托福寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤
2020托福寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤
托福寫(xiě)作中一些同學(xué)會(huì)犯語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，導(dǎo)致文章的句式和表達(dá)不符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤,希望能夠幫助到大家，一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)吧。
托福寫(xiě)作常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤
一.句子成分缺失
句子不完整這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤是由于很多同學(xué)缺乏common sense， 不知道啥叫一個(gè)句子的完整，為啥自己寫(xiě)的就不完整。什么樣的句子是完整的?一個(gè)主語(yǔ)+一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)已經(jīng)可以構(gòu)成最簡(jiǎn)單的完整句子。
舉個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)單的例子
“我愿意”=“I do”
這個(gè)“I do”就已經(jīng)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單完整的句子了。缺主語(yǔ)，或缺謂語(yǔ)，不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的句子。
a.缺謂語(yǔ)
例如：The society develops rapidly.The society是主語(yǔ)，develops是謂語(yǔ)，此時(shí)這個(gè)句子 就是完整的。
常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤寫(xiě)法：The society developing rapidly.此時(shí)這個(gè)句子是缺謂語(yǔ)的。
我們需要改寫(xiě)成:The society develops rapidly.或The society is developing rapidly.
b.出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
一個(gè)句子有且只能有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。“我干，他不干”這句話正確的表達(dá)方法是：I do, but he does not.或: I do. He does not.然而常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤形式是：I do, he does not.此時(shí)這句話出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)：I, he.那么這句話肯定就是錯(cuò)誤，我們需要用連接詞but隔開(kāi)，或直接句號(hào)后另起一句話。
我們舉一個(gè)難一點(diǎn)的例子：Some people agree with the first statement, I disagree with it.這種錯(cuò)誤的表達(dá)常見(jiàn)于同學(xué)們的寫(xiě)作第一段。這句話出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)：Some people; I.出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)：agree; disagree.按照我們剛才已經(jīng)講過(guò)的，一句話不能出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)判斷，這句話是有問(wèn)題的。
正確的寫(xiě)法是：
Some people agree with the first statement. However, I disagree with it.
或：Some people agree with the first statement, but I disagree with it.
二.主謂不一致
這是同學(xué)們最容易犯的錯(cuò)誤，常見(jiàn)指數(shù)5顆星!
在中文的動(dòng)詞形式中，不管是：你，我，他、她、它，動(dòng)詞形式都一樣。
然而在英文中，你我、TA的動(dòng)詞形式不同。
I do; you do; she does; he does; it does.
例如：
a. Intelligence leads to success.
常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤寫(xiě)法：
Intelligence lead to success.
b. The professor provides great opportunities for students to expand their horizons.
常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤寫(xiě)法：
The professor provide great opportunities for students….
三.平行結(jié)構(gòu)
我們常用逗號(hào)，或連接詞如：and，not only…but also…來(lái)連接兩邊平行的一些單詞或句子。此時(shí)逗號(hào)及連接詞左右兩邊連接的內(nèi)容，需要形式平行，如名詞和名詞平行，形容詞與形容詞平行，動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞平行。
例如：
a. Expensive handmade items are creative and artistic.
此處，creative和artistic都是形容詞，是正確的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
b. Working out and taking a rest are the best ways to maintain health.
此處working out和taking a rest是動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)，形式一致，是正確的平行結(jié)構(gòu)。
而同學(xué)們常犯的錯(cuò)誤是：
working out and take a rest… 此處結(jié)構(gòu)就出現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤。
c. The media gives us information and tells us the truth.
此處gives, tells結(jié)構(gòu)一致，保持平行。
常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤寫(xiě)法：
the media gives us information and telling us the truth.
托福考試作文獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作范文：學(xué)生是否需要起早去上學(xué)
Some people think it is the best approach for students to learn if school start the day at a early time in the morning. But someone think the school should start the day at late time. Which one do you prefer? Use specific reasons and detailed examples to support your answer.
題目大意：學(xué)生是否需要起早去上學(xué)。老師建議大家選擇反對(duì)，即認(rèn)為孩子可以晚點(diǎn)去上學(xué)，因?yàn)橐环矫婵梢员ＷC孩子的休息，從而提高課堂效率，另一方面避免孩子遭遇早高峰，有助于保證好的心情，從而減少對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的干擾。
托福寫(xiě)作模板及參考答案：
托福寫(xiě)作范文參考一:
Many schools are planning to postpone the first class in the morning for less lateness and better educating quality. However, the schedule of late classes will cultivate students’ indolence, and pose many other negative effects. As a result, starting class late would not effectively reduce the rate of lateness and cannot secure the educating efficacy.
Firstly, early classes in the morning will force the students to keep a disciplined life style. In order to attend the first class, students have to get up early in the morning. This habit brings many benefits. For example, young people will live a much healthier life. Keeping the schedule in mind, they would no longer dally at night before sleep, and save their time in the morning. Then, they can have a good rest in the evening and keep themselves energetic at daytime. Besides, they could also shape many of their excellent characteristics, like self-discipline or persistence. Leaving the cozy bed requires a powerful willpower when we start a new day, and doing this every day asks for a strong self-control. Both of these virtues are keys to success. And one of the well-known, Kobe Bryant, is a beneficiary of starting his day early in the morning. He once gave his secret to become the MVP in the basketball playground. It was his getting up early in the 4 AM that contributes him. In conclusion, both physical and psychological benefits can be gained by the disciplined life style led by the early classes.
In addition, early start in the morning also leaves more extracurricular time for students. Earlier starting class generally results in earlier off-class. More spare time after class enables students to conduct other activities, such as further exploring in study, deepening their interests or doing some other activities. Those activities would help students to improve themselves. In spare time, students can do some practical experiments to apply knowledge into practice, which allow them to have in-depth understanding in knowledge learnt in class. Students would be also capable of learning instrument, painting or doing sports with abundant of time after class. Those extracurricular activities help students to achieve complete development. Obviously, earlier start in the morning means a longer day, providing more spare time for students to enrich their life and promote themselves in learning.
Late classes, to a degree, may lower the absence rate at the beginning. This is because that students do not need to be hurry in the morning, especially for those who cannot get up early. In the long run, however, the original purpose cannot be realized effectively. The allowance of starting class later would indulge the bad habits of procrastination. Some students will tend to put off all tasks late at night, if they do not need to get up early. Staying up later would in turn make students get up later. This is a vicious circle. As a result, students’ biological clock will be re-adjusted, making it harder for them to get up on time. Therefore, the absence rate would be decreased again.
In summary, compared to making classes late in the morning, starting the day early would bring many benefits in learning. Students would be able to maintain a healthy life physically and mentally, and to explore in study, all of which contribute to a higher quality of learning.
范文參考二:
In the contemporary society, the length of study time on the part of students has become one of the most hottly debated issue among the general public. When it comes to whether students should be required to arrive school at the early time in the morning, people’s notions may vary from one to another. In my eyes, starting school day at a late time is a better choice for the following reasons.
To begin with, arriving school at the late time will ensure students have a good rest and thus contributes to the improvement of their study efficiency. As is common sense, the increasingly heavy study burden on the shoulder of students has squeezed their leisure time so much that their sleeping time cannot be guaranteed. As a result, with the implementation of starting school day in a late time, the quality of their rest will be improved, with the consequence that their attention will be more concentrated in class. On the contrary, shortening their rest time by requesting students begin class early will definitely produce a negative effect on their study. To be specific, it will be common to observe that students feel so sleepy as to have a short nap during the class.
In addition, students who start school day in a late time will obviously avoid being stuck in traffic jam and thus have a better mood in the morning. Undoubtedly, under the drive of a cheerful frame of mind, children will raise their efficiency of study to a large extent. The experience of my cousin, Tom, can serve as a good example to shed some lights on the above reasoning. Tom, a student in a middle school of Beijing, used to be required to arrive school at 8 a.m. every morning in order to prepare better for the National Examination of College Admission. However, the problem is that according to the regulations of most companies, employees also have to start work at 8 a.m. Therefore, it is not hard to imagine that the subways, buses and taxis are crowded with people in the morning. According to Tom’s recounting, no one will feel good after such a experience, let alone immediately devoting him/herself to study.
Taking what has been discussed into consideration, we can draw the conclusion that it is wise to require student to arrive school at a late time in the morining, in order to ensure the quality of their rest and develop a light heart.
范文參考三:
Have you experienced struggling with your pillow every morning? Have you ever choked with the traffic jams in the rush hour? Have you ever felt sleepy in the first class? No matter what scientific evidence shows us the advantages of having class early, there is a new research from Mark Fischettiof Scientific America convince us that students' efficiency can be improved by going to school later. I totally agree with the statement for it’s beneficial for both of students and teachers.
First, students' efficiency can be elevated. Under the excessive burden, students always stay up late and that’s why their sleep time has been shrunk. If they are forced to get up early, their whole day will be windy. Thus, students would waste the most substantial content of study, nevertheless, students would be more fresh and have concentrations on the class. According to Kyla Wahlstrom, director of the Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement at the University of Minnesota. She made a research in Minnesota February that tracked 9000 students in eight public high schools in Minnesota, Colorado and Wyoming. After one semester, when school began at 8:35 a.m. or later, grades earned in math, English, science and social studies typically rose a quarter step—for example, up halfway from B to B+. This conclusion perfectly convinces everyone that students should get up later.
Second, we should follow students' biological system. Adolescents' physiology has greatly altered from their childhood because of melatonin. The later the delay, the greater the payoff.Following their biological change can make them healthy and wealthy. Take me as an example, as a teacher, most of my students would like to finish their homework and chat with friend until the mid night. They can't control their biological clock, which makes they fell very sleepy in the first class. Moreover the rate of being on duty is lower compared with other time periods.
Third, traffic problems can be released. One should know that big cities have the traffic jams all the time, which makes students choked with the road and can’t get rid of it. Moreover, students who live far away from the school are hurry to get catch up with the early classes. If schools postpone their time to be later, it will help them stagger the rush time of traffic. Nevertheless, students would start their study restlessly, which influences their mood not mention to the study efficiency. A study in 2012 from California public schools shows that students can avoid transportation problems by changing their class time. What’ more, their literature and math scores are higher on the average.
To conclude, getting up early and attend class are good for both of students and teachers. I suggest that school should postpone their class time and improve students’ efficiency.
素材補(bǔ)充(選自：果殼網(wǎng))：(Mark Fischetti/文，IvyP/譯)我們都有過(guò)早上起來(lái)與被窩作斗爭(zhēng)，最后不得不睡眼惺忪地去上學(xué)的經(jīng)歷。這種現(xiàn)象可不是中國(guó)特有的——大洋對(duì)岸的美國(guó)家長(zhǎng)、學(xué)生還有老師們也時(shí)常爭(zhēng)論，中學(xué)的上課時(shí)間是不是太早了。而在過(guò)去的3年間有越來(lái)越多的研究表明，推遲上課時(shí)間有助提高學(xué)習(xí)的效果，并且上課時(shí)間越晚越好。
生物學(xué)研究顯示，人在幼童時(shí)期傾向于早睡早起;而當(dāng)人步入青少年時(shí)期后，晝夜節(jié)律會(huì)發(fā)生改變，導(dǎo)致青少年睡得更晚，起得也更晚。這種改變是由大腦內(nèi)褪黑素的變化引起的，這一過(guò)程大約開(kāi)始于13歲，在15到16歲明顯增強(qiáng)，而在17到19歲時(shí)達(dá)到高峰。
那么這個(gè)現(xiàn)象會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)效果產(chǎn)生影響嗎?根據(jù)明尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)應(yīng)用研究與教育改進(jìn)中心主任凱拉·瓦爾斯特隆今年2月發(fā)表的論文，答案是肯定的。她跟蹤調(diào)查了在明尼蘇達(dá)州、科羅拉多州和懷俄明州的8所公立中學(xué)里就讀的9000多名學(xué)生。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果上課時(shí)間調(diào)整到早上8：35或者更晚，一個(gè)學(xué)期之后，學(xué)生們的數(shù)學(xué)、英語(yǔ)、科學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)成績(jī)普遍提高了1/4個(gè)等級(jí)，例如從B提高到了B與B+的中間位置。
另有兩篇由瓦爾斯特隆評(píng)議但還未發(fā)表的研究論文也獲得了相似的結(jié)論。在美國(guó)空軍學(xué)院進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)也驗(yàn)證了這一結(jié)論，因?yàn)樵诖髮W(xué)一年級(jí)時(shí)不同組的學(xué)員開(kāi)始上課的時(shí)間不同。此外，2012年一項(xiàng)研究顯示，由于交通問(wèn)題導(dǎo)致北卡羅來(lái)納州不同地區(qū)的學(xué)校上課時(shí)間不同，結(jié)果上課時(shí)間較晚的學(xué)校，學(xué)生的數(shù)學(xué)和閱讀成績(jī)較高。還有其它研究表明，推遲上課時(shí)間可以提高出勤率，以及減少青少年抑郁和交通事故的發(fā)生率。這些都因?yàn)橥睃c(diǎn)上課可以讓青少年獲得更充足的睡眠。
多項(xiàng)研究表明，與把上課時(shí)間從早上7:15調(diào)到7:45的學(xué)校相比，上課時(shí)間從7:30改為8:00的學(xué)校里的學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)有更大幅度的提高。來(lái)自巴西、意大利和以色列的研究也獲得了相似的結(jié)論。之所以上課時(shí)間推遲會(huì)獲得這些好處，其關(guān)鍵是青少年保證了至少8個(gè)小時(shí)的充足睡眠，而如果能達(dá)到9小時(shí)就更好了。相比之下，在歐洲，很少有中學(xué)會(huì)在上午9點(diǎn)以前開(kāi)始上課。
不支持推遲上課時(shí)間的人們?cè)鴵?dān)心這樣會(huì)影響學(xué)生的正常作息。不過(guò)結(jié)果表明，學(xué)生們?cè)谶M(jìn)行課余活動(dòng)或是兼職工作時(shí)，并沒(méi)有受到上課時(shí)間改變的影響。研究結(jié)果甚至對(duì)校車(chē)接送問(wèn)題也提供了更好的解決辦法。許多學(xué)校都是先接中學(xué)生上學(xué)，然后再接小學(xué)生，而將這一順序調(diào)換可以讓高中生們的上學(xué)時(shí)間推遲。這樣做除了可以讓他們受益之外，對(duì)他們的弟弟妹妹們也有好處——有研究表明幼兒在早晨更清醒，更愿意學(xué)習(xí)。
托福考試作文獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作范文：視頻游戲的好壞
Some people believe that video games could inspire young students' interest and make their study more efficient rather than distracting them and a waste of time, so young students should be allowed to play video games.
范文參考:
Many parents with young children fret about the addictiveness of computer games these days. While the negative effects ranging from addiction, increased aggression and various health consequences such as strain injuries get far more media coverage than the positives, there is now a wealth of research which shows that video games can actually be put into educational use and affect the brain's development
Firstly, games that are designed to help teach and "brain training" have long and enormous popular appeal. According to an experiment conducted by the University of California, game players show improved performance in perception, attention and cognition. One of the redeeming qualities of all games, even those with violent content, is enhanced information-processing, logic-thinking and problem-solving abilities in novel contexts. In fact, while playing game, your brain is in the learning mode constantly, to move to the next level, you are vigorously improving your hand-eye coordination, enhancing split-second decision making and boosting auditory perception. Moreover, other carefully-designed studies have shown that video games improve several aspects of brain activity, including multitasking. Considering Pac-Man as an example, in that game, you must navigate your character through a spatial layout while monitoring the separate paths of four additional objects, while keeping the overall goal of clearing the small pellets in memory, as well as keep track of the remaining large pellets.
Secondly, games that convey positive social messages never fail to boost the children's confidence, encourage cooperation and teamwork. Games help children feel a sense of achievement, through those puzzles, exploration and discovery, players learn to succeed in ways that our brains actually prefer. Most games are designed to introduce a new concept and then provide players with an opportunity to master it. Children are then free to explore and utilize and achieve success with this new skill, growing in confidence all the while. Besides, many games today emphasize the cooperative aspects of game play, in which two or more players need to work together to reach a common goal. Taking a game called "World of Warcraft" as an example, children as young as 10 years old are learning to delegate responsibility, promote teamwork and steer groups of people toward a common goal. As video games themselves are not created by just one person, it is essential for the game players to pool everyone's talents together in order to require the desired product.
Admittedly, it is worth to consider the real concerns that today's parents have with video games, but it is also worthwhile to consider the benefits and positive aspects that contemporary interactive entertainment choices provide. Digital media such as computer games could inspire young children's interest, grow their intelligence and offer them a chance to escape from the mounting academic stress, as long as coupled with strong parental and teacher involvement.
From all the discussions mentioned above, we may safely draw the conclusion that today's young students should be allowed to play computer games for the tremendous benefits they bring.
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