分享托福寫作中的經典詞匯

托?？荚囋~匯是基礎，這點大家爛熟于心，今天小編給大家?guī)砹朔窒硗懈懽髦械慕浀湓~匯，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

分享托福寫作中的經典詞匯

At First 起初

After A While 一會兒

After That 那以后

After That 那以后

After/Before Dark 天黑后/前

Afterward 后來

As A Young Man 當…是個年輕人的時候

As Early As 早……的時候

As Soon As 一……就……

At Last 終于

At The Age Of…… 在……歲的時候

Before, The Other Day 幾天前

Earlier, Until Now 直到現(xiàn)在

Early In The Morning 大清早

Eventually 最終

Finally 最后

Immediately 立即、馬上

In No Time 不一會兒

In The End 最后

Lately 近來

Later 后來

Meanwhile=In The Meantime=At The Same Time 在此期間、同時

Next 接下來

One Afternoon 一天下午

One Day 有一天

One Morning 一天早晨

Recently 最近

Since Then 自從那時起

Soon 不久

Soon/Shortly After ……之后不久

Suddenly=All Of A Sudden 突然

Then 然后

To Begin/Start With=In The First Place 首先、第一點

托福語法：獨立分詞結構(1)

一、“with+名詞(短語)+分詞”結構

最近我看到一篇文章，題目是“手機打破社會禁忌”(Mobile phones breaks social taboos)，講的是手機對人們生活禮儀的改變起到了不好的作用。比如說到準時赴約的問題，英國的一項調查顯示，越來越多的人認為，約會遲到并不算失禮，只要給先到者打電話說一聲就行。對于每星期累計讓同事或朋友等候47.2分鐘，每年累計等候37.8小時，很多受訪者都認為這并不算過分。在2000名受訪者中，將近40%的人認為，現(xiàn)在守時已不如過去那么重要了，因為就算晚幾分鐘，也可以用手機通知對方。超過四分之一的人坦言，與朋友和家人見面時，他們并不按時離家赴約，因為晚了還可以打個電話說抱歉，或者發(fā)條短信了事。5個人中就有一個承認，曾經在最近的一次約會中遲到。三分之一的受訪者認為，讓朋友等20分鐘是可以的?？墒?，這種拖拉的現(xiàn)象已經蔓延到了社交之外。受訪者中有十分之一的人承認，他們在找工作面試的時候都曾經遲到。

調查還顯示，倫敦是最不守時的城市，有41%的受訪者承認他們歷來很少準時，而在全英國，這樣的人占28%?？ǖ戏蚴亲钍貢r的城市，只有19.8%的受訪者說他們總是遲到。

曼切斯特都市大學的社會心理學家戴維霍姆斯說：“良好的守時習慣正在成為被遺忘的社交禮節(jié)，新的一代都認為遲到很正常，不是應該避免的失禮行為?！彼€說：“手機打破了很多社會禁忌，人們在交談中接聽手機，或者在如廁時大聊特聊。這又一次證明現(xiàn)代科技對我們的行為產生了影響?！?/p>

London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent. Cardiff was the most punctual city where 19.8 per cent stated that they were typically late.

David Holmes, a social psychologist at Manchester Metropolitan University, said: “Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette, with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.”

“Mobile phones have broken many social taboos, with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet. This again demonstrates the effect modern technology has on our behavior.”

我們看到，在上面短文里有這樣三個分詞短語：

(1). with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time…

(2). with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.

(3). with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet.

而且它們有這樣的共同結構：介詞with +名詞短語 + 分詞。這是英文里非常重要的一個結構，就是常說的“獨立主格結構”的一種，因為是由分詞構成的，所以也叫“獨立分詞結構”。這種結構主要是用作狀語，它可以表達的意義主要有兩類：一是表示伴隨狀況、補充說明、具體舉例等;二是表示原因。下面具體說明。

二、表示補充說明等

我們先來看上述短文中的例句：

(4). London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent.

妙語點睛：

這句話的主句部分說“London was found to be the least punctual city(倫敦是最不守時的城市)”，接下來就采用了獨立分詞結構“with 41 percent of respondents admitting…”來為這一結論提供數(shù)據(jù)支持，即分詞短語起著補充主句的作用。

精品譯文：

倫敦是最不守時的城市，有41%的受訪者承認他們歷來很少準時，而在全英國，這樣的人占28%。

我們再來看下面的例句：

(5). When asked, “Do you consider yourself an optimistic or pessimistic person?”, 53 per cent of the students replied, “optimistic,” with 21 per cent choosing “pessimistic,” and 26 per cent “unsure”.

妙語點睛：

這句話的主句部分是說明“樂觀”的人數(shù)，通過獨立分詞結構“with 21 per cent choosing “pessimistic,” and 26 per cent “unsure”.”來補充說明剩下的人的選擇。

精品譯文：

當問道“你覺得自己是樂觀的人還是悲觀的人”時，53%的學生回答了“樂觀”，而有21%的人選擇了“悲觀”，剩下26%的人則回答“不確定”。

托福語法：獨立分詞結構(2)

一、獨立分詞結構與狀語從句

我們都知道，分詞是英語里很重要的一種連詞成句的手段(其他的手段還有介詞和連詞)，獨立分詞結構作為分詞的一種特殊結構，在英語造句方面也起著重要作用。對于這一重要造句規(guī)則，有很多讀者來信提問，他們往往不明白為什么會有獨立分詞結構這樣的造句規(guī)則。要回答這個問題，首先，我們要明白，獨立分詞結構在句中都是用作狀語，可以表示各種意義，比如表達時間、原因、讓步等等。因此，獨立分詞結構與狀語從句有著密切聯(lián)系。下面我就通過比較獨立分詞結構和狀語從句，來分析獨立分詞結構的由來。請比較下面例句：

(1). a. As so many directors were absent, the board meeting had to be put off.

b. So many directors being absent, the board meeting had to be put off.

妙語點睛：

在a句中，使用了一個由as引導的原因狀語從句;在b句中，使用的是“名詞(so many directors)+分詞(being absent)”這樣的獨立分詞結構。所以，我們看到這里獨立分詞結構替代了一個原因狀語從句。這里名詞短語“so many directors”是分詞短語的邏輯主語，句子主語是“the board meeting”。這里b句是2000年一道四級考題，原題是“So many directors _____, the board meeting had to be put off”，四個備選項是：A. were absent, B. being absent, C. been absent, D. had been absent。有讀者會問：這里為什么不用謂語動詞were absent或had been absent?而要用非謂語動詞being absent這樣分詞形式?這里因為逗號“，”后邊已經有了一個完整的陳述句“the board meeting had to be put off”，又因為英語里逗號不能連接兩個句子的，所以逗號前面只能是短語的形式，故要用分詞短語being absent，而不是謂語were absent或had been absent。以下例句中b句均由于此原因而采用了分詞形式。

精品譯文：

由于有很多董事缺席，所以董事會只好延期舉行。

(2). a. When the machine malfunctioned, the worker called someone to fix it.

b. The machine malfunctioning, the worker called someone to fix it.

妙語點睛：

在a句中，使用了一個由when引導的時間狀語從句;在b句中，使用的是“名詞(the machine)+分詞(malfunctioning)”這樣的獨立分詞結構。所以，我們看到這里獨立分詞結構替代了一個時間從句。這里名詞短語“the machine”是分詞短語的邏輯主語。

精品譯文：

機器出故障之后，這位工人找了人來修。

(3). a. Although the machine still functioned, we didn’t think it was practical to use.

b. The machine still functioning, we didn’t think it was practical to use.

妙語點睛：

在a句中，使用了一個由although引導的讓步狀語從句;在b句中，使用的是“名詞(the machine)+分詞(functioning)”這樣的獨立分詞結構。所以，我們看到這里獨立分詞結構替代了一個讓步狀語從句。這里名詞短語“the machine”是分詞短語的邏輯主語。

精品譯文：

盡管該機器還能運轉，但是我們認為它已不適用了。

從以上例句，我們可以看出，獨立分詞結構與各種狀語從句有密切關系，或者可以說，采用分詞短語，是簡化狀語從句的一種手段。

二、獨立分詞結構的連句功能

當然，分詞的連句功能不僅是體現(xiàn)在與狀語從句的關系上面，還表現(xiàn)在其他方面，此時分詞短語并不對應于某一個狀語從句。請看例句：

(4). a. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions. Karen only makes the small ones.

b. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions, while Karen only makes the small ones.

c. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions, Karen only making the small ones.

妙語點睛：

我們看到，這里a句是兩個獨立的陳述句，但由于兩句在邏輯意思上有對照關系，所以我們可以用連詞while連接，于是有了b句。而這種對照關系，我們可以通過分詞短語表達出來，所以，我們可以進一步將其改寫成c句。我們看到，這里的分詞短語并沒有對應于某個狀語從句。這里，分詞短語“Karen only making the small ones”即是一個獨立分詞結構，其邏輯主語是“Karen”，而句子的主語是“Karen’s boos”。

精品譯文：

所有重大決策都是由Karen的老板做出，而Karen只是做一些不重要的決策。

(5). Most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese people's lives in their different aspects, the emphasis being on the countryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest China's Yunnan Province.

妙語點睛：

這是一篇人物傳記里的一段話，是寫一名畫家的文章。這個句子分為兩部分，“Most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese people's lives in their different aspects”，這是一個簡單句，謂語是reflect。另一部分“the emphasis being on the countryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest China's Yunnan Province”，這是一個獨立分詞結構：邏輯主語是the emphasis，分詞being，因為這里逗號不能分割兩個獨立的句子，所以后邊用了being，而不是謂語is。另外，這里emphasis和上文中observations是呼應的，是說在他“考察”Chinese people's lives時，重點是放在the countryside lifestyles of ....。這里獨立分詞結構表示強調說明。

精品譯文：

他大多數(shù)作品是反映了他對中國人民生活方方面面的觀察，尤其是中國農村生活方式的觀察，這包括陜西及云南中滇藏民的生活方式。

以上我們討論的句子，都是既可以采用分詞短語也可以使用獨立分句。下面我們來看看有些句子不便用簡單陳述句，而要用獨立分詞結構。

(6). His nose bleeding and his hands shaking, he left the theater.

妙語點睛：

這里獨立分詞結構“His nose bleeding and his hands shaking”是表示“他”離開劇院時的狀態(tài)，稱之為伴隨狀語，修飾動詞left，即是伴隨left同時進行的動作或狀態(tài)。此時，我們不便將其改成兩個獨立句子，比如：His nose was bleeding and his hands were shaking. He left the theater.這樣一改寫，前后兩個句子關系非常松散，且不明確。或者我們通過加詞這樣說：He left the theater like that.當然，這顯然沒有獨立分詞結構來得簡單、明了。

精品譯文：

他離開劇院時，鼻子留著血，雙手也在顫抖。

(7). “No, I can’t accept payment for what I did,” the Scottish farmer replied, his eyes blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills.

妙語點睛：

這里獨立分詞結構“his eyes blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills”是表示“他”在回答時的狀態(tài)，同樣是伴隨狀語，修飾動詞replied，即是伴隨replied同時進行的動作或狀態(tài)。此時，我們要想將其改成兩個獨立句子，此能加一些詞這樣說：“No, I can’t accept payment for what I did,” the Scottish farmer replied. His eyes were blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills as he uttered the words.即這里我們加了一個從句“as he uttered the words”才能表達出分詞所要傳達的伴隨邏輯關系。顯然，不用分詞結構使句子變得復雜。

精品譯文：

“不，我不能接受這些工錢”，說這話時，這位蘇格蘭農夫眨眼看著這些陌生的日元鈔票。

綜上所述，我們看到，采用獨立分詞結構，可以使句子變得精煉、緊湊，這也是往往在書面語里多使用分詞結構的原因。本期討論的是“名詞+分詞”這樣的分詞結構作狀語，上一期討論的是“with+名詞+分詞”這樣結構作狀語。分詞作狀語還有第三種結構，即直接用分詞作狀語，分詞前面沒有名詞出現(xiàn)，這是一種更常見的分詞結構，我們在下期詳細討論。

托福PPTest2語法題筆記篇

PP Test 2 語法題筆記

Test 2 1~40

1. Sand is formed by the weathering and decomposition of all types of rock, _________ most abundant mineral constituent being quartz.

A. and its

B. since its

C. its

D. it is

答案：C

分析及考點：獨立主格結構。后面句子沒有謂語，所以不用連詞，A，B錯，D形成句子跟主句間又沒有連詞，且與being沖突。

參考譯文：沙子是由各種各樣的石頭風化和分解而形成的，它含量最多的礦物質是石英。

2. _________ in the daytime for most of the year, the groundhog hibernates in a burrow during winter.

A. Is active

B. That it is active

C. Active

D. While is active

答案：C

分析及考點：考狀語的省略結構。全句的主語是groundhog，謂語hibernates。A謂語不能單獨存在。B that it is錯誤結構。D缺從句主語。

參考譯文：土撥鼠一年中很多時候在白天都很活躍，到了冬天就在地洞中冬眠了。

3. The wood of elm trees is used in shipbuilding and in _________ barrels, furniture, flooring, and sporting goods.

A. to make

B. as made

C. making

D. to have made

答案：C

分析及考點：and連接兩個對稱的結構，且介詞后面應該跟動名詞。

參考譯文：榆樹的木頭用于造船和桶、家具、地板和運動器材的制作。

4. In 1867 Russia sold Alaska to the United States, and in 1958 _________ the forty-ninth state.

A. Alaska’s becoming

B. Alaska became

C. when Alaska became

D. Alaska to become

答案：B

分析及考點：and連接對稱結構前后都是完整句子。

參考譯文：1867年俄國把阿拉斯加賣給了美國，而阿拉斯加在1958年成為美國的第49個州。

5. Almost _________ countries use the decimal system.

A. all

B. all of

C. all of which

D. of all

答案：A

分析及考點：all和all of的用法。泛指的時候用all，特指復數(shù)用all of。

參考譯文：幾乎所有的國家都用十進制系統(tǒng)。

6. _______ allows the skin and thus the body to be cooled.

A. Sweat evaporates

B. When sweat evaporates

C. Sweat, the evaporation of which

D. The evaporation of sweat

答案：D

分析及考點：句子缺主語，allows是謂語。所以A,B錯。C中的sweat 和evaporation不形成同位語結構，而且of which不存在的定語從句結構。

參考譯文：汗的蒸發(fā)使得皮膚繼而是軀體變涼。

7. Activities such as writing down notes will generally lead to faster learning _________just listening to or reading facts.

A. than

B. than is

C. whereas

D. in that

答案：A

分析及考點：比較結構極其特點。

參考譯文：象記筆記的做法一般比僅僅聽或讀現(xiàn)象能導致更快的學習。

8. The Dallas Civic Opera has earned _________ since its initial production debuted in 1957.

A. an international reputation and

B. an international reputation was

C. what an international reputation

D. an international reputation

答案：D

分析及考點：動詞earn的用法，及物動詞直接跟名詞賓語和名詞賓語補足語。Since這里是從句。A中and不存在對稱結構。B中was使句子形成兩個謂語。C中不構成what從句。

參考譯文：Dallas Civic Opera自從它1957年首次開張以來，一直享有國際性聲譽。

9. Born in Akron, Ohio, in 1846, Henry Eugene Abbey became the ________ of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City in 1883.

A. first manager was

B. first manager

C. manager who first

D. manager was the first

答案：B

分析及考點：介詞短語結構。Of前面加名詞。

參考譯文：1846年在Akron, Ohio出生，Henry Eugene Abbey1883年成為在紐約的Metropolitan Opera House的第一任主管。

10. A covered bridge is built of wooden timbers _________ supporting trusses and a floor and are protected from weather by a roof.

A. when form

B. so form

C. form

D. that form

答案：D

分析及考點：定語從句。Form是動詞謂語，所以要么有從句，要么是并列結構，A的話從句沒有主語。

參考譯文：有屋頂?shù)臉蚴怯媚玖辖ㄔ斓?，木料建成支持框架和地板，并有一個屋頂使其避免受惡劣天氣影響。

11. Although _________ with herons or storks, cranes are distinguished from these birds by bare red areas or ornamental plumes on their heads.

A. they are often confused

B. how often they are confused

C. that they are confused often

D. are they confused often

答案：A

分析及考點：狀語從句。詞序正常。主謂清楚。

參考譯文：盡管鶴經常會被混淆成蒼鷺或鸛，他們還是能通過頭頂?shù)穆懵兜募t色區(qū)域或裝飾羽毛跟那些鳥區(qū)分開來。

12. More battles were fought in South Carolina _________ in any other state during the American Revolution.

A. as

B. although

C. than

D. but

答案：C

分析及考點：比較級。

參考譯文：美國革命中在南卡羅來那州發(fā)生的戰(zhàn)斗比其他各州都要多。

13. Cotton is grown throughout the world, and _________ year about 50 million bales, weighing nearly 500 pounds apiece, are produced.

A. each

B. a

C. by a

D. in which

答案：A

分析及考點：每個。。的表示。

參考譯文：棉花生長在全世界各地，每年生產有大約5千萬捆，每捆重近500磅的棉花。

14. Based on a device used in naval vessels, the automatic pilot contains gyroscopes _________ references for an airplane’s course.

A. provides

B. that provide

C. that providing

D. and to provide

答案：B

分析及考點：定語從句。

參考譯文：根據(jù)用于海軍艦船上的設備，自動航行系統(tǒng)包括為飛機課程提供參考的陀螺儀，

15. American Sign Language contains over 4,000 signs _________ is used by over half a million people.

A. and

B. although

C. whenever

D. also

答案：A

分析及考點：前后部分形成對稱結構，用and。

參考譯文：美國標記術語包括4千多個標記符號，有超過50萬人在使用。

16. _________ founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its president until 1904.

A. Clara Barton, who

B. Although Clara Barton

C. It was Clara Barton

D. Clara Barton

答案：D

分析及考點：句子缺主語，and連接對稱結構。

參考譯文：Clara Barton在1881年創(chuàng)建了美國紅十字會，并擔任了會長直到1904年。

17. _________ two air masses with different characteristics meet, an area called a “front” develops.

A. What

B. There are

C. When

D. Being

答案：C

分析及考點：主句在后半部分。A中what不形成引導從句，B形成主句而不是從句。D跟動詞meet矛盾。C形成正確的狀語從句。

參考譯文：當兩種有不同特性的氣團相遇的時候，一個成為“前區(qū)”的區(qū)域形成了。

18. Today’s farmers use irrigation, fertilizers, large machines, and other technology _________ high crop yields.

A. in the production

B. for production

C. to produce

D. produce

答案：C

分析及考點：動詞use的用法，use sth to do sth。不定式表目的。

參考譯文：現(xiàn)今的農民使用灌溉、施肥、大型機器和其他技術來產生高的作物產量。

19. ________ served as secretary of war under the Articles of Confederation and also, in George Washington’s administration, under the United States Constitution.

A. When Henry Knox

B. It was Henry Knox

C. Henry Knox

D. Henry Knox, who

答案：C

分析及考點：句子缺主語。D中who不形成定語從句。

參考譯文：Henry Knox供職為戰(zhàn)爭秘書，在聯(lián)邦條款和喬治華盛頓管理的美國憲法的領導下。

20. The course of the Missouri River marks the ________ of continental glaciation.

A. approximate southern limit

B. limited, approximately southern

C. southern limit and approximately

D. limit that approximately southern

答案：A

分析及考點：介詞of 結構中前面主體是名詞。Limit是名詞

參考譯文：密蘇里河的行進路線標注了大陸冰河作用南部的大致邊界。

21. About three-quarters of the state of Indiana is covered by _________.

A. which farmland

B. such farmland is there

C. farmland

D. it is farmland

答案：C

分析及考點：介詞后面直接跟名詞

參考譯文：印第安納州大約3/4是農場。

22. Also called the painted cup, the Indian paintbrush gives forth tiny flowers that are mostly green, while ________ brightly colored.

A. its leaves

B. it leaves being

C. are its leaves

D. its leaves are

答案：D

分析及考點：while引導的句子缺主謂。

參考譯文：印第安人的畫筆，也被稱為著色的杯子，描繪的小花大多是綠色的，花的葉子會被明亮的著色。

23. _________ 70 species of cockroaches in the United States.

A. Since about

B. Are about

C. About

D. There are about

答案：D

分析及考點：句子缺主謂。

參考譯文：美國有大約70中蟑螂。

24. ______ difficult to achieve centrifugal forces thousands of times as great as the force of gravity.

A. There is not

B. While not

C. What is not

D. It is not

答案：D

分析及考點：形式主語結構。It是句子中不定式的形式主語。

參考譯文：實現(xiàn)等于重力千萬倍的離心力不是很難。

25. In the early nineteenth century a Conestoga wagon on a poor road could economically _________ light, fairly high-value goods over short distances.

A. only while carrying

B. carry only

C. it was only to carry

D. only carrying its

答案：B

分析及考點：句子缺謂語。情態(tài)動詞后面跟動詞原形。

參考譯文：在早期19世紀，馬拉的棚車在條件很差的道路上只能經濟的短途運輸輕的、相對價值高的貨物。

26. The solid-bodied electric guitar mixes and amplifies vibrations from microphone contacts at different points _________ a range of tone qualities.

A. produce

B. to produce

C. a production

D. and producing

答案：B

分析及考點：不定式做目的狀語。

參考譯文：結實形體的電吉他把在各個不同點接觸的振動從麥克風里混合和放大出來。

27. While the term “harmony” suggests a pleasant or agreeable sound, it is applied to any combination of notes, _________ consonant or dissonant.

A. which

B. such

C. neither

D. whether

答案：D

分析及考點：whether or not的變體。無論、不管。。。的意思

參考譯文：術語“和弦”表現(xiàn)的是一個舒適和令人愉悅的聲音。它適用于任何樂章的混合，無論協(xié)調或不協(xié)調的。

28. Most meteorites are thought to be fragments from asteroids, _________ some may be pieces from the heads of comets.

A. despite

B. either

C. although

D. but if

答案：C

分析及考點：表讓步關系連詞，用although連接前后兩個句子。

參考譯文：大多數(shù)隕石被認為是小行星的碎片，盡管有一些可能是來自彗星頭的碎片。

29. Penicillin, ________, kills a broad spectrum of bacteria, many of which cause disease in humans.

A. the first antibiotic to be discovered

B. when the first antibiotic to be discovered

C. the first antibiotic that discovered

D. was the first antibiotic to be discovered

答案：A

分析及考點：主語同位語結構。名詞性短語。

參考譯文：盤尼西林，最早被發(fā)現(xiàn)的抗生素，能殺死廣譜細菌。那些細菌很多能使人類生病。

30. Action painting emphasizes the physical act of applying paint to canvas, rather _________ picture as a finished work of art.

A. the

B. from the

C. than the

D. is the

答案：C

分析及考點：rather than固定搭配。

參考譯文：行為畫派強調的是肢體動作在帆布上運用油墨的過程，而不是已完成的畫面本身。

31. Contrary to popular belief, the basic instruments of the old jazz bands were not saxophones, _________ cornets and trumpets.

A. or not

B. but

C. instead

D. neither

答案：B

分析及考點：平行對稱的一個固定結構not ..but

參考譯文：跟普遍的認識相反，傳統(tǒng)爵士樂隊的基本樂器不是薩克斯，而是短號和小號。

32. _____ vary greatly in shape and form, depending upon both the growth pattern and the arrangement of polyps within the colony.

A. Since coral colonies

B. Coral colonies that

C. Coral colonies, although they

D. Coral colonies

答案：D

分析及考點：主句缺主語。

參考譯文：根據(jù)生長形式和珊瑚蟲的排列，珊瑚礁在形狀和構成上變化很大，

33. The transition element cadmium is placed below zinc and above mercury in the periodic table, _______ many properties in common with these elements.

A. and its

B. and having

C. and it has

D. and

答案：C

分析及考點：and連接的平行對稱結構。后面跟完整的句子。

參考譯文：在元素周期表中，過渡元素鎘放在鋅的后面和汞的前面，它有很多特性跟這些元素相似。

34. The covered wagons known as Conestogas were primarily used _________ of freight across the prairies of the United States.

A. heavy loads were carried

B. to carry heavy loads

C. the carrying of heavy loads

D. in heavy loads carrying

答案：B

分析及考點：動詞use的用法，加不定式表目的。

參考譯文：聞名的conestogas有蓋馬車在橫跨美國的大草原上主要用于運輸重型貨物。

35. The outstanding feature of copper and the other metals of Group IB in the Periodic Table is _________ chemical attack.

A. resists

B. to resisting

C. their resistance to

D. by resistance

答案：C

分析及考點：A動詞錯。B不定式跟動名詞錯。D，by作為手段應加動名詞。C針對。。的攻擊，用介詞to。

參考譯文：元素周期表中銅和IB組中其他金屬的突出特性是他們對化學侵蝕的抵抗能力。

36. When _______ with atmospheric particles, they create many types of secondary particles, including positrons, mesons, and hyperons.

A. the collision of primary cosmic rays

B. primary cosmic rays collide

C. primary cosmic rays colliding

D. do primary cosmic rays collide

答案：B

分析及考點：狀語從句中，缺主謂。語義上collide應該是動作。

參考譯文：當主要的宇宙射線跟大氣顆粒相撞，產生很多種中級的顆粒，包括正電子，介子和重核子。

37. A common way to produce x-rays is _________ electrons into a copper target.

A. fires

B. fired

C. by firing

D. how to fire

答案：C

分析及考點：以。。。的手段用by doing sth。

參考譯文：通常產生X射線的方法是把電子激發(fā)到銅做的目標上。

38. _________ in 1800, Middlebury College is the oldest college in Vermont.

A. Opened

B. Opened it

C. The opening

D. There was open

答案：A

分析及考點：分詞省略結構。邏輯主語是被動狀態(tài)，所以用過去分詞。

參考譯文：Middlebury College創(chuàng)建于1800，是Vermont州最老的學院，

39. Lizette Woodworth Reese’s best-known poem is the sonnet “Tears,” _________ in 1899 in Scribner’s Magazine.

A. to publish

B. published

C. to publish it

D. was published

答案：B

分析及考點：分詞省略結構。

參考譯文：Lizette Woodworth Reese最著名的詩是1899年在Scribner’s 雜志發(fā)行的十四行詩“眼淚”。

40. During the Revolutionary War, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, was the capital of the United States for one day in 1777, _________ there.

A. was when the Continental Congress stopped

B. when did the Continental Congress stop

C. the Continental Congress when it stopped

D. when the Continental Congress stopped

答案：D

分析及考點：狀語從句。詞序正常。

參考譯文：在獨立戰(zhàn)爭期間，賓夕法尼亞的Lancaster在1777年曾作為一天美國的首都，當時的大陸議會曾在那里停留。