提升GRE閱讀理解能力先做意群訓(xùn)練
提升GRE閱讀理解能力先做意群訓(xùn)練, 3個(gè)例句徹底掌握練習(xí)正確方法,下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
提升GRE閱讀理解能力先做意群訓(xùn)練 3個(gè)例句徹底掌握練習(xí)正確方法
什么是意群訓(xùn)練
在進(jìn)入正題之前，先來看看意群的概念，對意群的解釋目前流行幾個(gè)版本，從閱讀的意義上來講，意群就是指大家平時(shí)閱讀一篇文章時(shí)，視線每停留一次，進(jìn)入視界范圍的單詞會(huì)有多個(gè)。這些單詞不帶有任意性，單詞與單詞之間的邏輯意義緊密相連，所以可以暫且將這種意義緊密相連的多個(gè)單詞視為一個(gè)意群。
要想將這種方法運(yùn)用到實(shí)際的閱讀當(dāng)中，那就有必要知道，語篇的構(gòu)成單位為段落，段落的構(gòu)成單位則是句子，而句子的最終構(gòu)成單位為語言意義的基本載體單元詞匯。而意群訓(xùn)練，是指按照對詞匯之間意義的緊密性及對英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行拆分的閱讀方法，這樣不僅利于閱讀速度的提升還可以提高一個(gè)人對語篇環(huán)境的適應(yīng)能力。
實(shí)例講解意群訓(xùn)練法
例句1
The primary method previously used by paleontologists to estimate climatic changes that occurred during Pleistocene glacial cycles [新世紀(jì)冰川周期] was the determination of 18O/16O [18O與16O分別為氧元素] ratios in calcareous fossils.
這個(gè)句子讀完第一遍之后，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己沒有讀懂這個(gè)句子是因?yàn)楫?dāng)中所出現(xiàn)的生詞所造成的，那你錯(cuò)了，如若使用意群法對此句進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)拆分，反而會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)這個(gè)句子讀起來并是那么晦澀難懂。換句話說，如果將單詞擴(kuò)大到一個(gè)短語成分，分句，乃至整個(gè)句子，這樣對文章理解起來更深刻也更全面。上面的那個(gè)句子，可以將其解構(gòu)為：一個(gè)主干結(jié)構(gòu)，4個(gè)意群：
本句主干：Method[主語] Be[系動(dòng)詞] Determination [表語]
四個(gè)意群分別為：1) The primary method previously used by paleontologist; 2) to estimate climatic changes that occurred; 3) during Pleistocene glacial cycles; 4) was the determination of 18O/16O ratios in calcareous fossils. 在這句話中，意群的劃分依據(jù)為詞語與詞語之間的聯(lián)系緊密度，意群1應(yīng)解釋為： method前有The primary, 后有previously used by paleontologist，分別起到修飾method的作用，而意群2則在此處用作動(dòng)詞use的目的狀語，用來說明這種方法的用途所在, 意群4為系動(dòng)詞表語結(jié)構(gòu)，整個(gè)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)也隨之開始變的清晰起來。
例句2
In the Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western European literary techniques and styles.
中文釋義：
在<<憂郁的藍(lán)調(diào)>>一詩中，休斯選擇改變這樣一些傳統(tǒng)：即，那些曾經(jīng)規(guī)定美國黑人文學(xué)必須以倡導(dǎo)種族容忍及種族團(tuán)結(jié)為宗旨的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)，并規(guī)定為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，美國黑人文學(xué)還須反映出對西歐文學(xué)技巧及風(fēng)格的理解和嫻熟運(yùn)用能力的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng).
這段話中出現(xiàn)了，三個(gè)That,往往考生會(huì)在這幾個(gè)that之間躊躇不定，尤其是第三個(gè)that后面的意群，in order to do so作為一個(gè)插入成分將that與緊跟that后的賓語從句分隔開來，第一個(gè)that起引導(dǎo)定語從句的作用，且第一個(gè)that可用which 來替代，而第二與第三個(gè)that起引導(dǎo)賓語從句的作用，第三個(gè)that前省略了動(dòng)詞decreed。當(dāng)句子當(dāng)初出現(xiàn)復(fù)合句時(shí)，尤其是賓語從句或定語從句，會(huì)以that為標(biāo)志出現(xiàn)，而只要將that及其所引導(dǎo)的成分視為一個(gè)意群進(jìn)行分析，讀時(shí)才不會(huì)出現(xiàn)那種不得要領(lǐng)的閱讀感覺。
例句3
The petition asked that during June, July, and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch
中文釋義：此申請書請求6，7，8三個(gè)月份間的工作時(shí)間應(yīng)從原來早8晚5改為現(xiàn)在的早7點(diǎn)上班晚3：30下班的工作時(shí)間制，而午餐時(shí)間則由原來的1小時(shí)改為現(xiàn)在的半小時(shí)。
如果能夠分清此句的意群，就不會(huì)讀不懂整句話，本句結(jié)構(gòu)為：The petition [主語] asked[謂語] that[后接賓語從句]。當(dāng)我們看到be change時(shí)，便會(huì)一眼看到change 后的from...to...to...to，這時(shí)，問題便出現(xiàn)了，這里存在兩個(gè)意群：1. 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch; 2. 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch, 當(dāng)理清這兩個(gè)意群以后，整個(gè)句子開始變得流暢了許多。
在新GRE閱讀中，大家如果能夠?qū)⒕渥影凑找馊悍椒ㄟM(jìn)行句子結(jié)構(gòu)的重新劃分，將句子分為幾個(gè)意義理解單位，不但能夠提升閱讀的速度，而且還會(huì)對句子的結(jié)構(gòu)及段落進(jìn)行清晰的把握。這就是進(jìn)行意群訓(xùn)練的意義，希望大家按照本上文的方式進(jìn)行新GRE閱讀練習(xí)，以提高自己的新GRE閱讀成績。
GRE閱讀題目解析:亞馬遜河流域前現(xiàn)代社群
P43
Meggers argued that agriculture depends on extracting nutrients from soils into edible crops, so premodern societies in Amazonia could never grow large because underlying soils are impoverished. In Meggers’ view the population size that a culture could reach depended upon the agricultural potential of its environment. Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts. Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
1. In the context of the passage the highlighted sentence serves to
A. explain the broader rationale for a conclusion described in the preceding sentence
B. suggest some of the drawbacks of the riverbank location of the villages described in the following sentence
C. acknowledge information that appears to undermine a description attributed to Orellana
D. introduce a principle that appears to be contradicted by the agricultural development of premodern Amazonia
E. give a reason for an upward revision in earlier estimates for premodern Amazonia
2. From the passage it can be inferred that Omagua depended on
A. overland transport to communicate between villages
B. foraging inland to obtain foodstuffs not available locally
C. some form of fertilization to boost agricultural production
D. fish and turtles for at least part of their diet
E. trade with other peoples for some raw materials
P43
1
Meggers argued that agriculture depends on extracting nutrients from soils into edible crops, so premodern societies in Amazonia could never grow large because underlying soils are impoverished.
M 指出，農(nóng)業(yè)依賴于莊稼從土壤中吸收營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，所以亞馬遜河流域的前現(xiàn)代社群永遠(yuǎn)無法壯大，因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)赝寥镭汃ぁ?/p>
2
In Meggers’ view the population size that a culture could reach depended upon the agricultural potential of its environment.
在 M 看來，一種文化能滋養(yǎng)的最大人口，受其所在環(huán)境的農(nóng)業(yè)潛力約束。
3
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.
M 同意亞馬遜河的魚和龜作為一種食物來源，可能哺育了狹長河岸地區(qū)的村落，正如探索者 O 在 1542 年描述的那樣，但她不同意 C 認(rèn)為這些定居點(diǎn)人口已經(jīng)上萬的估計(jì)，認(rèn)為這種估計(jì)過于夸張了，她也確信內(nèi)陸地區(qū)沒有類似規(guī)模的定居點(diǎn)。
4
Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
河岸地區(qū)的 Om 族人，同時(shí)是 C 研究過的 O 長途考察中最大的酋長統(tǒng)領(lǐng)地區(qū)之一，認(rèn)為內(nèi)陸林地是無人活動(dòng)的荒野，這也印證了 M 的觀點(diǎn)。
(
酋長領(lǐng)地 [chiefdom]
社會(huì)政治組織的形式，在此組織中一個(gè)人(或一群人)對許多群體行使政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)的權(quán)力。它意味著犧牲地方和自治團(tuán)體的利益把權(quán)力和權(quán)限集中起來。在西非或波利尼西亞建立的那些酋長領(lǐng)地里，政治權(quán)威與經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)力是不可分割的，包括統(tǒng)治者索取貢賦和稅收的權(quán)利。酋長領(lǐng)地頭目們的一個(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)就是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)盈余的生產(chǎn)，然后他們在各種場合把盈余重新分配給他們的臣民。參閱社會(huì)文化演化(sociocultural evolution)。
(大英袖珍百科)
hinterland 內(nèi)陸地區(qū)，內(nèi)地，腹地)
1. In the context of the passage the highlighted sentence serves to
A. explain the broader rationale for a conclusion described in the preceding sentence
B. suggest some of the drawbacks of the riverbank location of the villages described in the following sentence
C. acknowledge information that appears to undermine a description attributed to Orellana
D. introduce a principle that appears to be contradicted by the agricultural development of premodern Amazonia
E. give a reason for an upward revision in earlier estimates for premodern Amazonia
選 A
rationale 根本原因，基本原理
2. From the passage it can be inferred that Omagua depended on
A. overland transport to communicate between villages
B. foraging inland to obtain foodstuffs not available locally
C. some form of fertilization to boost agricultural production
D. fish and turtles for at least part of their diet
E. trade with other peoples for some raw materials
選 D
讓我們根據(jù)文段對 Om 做一些推測，首先 Om 出現(xiàn)在句 4：
Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
根據(jù) C 和 O 以及 M 對 Om 都有涉及，我們把范圍擴(kuò)大到句 3：
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.
綜合兩部分內(nèi)容，選 D。
A 在村落間做橫跨大陸的貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸。鬼扯。
B 去內(nèi)陸收集本地沒有的食物。未知信息，文中只能判斷 Om 人認(rèn)為內(nèi)陸沒有人定居，至于他們自己去不去找食物，無法判斷。
C 用某種肥料給農(nóng)作物增產(chǎn)。哈哈，歡樂的鬼扯。
E 與其他民族或部族進(jìn)行原材料貿(mào)易。下一段。
GRE閱讀題目解析:地殼板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface. This leaves a loose end in current geological theory. Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics. Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible. Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events. Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton—the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.
1. The author’s primary purpose is to
A. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surface
B. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argues that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory
C. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanation
D. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context
E. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed
2. The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order to
A. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geology
B. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.
C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.
D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.
E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.
3. The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?
A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.
B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from.
C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.
D. It has correctly explained the effects of extraterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.
E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.
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提升GRE閱讀理解能力先做意群訓(xùn)練
