雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)之找小標(biāo)題題型攻略
雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)之找小標(biāo)題heading題型復(fù)習(xí)攻略為大家?guī)?lái)雅思閱讀中一種較為有難度的題型——尋找小標(biāo)題也就是heading題型的題型分析和復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn),下面小編就和大家分享雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)之找小標(biāo)題heading題型復(fù)習(xí)攻略，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)之找小標(biāo)題heading題型復(fù)習(xí)攻略
一、段落含義分層
閱讀文章中許多段落的含義并不是非常明顯和集中的，有些段落包含了很多層的含義，因此學(xué)生很難決定哪一層的含義可以代表整個(gè)段落，再加之上下文之間如果有過渡的內(nèi)容，使兩個(gè)相鄰段落看起來(lái)有重疊的含義，這樣就更難確定每一段的主旨了。
其實(shí)，段落含義的分層是表面現(xiàn)象，也就是說，看上去一個(gè)段落有幾層意思，其實(shí)這幾層意思是統(tǒng)一的：前文鋪墊、后文揭示出主旨;或者前文概括、后文進(jìn)一步解釋前文的內(nèi)容，這兩種是最常見的分層。大家只要根據(jù)段落的具體含義判斷是哪種分層，然后就不難找出段落的主旨了?？聪旅娴睦?。
例1，ADVANTAGES OF PBLIC TRANSPORT，C段：
“There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther our where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use…”
在這一段中，大家能夠通過前幾句總結(jié)出三層含義：1. 人們普遍認(rèn)為財(cái)富的增長(zhǎng)會(huì)促進(jìn)私家車的使用;2. 歐洲城市的例子反駁了這一觀點(diǎn);3. 歐洲城市比美國(guó)城市富裕，但是在歐洲城市，車輛的使用并沒有像美國(guó)城市一樣多。于是這一段給大家造成了總結(jié)主旨的困難。其實(shí)，如果大家看到以上三句話之間的聯(lián)系，就能體會(huì)到本段的主旨在于反駁第一句話的含義，后面的內(nèi)容都是用對(duì)比的方式來(lái)反駁第一句話，這樣，這一段看似分開的含義就集中在一起了。
例2，MAKETE INTEGRATED RURAL TRANSPORT PROJECT，E段：
“It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a “top-down” approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.”
這個(gè)段落中，首句的前半句旨在說明top-down approach是被批評(píng)的，而后半句的轉(zhuǎn)折告訴我們信息：從地區(qū)政府向下推進(jìn)和實(shí)施的方法是有必要的，因此，我們看到這個(gè)段落在強(qiáng)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容，作者的主旨在于說明“應(yīng)該以政府為起點(diǎn)向下進(jìn)行”。
二、隱含匹配
隱含匹配的意思就是說，題目給出的所有heading與原文某段落的含義都不是明顯的一致，而是需要我們仔細(xì)推敲兩者之間的一致性，才能大膽地決定某一個(gè)heading適合這個(gè)段落。很多題目的概括性非常強(qiáng)，我們不能按照提及的個(gè)別關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)判斷，這樣一來(lái)，做題時(shí)間就會(huì)延長(zhǎng)，所以隱含匹配是最難把握的。甚至有時(shí)候教師在講解題目時(shí)，告訴學(xué)生答案以后，學(xué)生仍然覺得不可思議，答案為什么和這個(gè)段落是一致的。
對(duì)于這種難點(diǎn)，建議考生只有在平時(shí)練習(xí)中準(zhǔn)確把握句意，進(jìn)而擴(kuò)展到準(zhǔn)確把握段落意義，才能判斷出段落和題目的匹配。例如，
MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT，H段：
“On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.”
在這個(gè)段路中，通過轉(zhuǎn)折，我們可以確定文章的主旨在but后面。作者用了一系列的比較級(jí)形容詞來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)今后這些projects應(yīng)該比原來(lái)有所改進(jìn)。在題目給出的heading中，沒有任何一個(gè)體現(xiàn)了如何具體改進(jìn)今后的工程，因此考生會(huì)覺得題目難以選出。但是，如果我們看到了劃線的一系列比較級(jí)，我們可以把它們概括為：改進(jìn)以后比原來(lái)好了很多，也就是說，我們?cè)诮窈蟮墓こ讨校蠛蜆?biāo)準(zhǔn)提高了很多，這樣我們就選出了：The need to raise standards這個(gè)標(biāo)題。
三、題目干擾性強(qiáng)
一些題目干擾性非常強(qiáng)，有時(shí)候兩個(gè)heading看起來(lái)是十分相似的意思，甚至有一個(gè)的關(guān)鍵詞比另外一個(gè)(正確答案)更多或者更貼近這個(gè)段落，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生毫不猶豫地選擇關(guān)鍵詞多的那個(gè)heading，這種干擾也是令學(xué)生頭疼不解的難點(diǎn)。我們看下面的heading題：
Effects of irrigation on sedimentation
The danger of flooding the Cairo area
Causing pollution in the Mediterranean
這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都涉及了原文D段的關(guān)鍵詞(劃線部分)，雖然這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思并不一樣，但是都與原文有所關(guān)聯(lián)，因此其中存在干擾項(xiàng)，大家要根據(jù)原文D段的具體含義來(lái)選擇，而不能靠某一個(gè)或某幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)選擇。
再比如，這兩個(gè)heading：The expansion of international tourism in recent years
Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there
這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)也看起來(lái)非常相似，因此學(xué)生們會(huì)忽略兩者的區(qū)別，其實(shí)兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)并不一樣，第一個(gè)講述的是expansion的過程;而第二個(gè)講的是expansion的原因。
綜上所述，提醒考生們?cè)谧鰄eading題時(shí)應(yīng)該注意這三個(gè)難點(diǎn)，不要單憑關(guān)鍵詞做題，要仔細(xì)推敲段落完整的含義，選項(xiàng)間的區(qū)別，以及段中句與句之間的關(guān)系，才能順利地做好這類題目。這種題型是比較耗時(shí)間的題，建議可以先做其他題型，最后做這個(gè)不影響其他題目順序的題型。
雅思閱讀材料：如何經(jīng)營(yíng)持久的愛情
If you’re in a long term relationship or marriage, you know that it’s not always easy to keep that warm glow of freshness and excitement alive in your relationship.
假如你有固定伴侶，或早已邁入婚姻殿堂，你便能體會(huì)到：在感情中，若想保持起初的新鮮和刺激感，可不是一件容易的事。
After the first bout of heady romantic love is gone, everyday sameness settles into any relationship.
當(dāng)最初那陣令人迷醉又轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的浪漫散去，你們的小日子里便漸漸開始被日復(fù)一日的枯燥所占據(jù)了。
And unless you’re making conscious efforts to keep things hot, soon boredom and tedium takes the shine off one of the most special relationships of your life, making it feel like just another chore. So what are these conscious efforts that you can make?
除非刻意保持新鮮感，否則這段生命中最特別的關(guān)系將會(huì)被無(wú)聊和單調(diào)抹去它原有的光輝，使你厭倦不堪。那么，該如何來(lái)有意識(shí)地避免這種事發(fā)生?
Here are some of the tricks my husband and I frequently use to keep things as new and happening as our first few days.
我和我的丈夫是通過以下的幾個(gè)小技巧，來(lái)保持兩人間的新鮮感的。
1. Surprise Surprise!
驚喜!驚喜!
Couples spend weeks – sometimes months – planning for the next birthday/anniversary gift for their spouse/significant other.
通常，倆口子會(huì)一起計(jì)劃下一個(gè)生日/紀(jì)念日怎么過，以及送給對(duì)方什么禮物。這事兒可能要花上幾星期、甚至幾個(gè)月來(lái)完成。
Have you ever thought how you can magically sweep your partner off their feet with a fraction of that effort on an ordinary day?
不過，你有沒有想過在一個(gè)平凡的日子里，突然給對(duì)方一個(gè)大驚喜呢?
Nothing works like giving tiny, simple – and most importantly, unexpected – surprises to each other in keeping the air of freshness and novelty in your relationship.
若想幫助情感保鮮，沒什么比送給對(duì)方一個(gè)出其不意又意義重大的小禮物更好的辦法了。
2. Romantic texts
發(fā)浪漫短信
A great thing about those “I miss you kitten” texts you used to send each other in the initial days of your relationship is the juvenile excitement in them.
我們?cè)趹賽鄢跗?，之所以鐘情于互發(fā)“想你啦，寶貝”之類的短信，是因?yàn)樗軒Ыo我們一種青澀的甜蜜。
You need that back right now. OK, it may not be 10 times a day like back then – but can you text him/her randomly, suddenly and romantically on some random ordinary day?
現(xiàn)在的你們也需要它。沒必要像以前那樣，一發(fā)就十幾條，但你也可以在平日里偶爾“肉麻”一下嘛。
The smile it brings on their lips will spread its glow for quite some time in your relationship – until the next time you do the same, that is.
當(dāng)你的愛人看到短信，他們不自覺的微笑將蔓延開來(lái)，為你們的感情增添一道明亮色彩。如此反復(fù)，愛將日益堅(jiān)固。
雅思閱讀材料：技術(shù)宅發(fā)明奧利奧餅干分離器
A cookie-favoring physicist has created what appears to be the world's first Oreo separator.
一個(gè)不喜歡夾心的物理學(xué)家制造出了世界上臺(tái)奧利奧夾心分離機(jī)。
David Neevel, an artist and inventor based in Portland, Ore., was commissioned by the popular cookie brand to produce the machine as part of its "Cookies vs. Creme" campaign.
David Neevel是俄勒岡州波特蘭市的一名發(fā)明家，也是一位藝術(shù)家。他受到這個(gè)著名餅干品牌的委托，為該公司的“餅干VS奶油”廣告制造出了這臺(tái)機(jī)器。
"My Oreo machine is based entirely on my dislike for creme and my preference for cookie," Neevel said in a short video.
“我制造夾心分離機(jī)完全是因?yàn)槲矣憛拪A心、喜歡餅干，”Neevel在短片這樣提到。
The OSM, as Neevel calls it, was constructed of scrap aluminum, wood, a hatchet and floss in a Portland garage.
Neevel 把發(fā)明簡(jiǎn)稱為OSM (奧利奧分離器)，這是他在波特蘭的一個(gè)車庫(kù)里用一些鋁的廢料、廢木材、一把小斧頭和一些金屬絲制成的。
After the hatchet blade is lowered to split the Oreo, a pair of mechanical arms are dispatched to collect the cookie halves, which are transferred to a router table where the creme is removed.
斧頭把奧利奧一劈為二，然后一對(duì)機(jī)械臂會(huì)撿起兩半奧利奧，接著餅干會(huì)被送到銑削臺(tái)，把餅干上的奶油銑掉。
The electric-powered contraption took about two weeks to build. "It was a big time commitment," Neevel said. "I had to work some long hours—I didn't see my girlfriend or my dog for hours at a time."
這個(gè)神奇的電動(dòng)機(jī)械裝置造了兩個(gè)星期的時(shí)間?！斑@是個(gè)非常非常重要的委托，”Neevel說。“我得連續(xù)工作很久，有時(shí)候我好幾個(gè)小時(shí)都見不了我的女朋友和我的狗?！?/p>
"Outstanding. I applaud your efforts," one YouTube commenter wrote. "For your next design, how about an automatic sock pair singlifier?
“贊一個(gè)。為你的發(fā)明鼓掌，” 一個(gè)YouTube用戶這樣評(píng)論道。“下次造一個(gè)襪子配對(duì)機(jī)怎么樣?”
Three other inventors were commissioned by Oreo to come up with concepts, with the next one slated to be unveiled later this week.
另外還有三名發(fā)明家受到奧利奧委托想一些新點(diǎn)子，下一個(gè)發(fā)明預(yù)計(jì)在這周晚些時(shí)候發(fā)布。
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