāng)中尋找相關(guān)的信息，所以其所覆蓋的范圍相對(duì)比較大。

本類題型的定位可以說是所有搭配題當(dāng)中相對(duì)比較容易的，因?yàn)槿宋锉旧砭褪茄潘奸喿x當(dāng)中相對(duì)比較好找的定位詞，所以無論人物是出現(xiàn)在這種類型題目的題干還是選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中，他們都可以作為定位詞。

但是有兩點(diǎn)需要注意：? 人物可能在原文當(dāng)中不止出現(xiàn)一次，也就是說同一組人群或者同一個(gè)人物可能出現(xiàn)在不同的段落當(dāng)中，而且在同一個(gè)段落當(dāng)中，人物可能還出現(xiàn)在不止一句話當(dāng)中，所以這些相對(duì)應(yīng)的句子或者段落都是我們需要進(jìn)行解題的目標(biāo)范圍;

? 如果雅思閱讀題目是具體人名(通常出現(xiàn)first name + last name)理論型搭配題，那么人物在第一次出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候一定會(huì)是完整的first name + last name的形式，但是從人物第二次出現(xiàn)開始，一般都只出現(xiàn)該人物的last name，所以考生在定位的時(shí)候需要極其注意不要漏掉任何一個(gè)人物出現(xiàn)的句子。

比如說：Michael Jackson如果第一次在文章中出現(xiàn)，那么一定是完整的first name + last name的形式，但是當(dāng)他第二次或者第三次出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候，一般就只會(huì)出現(xiàn)Jackson了，也就是他的last name。

雅思閱讀搭配題 --解題關(guān)鍵

如同事物+特征類搭配題一樣，人物+理論類題目也要在解題之前注意題干和選項(xiàng)數(shù)量的配比。在這種題目當(dāng)中，有時(shí)候在題目的要求當(dāng)中會(huì)出現(xiàn)NB的要求，也就是小提示：You may use any letter more than once.在這個(gè)時(shí)候如果選項(xiàng)是人物的話，NB的要求的出現(xiàn)就意味著有一個(gè)人物會(huì)被選到兩次，而根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這個(gè)重復(fù)選擇的人物通常都是原文當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)最多的人物。

例如：劍橋4教材Test 2當(dāng)中的 Reading Passage 1 Lost for words后面的Question 5-8當(dāng)中，因?yàn)轭}干中有NB的要求，那么這道題目的五道小題當(dāng)中就會(huì)有兩個(gè)題選擇同一個(gè)人物，而這個(gè)人物就有可能是在原文當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)最多的那一位。

所以，在解答這道題目的時(shí)候，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)最終重復(fù)選擇的那個(gè)人物是B選項(xiàng)的Salikoko Myfwene，而這個(gè)任務(wù)在原文當(dāng)中分別出現(xiàn)在了第五段，第六段和第七段，是所有選項(xiàng)人物當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)次數(shù)最多的。所以，在解題的時(shí)候提前考慮一下題目和選項(xiàng)的配比也是解答人物+理論型搭配題的一個(gè)討巧之處。

雅思閱讀全真練習(xí)系列：Time to cool it

Time to cool it

1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.

2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.

3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.

4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.

5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.

6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.

7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.

8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.

9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.

(830 words)

Questions 1-5　　Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.

Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

A. Apple

B. IBM

C. Intel

D. Alex Mischenko

E. Ali Shakouri

F. Rama Venkatasubramanian

1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.

2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.

3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.

4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.

5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.

Questions 6-9　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?

In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage

FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.

7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.

8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.

9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.

Question 10　　Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.

10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect?

A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.

B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.

C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.

D. None of the above.

Questions 11-14　　Complete the notes below.

Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.

雅思閱讀全真練習(xí)系列：Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes Sense

Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes Sense

A.　　It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry’s greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title “Thoughts on Music” has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is “digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another. Apple’s DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished.

B.　　This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “l(fā)ocked in” customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warned of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.

C.　　This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? “This is clearly the best alternative for consumers,” he declares, “and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.”

D.　　Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe’s regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.” Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.

E.　　Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple’s. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple’s dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “l(fā)ock in”.

F.　　The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM’s defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn’t it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs’s argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.

Questions 1-7　　Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writer

FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this

1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.

2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.

3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may not function on another.

4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.

5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.

6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.

7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.

Questions 8-10　　Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.

8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs’ idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?

A. DRM places restrictions on consumer’ choice of digital music products available.

B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.

C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.

D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.

9. The word “unfazed” in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.

A. refused

B. welcomed

C. not bothered

D. not well received

10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?

A. Sony would gain the most profit.

B. More customers would be “l(fā)ocked in”.

C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.

D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.

Questions 11-14　　Complete the notes below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if the DRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe’s regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.