怎樣才能最有效地備考雅思閱讀
任何一場考試的成績，都是實力與臨場發(fā)揮水平相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，下面小編給大家?guī)砹嗽鯓硬拍茏钣行У貍淇佳潘奸喿x，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
怎樣才能最有效地備考雅思閱讀
一、熟悉雅思題型
快速了解、熟悉一門考試的最好方法，莫過于學(xué)習(xí)、試做此門考試的以往考題，由此來了解題型特點、題目要求、重點難點等。如果事先就對題型有所接觸，在考場上自然也就能快速辨認(rèn)出是什么題目、有什么特征、出題順序是否與文章行文順序一致等，也就完全無需再耗費任何多余時間來拖慢自己的讀題速度了。
雅思閱讀考試的官方題型介紹中一共涉及14種題目類型，分別是：
1. multiple choice(選擇題)
2. identifying information (True/False/Not Given類的判斷正誤題)
3. identifying writer’s views/claims(Yes/No/Not Given類的判斷正誤題)
4. matching information(信息匹配題)
5. matching headings(段落標(biāo)題匹配題)
6. matching features(特征匹配題)
7. matching sentence endings(句子結(jié)尾匹配題)
8. sentence completion(完成句子填空題)
9. summary completion(摘要填空題)
10. note completion(筆記填空題)
11. table completion(表格填空題)
12. flow-chart completion(流程填空題)
13. diagram label completion(圖形填空題)
14. short-answer questions(簡答題)
其中的一些題型與國內(nèi)中高考、四六級的英語試題相似度很高，例如 “摘要填空題”其實類似“完形填空”，給出一段包含若干空格的文字，要求考生根據(jù)文意補充完整，唯一的差別只是需要填寫原文單詞而非從給定的ABCD四項中進(jìn)行選擇。
另一些題型則相對陌生，比如 “特征匹配題”可能會給出四個人名配八個觀點選項供考生判定，并不形成一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系;又比如 “判斷正誤題”在“對”、“錯”之外還劃出一塊“文中未提及”的灰色區(qū)域，即Not Given選項，以此考察考生對文章細(xì)節(jié)的更精準(zhǔn)理解。
還有一些類型則貌似熟題而實則不同，比如多項選擇題，它出現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)考試的各種英語試卷中往往令考生深惡痛絕，因為一道題的全部選項必須都選對才算做對這道題;雅思中的多選題則人性化得多：名為多選，實則一道題中要求選幾個答案，就算做了幾道題。以八選三為例，如果正確答案為ABC而雅思考生選擇了ABD，則相當(dāng)于在三道題中做對了兩道，每一個正確選項都是做對了全部40道題中的一員。
二、熟知解題方法
針對不同特征的題目，解題方式各有不同?？忌缒苁孪冗M(jìn)行一定練習(xí)，熟練掌握解題思路和步驟，上考場時自然也就能夠駕輕就熟、快速解答。本文以matching headings這個題型為例，簡單說明如下：
Matching headings (即試卷中的List of Headings)題型考察考生總結(jié)段落(paragraph)或文章層次(section)大意的能力。
問題位于文章正文的前面，而非像其它題型那樣按照以往出題傳統(tǒng)跟在正文的后面，考生一定要注意找對位置。
這種題目著眼于段落的主旨大意而不糾結(jié)某個句子里的某個細(xì)節(jié)信息，因此解答的關(guān)鍵步驟在于找準(zhǔn)每個段落中的主旨句(topic sentences)。
通常來說，一個規(guī)則段落一般都會在開頭或結(jié)尾處出現(xiàn)主旨大意，所以看段落的開頭兩句和末尾一句(首二末句)是個辦法;但有些段落一共就3、4句話，每個句子特別復(fù)雜且包含很多細(xì)節(jié)，此時最萬無一失的辦法還是看段落中每個句子的主干而弱化、去掉細(xì)節(jié)修飾的從句成分，把注意力放在句與句之間的聯(lián)系、段中各句共同想表達(dá)的主題信息上。
三、熟練閱讀技巧 (此為重中之重!)
“閱讀技巧”完全不同于“解題取巧”。后者主要針對應(yīng)試，希望利用各種方式(包括猜蒙答案)爭取考試效果最優(yōu)化，可以類比為各路武功中的招式，自然有明光正道也有劍走偏鋒;而前者則是應(yīng)對生活、學(xué)習(xí)中各種閱讀材料的能力，不僅在考試中大大有用，更有助于考生在通過雅思考試之后學(xué)習(xí)心儀專業(yè)、為今后的人生打好知識基礎(chǔ)，相當(dāng)于內(nèi)功。即使同樣的招式，不同內(nèi)力修為的人使出來也有完全不同的威力效果。
眾多考生在考場上都面臨“蹺蹺板”的兩難尷尬：在有限的考試時間里，如果匆匆讀文做題，則速度上升了但正確率便會大幅度下降;而如果認(rèn)真閱讀每一道題目和原文內(nèi)容，則正確率得到了提升但卻無論如何無法讀完三篇文章、答出所有題目。之所以如此難以兩顧，究其根本原因，無非是各種不熟。而如果已經(jīng)通過事先的準(zhǔn)備了解了閱讀題型、明白了解題方法，卻依然考不出滿意的分?jǐn)?shù)，則是已觸及英語實力提升的根本：仍在一個“熟”字。
熟悉單詞、短語者勝。同樣面對一個單詞，有人要5秒后才能反應(yīng)過來是什么意思，有人要10秒后才能確認(rèn)實在不認(rèn)識，那些3秒內(nèi)就認(rèn)出意思的考生自然優(yōu)勝;同樣是面對in terms of(“在……方面”、“就……而言”)這個詞組，有人一個一個詞看，in認(rèn)識，terms認(rèn)識，of也認(rèn)識，但合在一起卻不相熟;另一些人壓根兒只認(rèn)識term是“學(xué)期”而不明白在此何解，那些直接理解了短語意群的考生絕對勝出。
對待單詞和短語不能只是抱定“死磕”的決心死記硬背，而要通過結(jié)合例句和文章來熟悉它們的意義和用法。劍橋真題的閱讀文章作為備考材料就非常理想。這些文章和文后的問題絕不會再一模一樣地出現(xiàn)在以后的雅思考場上，但其中所用的詞匯和短語卻反復(fù)地一考再考，通過熟讀它們來備考，能夠取得事半功倍的效果。
熟悉長難句者勝。很多考生都只愿意用劍橋真題做一遍?？?，對過答案后就不再理會，而實則此時才剛剛邁出提升實力的第一步。閱讀中的長難句比比皆是，看似五花八門、亂花迷眼，實則萬變不離其宗，無非是在主謂賓或主系表的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)上附加了各種各樣的定語從句、狀語從句、各種其它從句、插入語等細(xì)節(jié)補充說明信息而已。第一次接觸，考生可能得滿頭大汗地分析，一個句子花去幾分鐘甚至更久也是尋常。然而這樣分析了以后，留下的印象也必定更加深刻，再見時就會有了一絲熟悉感。同樣的過程重復(fù)十遍乃至數(shù)十遍，在考場上才能有“俯仰顧盼皆熟悉”的從容。
熟悉英語式思維方式者勝。最開始接觸英語的時候，每個學(xué)習(xí)者都會先將英語翻譯成中文，借助母語的優(yōu)勢來幫助自己理解，這個做法無可厚非。然而，隨著單詞、短語的不斷積累和對英語長難句式的深入體會，轉(zhuǎn)換思維方式才是最終制勝的途徑。否則，在原本已經(jīng)窘迫的看三篇文章的時間里，考生需要用英文、中文各看一遍，相當(dāng)于任務(wù)量變?yōu)榱肆?，自然左支右絀難以應(yīng)付。
雅思閱讀想沖刺8.5甚至9分嘛?
首先，雅思考試的性質(zhì)大家要把握好。
雅思是一個很直接的考試，至少對比起四六級來非常直接。它跟老外的思維一樣，直來直去，很少拐彎。所以，對的就是對的，錯的就是錯的。不用太過糾結(jié)。
General tips
1.先讀題目，再看文章(特別是看heading題)。相信我，平時訓(xùn)練就需要這樣做來提高答題速度。
2.讀文章的時候，有選擇性的讀，首段，其他的段落的第一句和最后一句，必要時可以讀第二句和倒數(shù)第二句。
3.But后面的永遠(yuǎn)比but前面的information重要(包括however， yet，while，in fact，oncontrary，nevertheless等轉(zhuǎn)折詞)
4.越短的段落越可能需要讀全段，越長的段落越可能不需要讀全段
5.時間分配每篇20分鐘，若某篇文章超過20分鐘還沒搞定，果斷放棄，進(jìn)行下一篇，有失才有得
6.文章沒有標(biāo)段落說明沒有l(wèi)ist of headings類型的題目。
7.先做需要通讀全文才能做的題目，這樣避免重復(fù)閱讀。大大的提高做題效率，減少做題時間。
Matching 之人物+理論matching tips
1.在人名第一次出現(xiàn)的地方畫上橫線，并在旁邊寫下首字母的縮寫
2.出現(xiàn)頻率越高，理論越多
3.如果某一段沒有名字，但有引號，那就是上一段的人的理論
4.先看題，并提取關(guān)鍵字，然后去文章中在人物周圍找關(guān)鍵詞，鎖定理論
5.一個人最多只能有3個理論
6.人物出現(xiàn)的順序肯定是按照文章的段落順序來的，要相信這一點。
T/F/NG tips
1.時間不夠的話全true
2.對于出現(xiàn)every和only等比較絕對的詞匯時很大可能是false
3.注意T/F/NG和Y/N/NG的區(qū)別，填寫答案注意是哪一種類別，另外，不要簡寫，不要寫T,F,NG和Y,N,NG，要寫全稱，而且要全大寫。這點很重要。
4.題目肯定是按照段落的順序設(shè)置的
5.使用參照物的方法將題干在文章中定位(比如人名，地名，時間，百分比，大寫字母)
6.如何區(qū)分No和NG:明顯抵觸的才是No(比如，文中說部分保護(hù)，結(jié)論是全部保護(hù)，這就是沖突等)，推不出來的就是NG(文中較抽象)
7.這類題只可能對于細(xì)節(jié)題，不可能需要閱讀全文信息才能做決定，所以定位以后就能做題，不需要讀完全文
8.NG的形式：a,并不存在比較的基礎(chǔ)，或者沒有比較的意義。所以一旦出現(xiàn)比較，就可以選NG，特別是金錢，男女生的智商的比較等。b,隱形的比較，這些詞比如similar，another，thesame as, identical, next隱含比較意義，也可以選NG，還有比較級也是可以選NG的。另外，thelatter也是可以選NG的。c,終極比較，比如形容詞最高級很可能選NG
9.7道題出現(xiàn)NG的數(shù)目最多為2道。True的數(shù)目為2-3.
10.True和false可以通過加not進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)，但是NG不可反轉(zhuǎn)，因此區(qū)分N和NG的一個方法是將原句子加上否定詞not，回原文去找對應(yīng)的話，如果找不到就是NG
11.絕對==不對。題干中出現(xiàn)all時肯定選No，比如這個人贏得了所有的選票這種論斷就可以選No。還有unique,only, none, always, never, every，impossible，immediate,invariably, inevitably等詞也是可以選no的。
12.還有一種選False的，比如，文章說還還處于試驗階段，題目說已經(jīng)投入使用。文章說還是理論，題目說已經(jīng)實踐。
13.人們對于負(fù)面信息的關(guān)注度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于正面信息的關(guān)注度，所以不可能出現(xiàn)文章中說impossible而題目中說可能，但是如果題目中真的出現(xiàn)表示可能的詞的時候，該題肯定選Ture(真理是模棱兩可的)，類似的，出現(xiàn)下列詞也是can,could, possible, probable, not all, not always，notnecessarily, some，這就是真理性truth。
14.三小題的構(gòu)成：1T, 1F, 1NG;4個的構(gòu)成：1T,2F,1NG，或者1F,2T,1NG;5個的構(gòu)成：2T,2F,1NG或者1T,3F,1NG或者1F,3T,1NG。不可能出現(xiàn)3個NG，因為NG難出題。6個的構(gòu)成：2T,2F,2NG或者2T,3F,1NG或者2F,3T,1NG。在6道題之下基本上只有一個NG，很少情況2個。7-8道題會出現(xiàn)兩個NG。9-10道可以出現(xiàn)3道NG，極少可能4道。
15.偷換概念型的NG。題目說選擇清華是因為高質(zhì)量的教學(xué)，題目說是因為清華的名氣，這種就屬于偷換概念。
16.文章說全部，題目說具體，選NG。
17.雅思不暗示，除非明說，否則需要進(jìn)行推測的問題都是NG
18.只有同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換才能選True。所以NG和False的技巧多一些，做完這些沒時間的話剩下的可以全True。
19.很多策略是沒有時間的時候用的，記住這一點。
Summary tips
1.對于比較簡單的出題(帶詞庫的)，利用語法，根據(jù)詞性就可以進(jìn)行選擇。但是如果語法不行的話(比如一個空該填名詞，但是有三個名詞，該填那個?)這時候需要用到邏輯，因為有的單詞填出來不合邏輯。
2.有的題目中題庫里面的詞可能可以使用一次以上。
3.如果詞庫全部是形容詞，則站隊—即選擇態(tài)度即可解決。全部是名詞的詞庫比較難做，幾乎不可能通過語法做出來。
4.超級無敵括號法：不帶詞庫型的summary一般要求字?jǐn)?shù)不能超，這時候如果多了一個the，但去掉又會損傷語法的話，可以將the用括號括起來，這就是超級無敵括號法。
Heading tips
1.觀察各個heading的關(guān)鍵詞(通常是形容詞后面的名詞，但不能是文章的主題;或者動詞)
2.Heading里面沒有名詞時，缺失的名詞是文章的主題詞
3.只要能夠原詞對上的越不可能是對的，越找不到的詞越可能要選上
4.雙胞胎型選項中間肯定有一個是要選的，看起來不像的(找不到關(guān)鍵詞)的可能性會大一些，錯誤的那個一般會跟文章很像
5.段落短的時候需要全讀，讀不懂就看例子。
6.做選項的時候可以依據(jù)下面的clue。比如時間關(guān)系：past，present，future?？萍及l(fā)明發(fā)展史七段論：introduction，definition，history，mechanism，application，drawback，future
7.首末段對應(yīng)，特別是時間關(guān)系的。
8.數(shù)字對數(shù)字，如果heading里面出現(xiàn)statistics和statistical等詞的時候找很多數(shù)字的段，時間對時間，heading里面出現(xiàn)時間就去找時間段(比如past對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)1982的段落)，百分比對百分比(都出現(xiàn)了百分比)，金錢對金錢。Commercial，financial，funding，business，subsidies，pension等詞就是在談金錢(老外一般不直接談錢)，heading談錢了(出現(xiàn)上述詞)，則在文章找出現(xiàn)金錢數(shù)字的段落。(ps,multiple choice里面談錢的選項一般可以直接去掉，因為老外不談錢)
Completion tips
雅思填空題要注意，填的詞一定是文中的詞。有這個詞才能填出來。
雅思閱讀練習(xí)題：Why Hollywood refuses actors of color?
Four of the year’s 25 top-grossing movies(票房收入的電影)star a minority in a leading role. All but two had white directors. And the number of minority actors forecasters expect to get Oscar nominations(提名)can be counted on one hand.(有望獲得奧斯卡提名的少數(shù)族裔演員屈指可數(shù)。)
In the year since the Sony Pictures hack exposed racially insensitive emails and cast a spotlight on Hollywood’s diversity problem, movie studios have shown little progress in hiring more people of color for their casts and crews.
The industry is ignoring a gold mine. Every year for the past half-decade, the average white American has bought a ticket to fewer films than the average black, Hispanic or Asian moviegoer, industry data shows. Though 37 percent of the U.S. population, minorities bought 46 percent of the $1.2 billion in tickets sold in the United States last year.
Some of the year’s biggest surprises had diverse actors and small budgets but ended up dominating(控制)the silver screen. For five straight weeks ending in September, movies with predominately(占絕大多數(shù)地)black casts topped the box office(票房), including the Christian drama “War Room,” thriller “The Perfect Guy” and rap biography “Straight Outta Compton,” which has made $200 million on a $28 million budget to become the highest-grossing biopic of all time.
More recently, “Creed,” a “Rocky” spinoff starring Michael B. Jordan and directed by Ryan Coogler — both 20-something black men who led the 2013 critical darling “Fruitvale Station” — has triumphed with $72 million at the box office and one of the best opening weekends in the boxing franchise’s(連鎖加盟店)40-year history.
High-profile hires of actors such as Jordan in “Creed” and John Boyega in “Star Wars: The Force Awakens” have remained the exception in a Hollywood that has shown only stuttering(結(jié)巴的;不持續(xù)的)progress over the past year in getting more-diverse talent into blockbuster(大片) roles. (《信念》中用喬丹當(dāng)演員，以及《星球大戰(zhàn)：力量蘇醒》用約翰.勃耶加，如此高調(diào)的行為在好萊塢僅僅是例外而已。過去的一年中，在使用非白人演員出任大片主角方面，好萊塢沒有取得什么大的進(jìn)展。)
But that lack of diversity, long a social issue, is increasingly becoming a business issue, and analysts say the success of movies such as “Creed” and “Compton” could make a big difference in persuading Hollywood’s dealmakers to better reflect the multicultural country it represents.
“Oftentimes it’s not emotional appeal, it’s the spreadsheet(電子表格;財務(wù)報表)that can make the change,” said Paul Dergarabedian, a senior media analyst with industry researcher Rentrak. “Show the empirical evidence. Look at the profitability of all these movies written, directed, produced by African Americans. That’s how you get the attention of Hollywood — or at least the people holding the purse strings.”
For all its grandeur(輝煌), Hollywood is a fiscally conservative industry, and studios and financiers have long proved hesitant to invest tens of millions of dollars into projects backed by filmmakers they do not know. (好萊塢盡管輝煌無比，但涉及到金錢方面卻很保守，長期以來，電影公司和投資人都不愿意將數(shù)千萬美金投入到一些他們不熟悉的制片人支持的項目。)
Very often, the people they know share their skin tone(膚色). In 2013, more than 92 percent of movie studios’ senior executives, 82 percent of film directors and 88 percent of film writers were white, UCLA researchers said.
“When I go to [film studio] offices, I see no black folks except for .?.?. the security guard,” director Spike Lee said while accepting an honorary Oscar last month at the Governors Awards. “It’s easier to be the president of the United States as a black person than to be the head of a studio.”
That monolithic(整體的;似鐵板的)whiteness has created a chicken-and-egg problem: Talented actors and filmmakers of color are routinely shut out because they were never given a chance in the first place.
Over the past year, “my sense is not a lot has changed,” said Darnell Hunt, director of UCLA’s Ralph J. Bunche Center for African American Studies. “The people who control the industry are still very reluctant to take a risk on untested talent — that is to say, people of color.”
Of the top 100 films last year, 73 percent of all characters were white, and only 17 of those movies starred nonwhite lead or supporting actors, University of Southern California researchers found.
Minority audiences, of course, did not flood only minority films: People of color bought more than 60 percent of the U.S. tickets to last year’s “Transformers: Age of Extinction,” a $245 million blockbuster whose cast was almost exclusively white.
The power of minorities’ spending, particularly in movies with more diverse stars and stories, has become impossible to ignore. “Furious 7,” which made more than $1 billion worldwide, pocketed 62 percent of its $350 million gross in the United States from minority moviegoers. Notably, “Compton,” which far outpaced financial projections, counted a box-office audience that was 75 percent nonwhite.
“If you try to be diverse for the sake of being diverse, it’s going to fail,” (如果你是為了多樣化而去多樣化，你一定會失敗)Jeff Shell, the chairman of Universal Filmed Entertainment, the studio behind “Compton,” told Variety last month. “The real reason to do it is that it’s good business. Our audience is diverse.”
The debate over Hollywood diversity sharpened last winter after stolen private emails between Sony Pictures co-chairman Amy Pascal and movie producer Scott Rudin revealed the two joking that President Obama would like only films starring black actors: “I bet he likes Kevin Hart,” Rudin said. Both have since apologized, and Pascal lost her job.
The Academy Awards solidified(加劇) the slight(輕慢)earlier this year when, for only the second time since 1998, no actor of color was named among the Oscars’ 20 acting nominees. Viewers chastised(指責(zé))the Academy with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, and the Oakland Tribune headlined the news “And the Oscar for best Caucasian goes to .?.?.”
The Golden Globe nominations, unveiled last week, featured a number of nods for minority TV actors but few candidates of color in film. Of the 35 nominees for best director, actor, actress and supporting actor, only three were minorities: director Alejandro González I?árritu and actors Will Smith and Idris Elba. None of the 10 nominees for best picture were led by minority stars.
The frustrations over Hollywood’s lack of diversity could grow by the time of the next Oscars, hosted in February by comedian Chris Rock, who last year wrote an essay calling Hollywood “a white industry.” When Rock first hosted the show, in 2005, he joked that the Oscars’ four black nominees made it “kind of like the Def Oscar Jam.”
The academy has yet to announce its nominees, but predictions from Oscar handicappers have surfaced only a few minority hopefuls: Elba in “Beasts of No Nation” and Samuel L. Jackson in “The Hateful Eight” for best supporting actor; Smith for best actor in“Concussion”; and I?árritu for best director for “The Revenant.” Also, “Compton” is a long shot for best picture.
No women of color are in the running to win any of the 10 lead- or supporting-actress Oscar nods this year, a discouraging sign coming shortly after Viola Davis became the first African American woman to win an Emmy as lead actress in a drama, for her role in Shonda Rhimes’s “How to Get Away With Murder.”
“The only thing that separates women of color from anyone else is opportunity,” Davis said in September during her acceptance speech. “You cannot win an Emmy for roles that are simply not there.”
The academy said recently it will launch a five-year plan, called A2020, intended to encourage film executives to hire a more diverse talent base. Academy President Cheryl Boone Isaacs said in September that, although the academy “has no power over Hollywood [and] nothing to do with hiring,” she hoped the plan can get studios and agencies to “widen their normal stream of thought.”
Filmmakers, in turn, have pointed the finger at their financiers. Director Ridley Scott, criticized for casting white actors, including Christian Bale as Moses, in “Exodus: Gods and Kings,” said last year the move was needed to secure the money for his $140 million epic: “I can’t mount a film of this budget .?.?. and say that my lead actor is Mohammad so-and-so from such-and-such. .?.?. I’m just not going to get it financed.”
Studios and film crews that did fill roles with actors of color faced resistance this year from angry fans, including over Boyega in his role as a stormtrooper in the new “Star Wars” and Jordan for his “Fantastic Four” role playing a superhero who is white in the original comic-book version.
When big films this year focused on minority characters, many instead filled their spots with white actors. In “Aloha,” for instance, Emma Stone was cast to play a Chinese Hawaiian woman.
After “Gods of Egypt,” a fantasy tale set in the ancient Middle East, was cast with mostly white actors in Egyptian roles, director Alex Proyas apologized, saying that “the process of casting a movie has many complicated variables(變量), but it is clear that our casting choices should have been more diverse.”
“Selma” director Ava DuVernay said the “Gods of Egypt” apology was an “unusual occurrence worth noting” for a casting problem “that happens all the time.” She also said it made her value the minority castings in “Star Wars” and “Creed” even more, tweeting, “We all deserve icons(偶像) in our own image.” (我們大家都有權(quán)擁有與自己形象一致的偶像。)
Vocabulary
Top-grossing movies 票房的電影
Nomination 提名
Dominate 統(tǒng)治;控制
Predominately 占統(tǒng)治地位地;絕大多數(shù)地
Box office 票房
Franchise 連鎖
Stuttering 結(jié)巴的;不持續(xù)的
Spreadsheet 電子表格;財務(wù)報表
Grandeur 輝煌
Skin tone 膚色
Monolithic 整體的;巨大的
Solidify 加劇;加固
Slight 輕慢;稍微的
Chastise 指責(zé);批判
Variable 變量
Icon 偶像
雅思真題重現(xiàn)：
It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modern native Americans first reached the continent. (劍7T3P2)
參考譯文：這同樣表明了在三次浪潮中的哪一次，各種現(xiàn)代本地美國人的祖先首先到達(dá)這塊大陸。
Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else).(劍4T1P2)
參考譯文：齒鯨們可以更多地利用頻譜，發(fā)出多種聲音。當(dāng)然，抹香鯨只會發(fā)出一系列單調(diào)激烈的咔嗒聲。
Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer - lexical as well as social and commercial.(劍5T1P1)
參考譯文：除了規(guī)范混亂的實際需求，字典的熱賣與英語人群中中產(chǎn)階層崛起有著密不可分的聯(lián)系，他們渴望通過定義和限制來征服豐富多彩的世界——不只是詞匯這一領(lǐng)域，還有社會和商業(yè)。
However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility.(劍6T3P2)
參考譯文：但是，值得提起的是，高獨立性、變化性以及責(zé)任感的工作并不能激勵每一個人。
There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. (劍5T4P3)
參考譯文：對光強度的變化，植物可對其作出多種光合作用的反應(yīng)。
An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein - immunoglobin G - found in the fluid portion of human blood.(劍7T3P2)
參考譯文：由生物人類學(xué)家羅伯特?威廉姆斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一項重要工程把研究點聚焦在了免疫球蛋白G變體(又叫做免疫球蛋白同種異型Gm )上——在人類血液流體中可以找到這種變本。
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