托福聽力如何聽寫做筆記
托福聽力如何聽寫做筆記?這些技巧不妨了解一下。今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈Ｂ犃θ绾温爩懽龉P記，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福聽力如何聽寫做筆記?這些技巧不妨了解一下
托福聽力聽寫訓(xùn)練復(fù)述是關(guān)鍵
聽寫是提高托福聽力的重要途徑之一。而聽寫過程又分為三大部分，聽寫、跟讀、復(fù)述。聽寫跟讀能夠最大限度的幫助考生，解決掉詞匯和語句范圍的麻煩。那么在理解了文章的意思后，我們不僅要聽懂，更要總結(jié)出來，這也就是復(fù)述了。
復(fù)述的操作非常簡單明了：首先不再聽托福聽力原文，而是根據(jù)之前的筆記，將文章復(fù)述出來，首先是英文，而后是中文。復(fù)述要從簡單的、熟悉的材料入手，循序漸進。經(jīng)過復(fù)述之后，考生能夠用自己的話把文章大意，重要支撐觀點總結(jié)出來，并且不遺漏重點細(xì)節(jié)，那么這樣的復(fù)述就是成功的。
復(fù)述從學(xué)會做聽力筆記開始
這里出現(xiàn)了一個之前較少談及的概念：筆記。
筆記對于水平較為一般的考生來說，可操作性小，時常會影響到正常聽音，顧此失彼，而且記下的往往對考試幫助不大。所以對于能力一般的考生，我們不強求筆記，還是要先在聽寫和跟讀兩步中將自身實力提高。
對于能力較好的考生，建議下功夫鍛煉筆記能力。筆記也是幫助我們，一定程度上也是檢驗我們對于文章整體，重要細(xì)節(jié)把握程度的考察。
托福聽力訓(xùn)練做筆記要求詳解
因此，對于托福聽力技巧來說，記筆記的要求就是：簡潔;關(guān)系明確。
簡潔方面，要求考生盡量不要大篇幅寫詞匯，一些連接性的詞匯，表達(dá)重要程度的詞匯，否定肯定的詞匯，最好是通過符號代替，因為這次詞匯的重復(fù)率高，形式固定，所以通過符號不僅節(jié)省時間也便于理解。至于專業(yè)詞匯，專有詞匯，最好通過大寫某一部分，只要清楚指代就可以。
關(guān)系明確的要求在于，每個文章都有自己的結(jié)構(gòu)，重要細(xì)節(jié)等等，筆記要較為清晰的表現(xiàn)出來這些關(guān)系，而且這些關(guān)系一般都是題點。這里就涉及到聽力的一些解題原則，比如：so代表總結(jié)原則，but代表轉(zhuǎn)折，also或者plus等代表并列等，這些詞匯都很清晰的表明上下文的關(guān)系，也是托福聽力?？嫉牡胤剑P記自然要特別注意這些地方。
練習(xí)做筆記先用熟悉文章打基礎(chǔ)
同時，托福聽力練習(xí)中筆記要從熟悉的文章開始。經(jīng)過聽寫和跟讀的文章是最適合最初練習(xí)筆記的材料，因為對內(nèi)容熟悉，邏輯關(guān)系比較明確，通過練習(xí)這些材料，能夠使學(xué)生快速建立對筆記的認(rèn)識和自身個性化筆記符號體系的形成。畢竟托福詞匯和文章結(jié)構(gòu)的重合度還是比較高的，類似文章的筆記能夠做好，那么就證明考生的整理歸納能力完全沒有問題。
但是有的同學(xué)還是會發(fā)現(xiàn)，熟悉的文章做筆記完全沒有問題，但是碰到新文章，依然記得毫無章法。這就說明學(xué)生在辨音辨義或者篇章理解上還有欠缺，筆記先不要強求，最好先通過聽寫和復(fù)述來提高自身能力。
2020托福聽力練習(xí)：貓比獵人更狡猾
Psychologist Saho Takagi, a graduate student at Kyoto University in Japan, strolls into one of Japan's many cat cafes. These establishments allow customers to pay an hourly fee for the chance to cuddle some cats. They're popular in Japan because so many apartment buildings forbid pet ownership. But Takagi isn't a typical customer. She's not there for feline affection, but to probe their minds.
The psychology of domestic cats is still something of a mystery, despite our overwhelming familiarity with the critters. They have many skills, she tells me through an interpreter, that are not well known even to their owners.
Takagi and her colleagues wanted to see whether domestic cats have an intuitive understanding of cause-and-effect, but to make it a fair test, they decided to let the cats use their ears instead of only their eyes. Cats are ambush hunters, and rely on their sense of hearing to locate their prey.
The cats—30 of them, mostly from cat cafes, plus a few pets—were shown a series of demonstrations. For example, a researcher would shake a box, accompanied by the sound of an object bouncing around inside. Then the cat would be allowed to see inside the container.
If the cat expects to find a ball inside the box, it would stare longer if the box turned out to be empty, rather than if the ball was there as expected. Psychologists call this a "violation of expectation" response. If they expected a ball and were surprised not to find one—or vice versa—it suggests that cats have certain expectations about the physical realities of the world.
And the cats did stare longer at those containers that violated their expectations, as if to suggest that they realized that something in the situation was amiss. The findings were published in the journal Animal Cognition.
Takagi suspects that this ability might be related to cats'hunting skills. Despite years of domestication, we initially kept them around as a form of pest control, so it makes sense that cats would have retained their knack for hunting.
Next, Takagi wants to see just how much information domestic cats can extract about objects, like quantity or size, based on what they hear. Eventually, she hopes to do similar experiments with wild cats as well, to see whether her hunting hunch is right.
日本有多家貓咪主題咖啡館，心理學(xué)家、日本京都大學(xué)研究生高木佐保走進其中一家咖啡館。在這些場所，顧客按小時付費，便可擁抱貓咪。這些咖啡館在日本非常流行，因為許多公寓樓禁止養(yǎng)寵物。但是高木并不是一個典型的顧客。她來到這里并不是為了獲得貓咪的情感，而是來調(diào)查它們的想法。
雖然我們非常熟悉小動物，但家貓的心理仍是一個未解之謎。她通過一名翻譯告訴我，貓咪們有許多連它們的主人都不太清楚的技能。
高木和她的同事想了解家貓是否對因果關(guān)系有直觀的理解，為了進行公平的測試，他們決定讓貓咪用聽覺來測試，而非僅僅靠視力。貓咪屬于伏擊型獵人，可以依靠聽覺來定位獵物。
30只貓咪中，多數(shù)貓來自貓咪主題咖啡館，還有幾只是寵物物，這些貓進行了一系列展示。舉個例子，一名研究人員晃動一個盒子，里面的一個物體發(fā)出彈來彈去的聲音。然后讓貓查看盒子的內(nèi)部。
如果貓咪期待在盒子里找到一個球，可是盒子卻是空的，那相較于如它所料找到球的情況，它盯著盒子的時間要更長。心理學(xué)家將這種反應(yīng)稱之為“期望悖反”。如果它們期望會有一個球，但驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)并沒有球——或反之——這表明貓對物理現(xiàn)實世界有一定的預(yù)期。
而且，如果結(jié)果與它們的期望相反，那貓咪確實會盯著盒子更長的時間，就好像在說它們意識到了一些不正常的情況。這項研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《動物認(rèn)知》雜志上。
高木認(rèn)為這種能力可能與貓的捕獵技能有關(guān)。盡管經(jīng)過了多年的馴化，但是我們最初將貓咪養(yǎng)在身邊是作為“害蟲防治”的一種形式，因此貓會保留捕獵本領(lǐng)這個觀點是有道理的。
接下來，高木想弄明白根據(jù)它們所聽到的，家貓可以提取多少與物體有關(guān)的信息，這些信息包括數(shù)量或體積。最后，她希望對野生貓科動物進行類似的實驗，以觀察她的狩獵預(yù)感是否正確。
重點講解：
1. instead of 代替…;而不是…;
例句：The promotion of Russell instead of Sarah really made the sparks fly.
因為提升了拉塞爾沒提升薩拉，這件事竟惹起了軒然大波。
2. rely on 依賴;依靠;
例句：Don't rely on him to do anything he's just a talker.
什么事都不要依靠他--他光會說空話。
3. turn out 原來是;結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn);
例句：Even the best theory can turn out to be wrong.
即使最好的理論都可被證明是錯誤的。
4. vice versa 反之亦然;反過來也一樣;
例句：Energy transmutes into matter and vice versa.
能量變成物質(zhì)，反之亦然。
5. stare at 凝視;盯著看;
例句：He stared at me with sharp eyes.
他用銳利的目光盯著我。
6. as if 好像;仿佛;
例句：It seems as if he knows everything.
他似乎是個萬事通。
7. make sense (行為方式)有道理，合乎情理
2020托福聽力練習(xí)：人工養(yǎng)殖鱒魚以滿足食用需求
Half of all fish people eat worldwide now come from fish farms. So farms need to do more to keep up with demand.
"If we look to the future, at today's per capita fish intake around the world we would need to double aquaculture production."
Ron Hardy is the University of Idaho's Director of Aquaculture Research. He presented his research at the recent International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding in Sun Valley, Idaho, which he also chaired.
In the wild, rainbow trout eat insects and other, smaller fish. But Hardy says there aren't enough little fish to feed larger fish in the wild and still meet market demand as the human population increases. So he's used selective breeding to create strains of farmed fish that get by on food that's less expensive than little fish—feed made from soybeans, corn and wheat.
Some of the farmed fish really thrive: 16 years ago, Hardy had to wait a year for a one-pound trout. These days, his efforts yield trout up to four times as large in the same amount of time.
"So, it would be kind of like if you were going to breed dogs. So we've got everything from Rottweilers to little Scotties or whatever."
But the farmed fish are not completely vegetarian.
"Soybeans don't have skeletons, they don't have bones and the bones in fish meal are a major source of minerals for the fish, for example."
And much like humans, fish diets require omega-3 fatty acids, not found in terrestrial plants. So Hardy has to add a little fish-oil back into the plant-based feed. For those of us without waders, this kind of aquaculture is our best shot at a fish fry.
現(xiàn)在全世界人們食用的魚中，有一半來自養(yǎng)魚場。所以，養(yǎng)魚場要做更多來滿足人們的需求。
“如果我們放眼未來，以目前世界人均魚類攝入量來看，我們需要加倍水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖?！?/p>
羅恩·哈迪是愛達(dá)荷大學(xué)水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖研究所所長。他主持了近期在愛達(dá)荷州太陽谷舉行的世界魚類營養(yǎng)與飼料學(xué)術(shù)研討會，并發(fā)表了他的研究成果。
在野生環(huán)境中，虹鱒魚以昆蟲和其它小型魚類為食。但是哈迪表示，由于人類人口不斷增長，野生環(huán)境中沒有足夠的小型魚類既供大型魚類食用，又滿足市場需求。所以，他采用選擇育種的方法培育出幾種養(yǎng)殖魚品種，這些品種依靠花費少于小型魚類的食物生存，比如大豆、玉米和小麥等。
一些養(yǎng)殖魚茁壯成長：16年以前，哈迪想得到一只一磅重的鱒魚，必須要等一年的時間。而現(xiàn)在，他的努力使鱒魚的產(chǎn)量在同樣的時間內(nèi)翻了四倍。
“所以，這就像培育狗一樣。我們可以得到羅德維拉犬，也可以得到小型Scotties犬。”
但是養(yǎng)殖魚并不是完全的素食魚。
“大豆中不含骨骼，不含骨頭，而骨頭是魚類飲食中礦物質(zhì)的主要來源。”
與人類很像，魚飼料也需要歐米伽-3脂肪酸，但它并不存在于陸生植物中。所以哈迪必須要在植物性飼料中加一些魚油。對于我們這種沒有釣魚用連靴褲的人來說，這種水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖是我們能享用到炸魚的最佳選擇。
重點講解：
1. keep up with 跟上(變化等);跟上(活兒、人等);
例句：Penny tended to work through her lunch hour in an effort to keep up with her work.
為了把活兒干完，彭妮常常午飯時間也要工作。
2. look to 展望，思考(將來發(fā)生的事);
例句：Looking to the future, though, we asked him what the prospects are for a vaccine to prevent infection in the first place.
不過，展望未來，我們問到他研制出防止感染的疫苗究竟有多大的可能性。
3. get by 勉強過活;勉強應(yīng)付;
例句：He gets by on very little money.
他靠著很少的錢過日子。
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