2020GRE閱讀文章主體結(jié)構(gòu)基本知識(shí)講解
GRE閱讀文章涉及的詞匯量大,包含較多的專業(yè)詞匯;句子長(zhǎng)而復(fù)雜,找出全句的主干耗時(shí)費(fèi)力;再加上陌生的概念與背景知識(shí),往往令GRE考生談閱讀而色變。想要做好GRE閱讀,學(xué)會(huì)從宏觀上把握文章,抓住文章的主體結(jié)構(gòu)是關(guān)鍵。下面小編就和大家分享GRE閱讀文章主體結(jié)構(gòu)基本知識(shí)講解,希望能夠幫助到大家,來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
GRE閱讀文章主體結(jié)構(gòu)基本知識(shí)講解
GRE閱讀主體結(jié)構(gòu)介紹
GRE閱讀文章常見(jiàn)“主體結(jié)構(gòu)”有三種:
1. 結(jié)論-解釋型(也叫論點(diǎn)-解釋型)
2. 新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型
3. 現(xiàn)象解釋型(包含問(wèn)題-解決方案型)
結(jié)論-解釋型結(jié)構(gòu)分析
首先是“結(jié)論-解釋型”文章。這類文章在開始有一個(gè)判斷句,一般是文章的結(jié)論,也是文章的主題。這個(gè)判斷句的謂語(yǔ)部分通常包含系動(dòng)詞(is, remain, prove, turn out, appear等)或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may, should, must等),而且含有表示態(tài)度的詞匯(如形容詞等)。例如:
Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth's subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid pattern…
文章首句指出:“由于地震反射法在勾劃地球的地下層面這方面的準(zhǔn)確性,該方法一直是探尋石油儲(chǔ)備的最重要的工具?!边@是一個(gè)判斷句,為結(jié)論。其中remains為系動(dòng)詞,而most important為態(tài)度詞,表示作者對(duì)“地震反射法”持非常正面的評(píng)價(jià)。后文應(yīng)解釋“地震反射法”的具體過(guò)程。 第二句話對(duì)解釋進(jìn)行總的說(shuō)明:“在實(shí)地作業(yè)中,通過(guò)將一系列波列源,諸如小規(guī)模炸藥爆炸,排列成一個(gè)網(wǎng)格模式,從而將地下層面標(biāo)繪出來(lái)?!苯酉聛?lái)是“地震反射法”的詳細(xì)過(guò)程。
新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型結(jié)構(gòu)分析
GRE閱讀文章的第二種常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)是“新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型”。 這類文章在開始提出老觀點(diǎn),然后提出新觀點(diǎn)并進(jìn)行論述。通常新觀點(diǎn)是文章的主題。老觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志詞有:
1. 傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn): has been, traditionally, until recently等
2. 大眾觀點(diǎn):frequently, widely, many等
新觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志詞有:however, recently, now等。
例如:
Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used。
However, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste…
文章首句指出:“傳統(tǒng)上,風(fēng)媒授粉過(guò)程一直被視為是一個(gè)以隨機(jī)事件為標(biāo)志的繁殖過(guò)程,其中風(fēng)的不確定性通過(guò)產(chǎn)生大量花粉而得以補(bǔ)償,因此,新種子的最終繁殖得以保證,而此舉的代價(jià)是所需產(chǎn)生的花粉要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)實(shí)際的使用量。”由第一個(gè)詞traditionally可知文章首句為老觀點(diǎn)(由于風(fēng)的不確定性,風(fēng)媒植物要產(chǎn)生大量花粉補(bǔ)償),那么本文的結(jié)構(gòu)是“新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型”。
第二段首句出現(xiàn)了GRE閱讀中的標(biāo)志性轉(zhuǎn)折詞however,說(shuō)明這句話就是新觀點(diǎn):“但是,風(fēng)媒植物所獨(dú)有的一系列特征可減少花粉浪費(fèi)?!边@說(shuō)明風(fēng)媒植物除了可以產(chǎn)生大量花粉加以補(bǔ)償?shù)南麡O策略之外,還可以通過(guò)一些積極機(jī)制減少花粉損失,不一定需要產(chǎn)生大量花粉。
現(xiàn)象解釋型結(jié)構(gòu)分析
GRE閱讀文章的第三種常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)是“現(xiàn)象解釋型”。文章開始提出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象,然后解釋現(xiàn)象。解釋是主題。有多個(gè)解釋時(shí),作者一般對(duì)前面的解釋持負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)最后的解釋持正面評(píng)價(jià)。提出現(xiàn)象時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞有:phenomenon, fact; problem, difficulty, puzzle, question等。例如:
What causes a helix in nature to appear with either a dextral ("right-handed,"or clockwise) twist or a sinistral ("left-handed," or counterclockwise') twist is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the science of form…What mechanisms, control handedness and keep left-handedness rare?
It would seem unlikely that evolution should discriminate against sinistral snails if sinistral and dextral snails are exact mirror images, for any disadvantage that a sinistral twist in itself could confer on its possessor is almost inconceivable. But left- and right-handed snails are not actually true mirror images of one another…
But this evolutionary mechanism combining dissymmetry, anatomy, and chance does not provide an adequate explanation of why right-handedness should have become predominant…
Here, the evolutionary theory must defer to a theory based on an explicit developmental mechanism that can favor either right- or left-handedness…Thus, the path to a solution to the puzzle of handedness in all snails appears to be as twisted as the helix itself。
是什么樣的原因致使自然界中的螺旋體呈現(xiàn)出右旋(“右向旋轉(zhuǎn)的”,或順時(shí)針的)或左旋(“左向旋轉(zhuǎn)的,”或反時(shí)針的)?這是形態(tài)科學(xué)中一個(gè)最引人入勝的不解之謎....究竟是一些什么樣的機(jī)制控制著旋轉(zhuǎn)方向,并使左旋的比例為數(shù)稀少呢?
假如左旋和右旋蝸牛呈完全一致的鏡像對(duì)稱的話,那么進(jìn)化對(duì)左旋蝸牛不利,這近乎不太可能。幾乎無(wú)法想象左旋本身會(huì)給左旋者帶來(lái)任何不利之處。然而,左旋與右旋蝸牛彼此間實(shí)際上并不呈真正的鏡像對(duì)稱....
但是,這種結(jié)合不對(duì)稱、解剖學(xué)和偶然性的進(jìn)化論機(jī)制并未提供一種充分的解釋,以說(shuō)明蝸牛的右旋何以會(huì)成為主要的旋向....
于是,進(jìn)化論必須讓位于支持右旋或左旋的明確的發(fā)育機(jī)制為基礎(chǔ)的理論....因此,解決所有蝸牛身上旋向之謎的道路似乎與這一螺旋體本身一樣曲折復(fù)雜。
上文在第一段最后提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題:“究竟是一些什么樣的機(jī)制控制著旋轉(zhuǎn)方向,并使左旋的比例為數(shù)稀少呢?”這個(gè)問(wèn)題就是一個(gè)現(xiàn)象:螺旋體中左旋的比例少。有問(wèn)題就有解答,有現(xiàn)象就有解釋。第二段從進(jìn)化論的角度解釋這一現(xiàn)象。但是,GRE閱讀文章中一般對(duì)進(jìn)化論的解釋持負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià),所以需要尋找新的解釋。第三段否定了進(jìn)化論的解釋。在末段,作者以發(fā)育機(jī)制(developmental mechanism)解釋“為何左旋少、右旋多”。
把握了文章的三種主體結(jié)構(gòu)以后,做文章后的許多題時(shí)易如反掌。由此可見(jiàn),把握文章的主體結(jié)構(gòu),而不陷入文章詞句與細(xì)節(jié)的泥沼中,能讓考生在面對(duì)GRE閱讀時(shí)更準(zhǔn)確快速的完成解答,提高做題效率和正確率。建議廣大GRE考生在做閱讀題時(shí)不妨參照本文方法,也許會(huì)有一些收獲。
GRE長(zhǎng)難句練習(xí)及解析:藍(lán)襪女
However,as they gained cohesion,the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres,who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. (4-)
起初,藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國(guó)沙龍女主人,將男性襄括到其小圈子中來(lái)。然則,隨著她們獲得的凝聚力,她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體,并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí),而這種意識(shí)在法國(guó)沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無(wú)存,因?yàn)樗齻兠總€(gè)人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開來(lái)。
難句類型:復(fù)雜修飾
解釋:本句讀到表示并列的連詞and開始變難。and之后的不定式與前面的不定式是并列的,to的前面省略了一個(gè)與前面一樣的謂語(yǔ)came. lacking之后的分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句又修飾逗號(hào)前面的salonnieres此從句中又有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that each salonniere held in her own salon修飾其前的primacy,但是由于引導(dǎo)詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ),因此被省略。
意群訓(xùn)練:However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.
GRE長(zhǎng)難句練習(xí)及解析:資本和企業(yè)
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industrygreatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealthdetached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almostequally detached from the responsible management of business.
[句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industrygreatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]本句是典型的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,難點(diǎn)在其主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都有較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定,并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,一個(gè)是(which was)representing…,另一個(gè)是(which was)detached…。
可見(jiàn),定語(yǔ)從句的難點(diǎn)在于經(jīng)常省略“引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu),從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。
[句子翻譯] 對(duì)資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分,代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離,而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。
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2020GRE閱讀文章主體結(jié)構(gòu)基本知識(shí)講解




