手把手教你攻克GRE長閱讀
深入熟悉閱讀文章的內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)與邏輯關(guān)系,攻克GRE長閱讀我們一起看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
深入熟悉閱讀文章的內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)與邏輯關(guān)系,攻克GRE長閱讀
自從2011年8月GRE改革取消了類反題目，增加閱讀部分的比例(占verbal題目總數(shù)的50%)后，GRE閱讀部分的重要性可想而知。但是，GRE閱讀，特別是文學(xué)、社會科學(xué)等文章類型一直以來都是廣大中國考生最頭痛的，也是最難提高的部分。于是，經(jīng)過多次考試實(shí)戰(zhàn)和多年閱讀文章的研究，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)在GRE閱讀的文章里，還是有一些廣大考生所不熟悉的“規(guī)律”。因此，在本文里，筆者將嘗試去解開GRE閱讀中最讓考生頭痛的“閱讀規(guī)律”---邏輯、結(jié)構(gòu)以及文章的同一概念的同義替換----希望可以幫助廣大考生快速提高閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)和閱讀能力。
官方真題例3.1：
建議考生先自己閱讀下面的文章，閱讀完后再看后面我們給出的分析。
Notable as important nineteenth-century
novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering
Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in
which the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the
actions of male heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic
narrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparently
high-spirited, independent women. Nevertheless, these two novels are alike in
several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteries
of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, though
shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, though
efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much
controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic
disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as
ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and
concealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative
technique.
分析：
Notable
as important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of
subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male
heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying a
world where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independent
women. Nevertheless, these two
novels are alike
in several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling
mysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce,
though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions,
though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated much
controversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic
disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic
tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed
authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.
首先，該篇文章的主題句分別為第1句和第4句。
從結(jié)構(gòu)的角度而言，
第1層結(jié)構(gòu)為文章提到的2個(gè)作者在各自的作品中對待女性的不同點(diǎn)。接著用2個(gè)句子分別來具體描寫它們的不同之處。
第2層結(jié)構(gòu)為文章提到的2個(gè)作者在各自的作品中對待女性的相同點(diǎn)。接著還是用2個(gè)句子分別來具體描寫它們的相同之處。
從邏輯的角度而言，
differently為對比邏輯關(guān)系里的不同邏輯。
alike為對比邏輯關(guān)系里的相同邏輯。
Nevertheless,為轉(zhuǎn)折(也即是廣義的相反)邏輯。需要提醒的是，考生要注意到nevertheless轉(zhuǎn)折的并非是其最前面的那一句，而是該篇文章的第1層邏輯的不同點(diǎn)，也就是第一句。筆者這樣說只是想時(shí)刻提醒讀者，閱讀的精髓本質(zhì)并非是簡單地對原文的中文翻譯，而是看到句子與句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系和聯(lián)系、文章的主旨與細(xì)節(jié)。
下面一起來題目：
例題：
The
primary purpose of the passage is to
A. defend a
controversial interpretation of two novels
B. explain
the source of widely recognized responses to two novels
C. delineate
broad differences between two novels
D.compareand contrast two novels
E. criticize
and evaluate two novels
解析：
該題很明顯為主旨題目。直接從剛才我們對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯分析不難得出，該篇文章主要的邏輯是對比邏輯。因此考生在看選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，切記要先看動詞。很快我們可以得出答案為D選項(xiàng)。
例題2：
According
the passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its
A use of multiple narrators
B method of disguising the
author’s real purposes
C portrayal of men as
determiners of the novel’s action
D creation of a realistic story
E controversial effect on
readers
解析：
該題為細(xì)節(jié)中的不同邏輯關(guān)系的題目。具體而言就是問Frankenstein 和 Wuthering
Heights這2本小說不同之處在于Frankenstein(題目用代詞its表示)的什么。
考生這時(shí)候應(yīng)該思考一下，該題的答案應(yīng)該定位到原文哪一層結(jié)構(gòu)?沒錯，就在第1層。因?yàn)橹挥械?層才說的是不同之處。而題目更加詳細(xì)地問我們是Frankenstein這本小說怎樣。于是回到原文對應(yīng)的地方：“Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates of
subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of male
heroes or anti-heroes.”
我們不難得出，該句的大意是在說：Frankenstein這本小說描寫的是女性角色的命運(yùn)完全依賴于男性的行為。從邏輯關(guān)系的角度而言，就是女性角色和男性角色的行為的邏輯關(guān)系。那么答案也必然是對該邏輯關(guān)系的同義替換。所以答案不難得出是C選項(xiàng)。有意思的是，原文的表達(dá)是：女性角色的命運(yùn)完全依賴男性的行為;而正確答案的表達(dá)為：男性決定女性角色。由于篇幅的關(guān)系，更全面的邏輯關(guān)系和原文對正確選項(xiàng)的替換類型，我們會在課堂上或者后面出版的閱讀書籍中詳細(xì)闡述。
官方真題例3.2：
建議考生先自己閱讀下面的文章，閱讀完后再看后面我們給出的分析。
Although scientists observe that an
organism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these
patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One
experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois
waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it
was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had
adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an
unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,
Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible
exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms. Another
experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California
maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that
endogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s
rhythmic behavior
解析：
Although scientists observe that an organism’s behavior
falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are
affected when the organism is transported to a new environment.One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois
waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it
was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had
adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an
unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,
Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible
exogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms.
Another experimenter,
Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their
original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenous
influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s rhythmic
behavior
該篇文章的主旨為第1句。由第1句中的disagree一詞可以預(yù)判文章后面應(yīng)該會出現(xiàn)關(guān)于disagree后面的部分的內(nèi)容的不同的觀點(diǎn)。
文章的結(jié)構(gòu)于是不難得出可以分為2層。
第1層即是第一句，為該篇文章主題句。
第2層中分為2小點(diǎn)。第1點(diǎn)為one部分的內(nèi)容，也即是Brown的實(shí)驗(yàn)的具體內(nèi)容和發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果以及結(jié)論。第2點(diǎn)為Hamner的具體的實(shí)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容和結(jié)論。
需要提醒考生的是，文章中主題和細(xì)節(jié)的重復(fù)的部分。也就是當(dāng)考生看完主旨句的時(shí)候，就應(yīng)該意識到，scientists, organism’s behavior, environment都是抽象詞，文章后面會不斷具體重復(fù)這幾個(gè)主題抽象詞。
例如：
scientists=Brown
+ Hamner
organism= oysters+ hamsters
environment= Connecticut+ Illinois+ California
behavior= opened their shells widest + adapted to +
maintain their original rhythms
官方真題例3.3：
A Marxist sociologist has argued that
racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist
system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means of
controlling workers. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination
against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as
“racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a
race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also
including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and
the Jews in medieval Europe. However, since prejudice against these latter
peoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonisms
were not really based on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of
both the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the early
twentieth-century discrimination against Oriental people in California, which,
inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
分析：
A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists
as a means of controlling workers. His thesis works
relatively well when applied to discrimination againstBlacks in
the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgmentsagainst a
group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostilitytoward such
ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was not inspired by capitalists,
he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based
on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the intolerance
faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism
and the early twentieth-century discriminationagainst Oriental people in
California, which, inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
上面的不同的顏色或者符號標(biāo)記，代表該GRE文章中大量的---同義替換。
如下：
1, racism—racial
prejudice—discrimination—racial prejudice—racially-based negative
prejudgments---hostility—antagonisms—intolerance--discrimination
2， stems
form---generated by---inspired by ---based on—instigated by ---provoked by
3, capitalist system---- capitalists---- capitalism
4, A Marxist sociologist--- His---- He
5, class struggle----a means of controlling workers
6,
against—toward—against….(很多很多的against)…
7， Chinese---- Oriental people
那么大家思考過沒有，文章在后面展開過程中，為啥不斷地同義替換那幾個(gè)詞?也就是大家如果在看文章第一句：A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle
that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated by
capitalists as a means of controlling workers.的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該想到什么?其實(shí)，如果對GRE閱讀熟悉的話，就應(yīng)該清楚，很多文章的寫作意圖是反駁別人的觀點(diǎn)。那么我們思考一下，后面作者會怎么反駁那個(gè)馬克思學(xué)家?對，應(yīng)該是從如下兩點(diǎn)：
1、在某某情況下，也存在racism,可是不是由于class
struggle.
2、在某某情況下，也存在racism,可是那時(shí)候，還沒有capitalist
system.
也就是我們在后文的不斷的反駁中，不得不去重復(fù)這幾個(gè)概念：偏見、來自于、資本主義
第一點(diǎn)反駁：在某某情況下，你得說也存在這種偏見。
第二點(diǎn)反駁：同樣，你也得說，在某某情況下，也存在偏見，可是那時(shí)候還沒有資本主義。
試想一下，如果我們在看文章的時(shí)候，在腦海里，把剛才那些所有的同義替換的單詞，都理解為同一個(gè)概念，或者說idea，那么我們看文章的時(shí)候，就可以把前面看到的概念和后面看到的“聯(lián)系”起來。這樣，就不會像大多數(shù)的中國考生那樣，看到后面的intolerance, antagonisms 的時(shí)候，就開始絞盡腦汁地回想那些單詞的中文意思。
那么，大家再思考一下，如果我們能夠有這種“deliberate oversimplification”---在看文章的時(shí)候，有意的把那些相同的概念的單詞聯(lián)系起來，腦海里出現(xiàn)同一個(gè)“概念”，而不是每個(gè)單詞的對應(yīng)的中文翻譯。那么，看起文章來，就夠快，而且，最重要的是，你可以把整篇文章串起來!這樣，在考場上看文章的時(shí)候，才可以在規(guī)定的時(shí)間里，看完文章并且做完題目。以上所探討的問題，也是考生在備考的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該注意到并且熟悉的一點(diǎn)。
小結(jié)：
從上面筆者對閱讀文章的分析，讀者不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，真正對閱讀文章的理解遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不是簡單的翻譯即可，而是要深入熟悉閱讀文章的內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)與邏輯關(guān)系。備考的時(shí)候，只要考生對GRE閱讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系以及出題規(guī)律的無比熟悉，而并非簡單的記憶詞匯和進(jìn)行題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)，那么對的閱讀的攻破也將唾手可得。
GRE考試閱讀模擬練習(xí)題
1.In Bassaria a group of that country's most senior judges has criticized the uniform mandatory sentences recently introduced for certain specific crimes.The judges argue that such sentences， by depriving them of all discretion in setting sentences， make it impos-sible for them to consider either aggravating or exten-uating circumstances and so make it impossible to achieve true justice―the fitting of the severity of the punishment to the gravity of the particular crime.
Which of the following， if true， provides the strongest evidence for the claim that in Bassaria the newly introduced mandatory sentences are not necessarily a change for the worse with respect to achieving true justice as defined in the argument?
(A)Before mandatory sentencing， judges in eastern Bassaria imposed strikingly different sentences from those in western Bassaria for equally grave instances of the same kind of offense.
(B)In Bassaria the frequency of crimes that have been made subject to mandatory sentences is lower now than it was just prior to the intro-duction of mandatory sentencing.
(C)The law introducing mandatory sentences was passed in the legislature of Bassaria by a large majority and is unlikely to be repealed in the foreseeable future.
(D)There used to be a wide difference between the minimum and the maximum sentences allowed by law in cases of crimes now subject to man-datory sentences.
(E)In Bassaria judges are appointed for life and are thus not easily influenced by political pressure groups.
2.Each of two particular inspection systems that are based on different principles would detect all product flaws but would also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products.Assuming there is no overlap between the products erroneously rejected by the two systems and also no interference between the systems if both operate，using both systems and rejecting only those products found flawed by both would be a way of avoiding all erroneous rejections.
Which of the following most precisely characterizes the reasoning in the argument?
(A)The reasoning is conclusive， that is， the conclusion cannot be false if the statements offered in its support are true.
(B)The reasoning is strong but not conclusive， if the statements offered in support of the conclusion are true， they provide good grounds for that conclu-sion， though it is possible that additional infor-mation might weaken the argument.
(C)The reasoning is weak; the statements offered in support of the conclusion， though relevant to it，by themselves provide at best inadequate grounds for the conclusion.
(D)The reasoning is flawed in that the conclusion is no more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of evidence offered in its support.
(E)The reasoning is flawed in that the argument treats evidence that a factor is necessary to bring about an event as if it were evidence that the factor is sufficient to bring about that event.
3. In recent years， there has been a dramatic decline in the population of the shrike， a predatory bird that inhabits flat land， such as farms and pastures. Some ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to the introduction of new， more effective pesticides to control the insect species on which shrikes prey.
The answer to which of the following questions is NOT relevant to evaluating the ornithologists' hypothesis?
(A) Was there a decline in the shrike population before the new pesticides were first used?
(B) Have shrike populations declined significantly in those habitats where the new pesticides have not been used?
(C) Have the new pesticides more significantly reduced the population of insect species on which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously used?
(D) Are insects that have consumed the new pesti-cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those insects than were insects that consumed the less effective pesticides?
(E) Are the new pesticides considered by most people to be less harmful to the environment than the old pesticides were considered to be?
參考答案：
AAE
GRE考試閱讀模擬練習(xí)題
1.It has long been thought that high levels of the hor-mone testosterone contribute to the onset of heart disease in men.However， this view cannot be correct，since men who have heart disease typically show significantly lower levels of testosterone than do men who have not had heart disease.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
(A)Many men who have never had heart disease have unusually low levels of testosterone.
(B)Having heart disease does not significantly lower the level of testosterone in men.
(C)Levels of hormones other than testosterone significantly affect the likelihood that a man will develop heart disease.
(D)Heart disease and lowered testosterone levels in men are the effects of a single common cause.
(E)High levels of testosterone have never been thought to contribute to a serious disease other than heart disease.
2.People who engage in scuba diving are healthier， on average， than people who do not engage in this activity.Therefore， scuba diving tends to promote improved health.
The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
(A)presupposes that everyone who takes up scuba diving does so solely for health reasons
(B)leads to a further and falsifiable conclusion that no one can achieve good health without engaging in scuba diving
(C)fails to point out that a small number of people are seriously injured in scuba diving accidents each year
(D)treats a precondition for improving one's health as though it were something that by itself could ensure good health
(E)overlooks the possibility that people generally do not take up scuba diving unless they are in good health
3.Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?In recent years， the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars rather than used cars has declined.Some consumers have attributed this change to an increase in new-car prices.As evidence of the price increase，they cite figures that show that， even adjusting for inflation， the price that the buyer of a new car pays，on average， is far higher now than a few years ago.
This evidence is unpersuasive， however， because
(A)the value of a car that is bought new declines much more rapidly than does the value of a car that is bought used
(B)after someone has bought a car， it might be several years before that person next buys a car
(C)a decline in the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars must necessarily mean that the proportion who buy used cars has increased
(D)the relative increase in used-car sales might be explained by the decisions of only a small proportion of all car buyers
(E)the change in the average price paid for a new car could result solely from more people's rejecting inexpensive new cars in favor of used cars.
參考答案：
BEE
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