雅思閱讀必備之3大黃金法則

陳鈴1147 分享 時(shí)間:

很多出入雅思江湖的人,雅思閱讀部分似乎是很難,文章篇幅變態(tài)的長,題目還那么多。今天小編給大家?guī)砹搜潘奸喿x必備之3大黃金法則,希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧

【雅思閱讀必備技巧】3大黃金法則

一.文章的選擇

首先,我們要簡單探討一下雅思考試中所用文章的范疇。雅思文章的總是集中在商業(yè)、社會(huì)科學(xué)和基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。出題者總是喜歡選擇非常具體的題目??赡芸忌鷮@些題目的背景知之甚少。但稍后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),你并不需要這樣的知識(shí)。事實(shí)上,如果你試圖依靠背景知識(shí)答題才會(huì)有麻煩。如果你對此題目知之甚少,不必?fù)?dān)心。你很快就會(huì)知道如何應(yīng)對并得出正確答案。

此外,雅思出題者總愛用很多數(shù)字、數(shù)據(jù)和專業(yè)的術(shù)語。雅思極其細(xì)節(jié)化。這看來可能會(huì)使考生無法招架。但實(shí)際上這些信息只是我們的工具和朋友。你不必記憶文章的全部內(nèi)容。事實(shí)上,因?yàn)檠潘伎荚嚦鲱}者總喜歡將注意力放在具體的細(xì)節(jié)上,在閱讀時(shí)幾乎沒有必要理解其“文章大意”。絕大多數(shù)問題都與文章中出現(xiàn)的具體信息有關(guān)。答案都擺在你眼前!幾乎不需要自己的推理。一旦你知道怎樣適當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x,就會(huì)很容易找到答案。一旦你知道怎樣定位,你的成績自然也會(huì)提高。

二.應(yīng)試者會(huì)遇到的主要問題及如何應(yīng)對

因?yàn)?,我們說過后面也還會(huì)具體分析到,所有的答案都擺在你眼前,竅門就是找出它們。如果我們有一整天的時(shí)間閱讀,這可能不是什么問題。很遺憾,我們的時(shí)間有限,僅有一個(gè)小時(shí)。時(shí)間問題就顯得尤為重要。我們絕不能緊張和慌亂。相反,你要做的僅僅是在閱讀的同時(shí)應(yīng)用我們的黃金法則。在看的同時(shí),了解你要找什么――我們稍后會(huì)對這一方法詳細(xì)解釋――能解決這一問題。再強(qiáng)調(diào)一遍,放松、不要讀的太快。速度應(yīng)適當(dāng)。

另一個(gè)可能的問題是詞匯量。如我們所說過的,雅思考試中所用的詞匯可能非常專業(yè),有時(shí)甚至很復(fù)雜。即使如此,這一問題也很容易解決。所有需要理解的關(guān)鍵詞匯在文中都會(huì)給出解釋。如果沒有解釋,這個(gè)詞就很可能并不重要。甚至如果有問題問到了你不熟的詞,也是有辦法解決的,這一點(diǎn)會(huì)在后面講到。

三.考試的結(jié)構(gòu)

本部分包括三篇文章,每篇后有13-14個(gè)問題。這些問題一般分為八種,但也存在一些變化。對每類題型都有不同的辦法。當(dāng)然也有一些適用于所有題型的基本方法。下面我會(huì)先談?wù)勥@些基本方法,即“黃金法則”,之后再用更大的篇幅討論每一題型的具體方法。

雅思閱讀模擬練習(xí)及答案

From The Economist print edition

How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales

1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is, how ants, bees or any social animal, including humans, behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.

2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes, also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.

3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information, and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.

4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is, the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.

5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could, indeed, be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.

6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category, and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.

7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.

Questions 1-6

Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.

2. In shops, products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.

3. According to Mr. Usmani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon, a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.

4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store, shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.

5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, other customers tend to follow them.

6. Using the “swarm-moves” model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.

Questions 7-12

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write

YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contraicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage

7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.

8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.

9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.

10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.

11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.

12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.

Answer keys:

1. 答案:(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行:Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)

2. 答案:expensive. (第1段第4 行: Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)

3. 答案:impulse buying. (第2段第1 句:At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)

4. 答案:other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句:Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)

5. 答案:screen. (第3段第4 行:As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.)

6. 答案:discounts. (第4段第第1句:Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)

7. 答案:NO. (第4段第3、4 句:The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd, and testing will get under way in the spring. 短語 “get under way”的意思是“開始進(jìn)行”,在Wal-Mart的試驗(yàn)要等到春天才開始)

8. 答案:NOT GIVEN. (在文中沒有提及該信息)

9. 答案:YES。 (第5段第3 句:The reseachers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded, they followed the crowd.)

10. 答案:NO。 (第5段最后兩句:When the songs are not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的詞義是“顯著的、明顯的”)

11. 答案:YES。 (第6段第1 句:In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)

12. 答案:YES。 (最后一段最后一句:Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm. home應(yīng)該算是everyday life的一部分

雅思閱讀模擬練習(xí)及答案

1.  A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.

2.  Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.

3.  That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.

4.  "This is a big step forward," says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather than criticized."

5.  Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.

6.  But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).

7.  Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.

8.  This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.

9.  Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. "The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.

10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, "I didn't believe it". But, he adds, "because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn't work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.

11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.

12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.

13. But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea. "So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification. We're beginning to think about what experiments could be performed."

14. Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. "At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations," he says. "Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition." At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.



雅思閱讀必備之3大黃金法則

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