雅思閱讀4大類型同義詞替換講解

在雅思閱讀考試中，“理解”就是要能夠正確識(shí)別用兩種不同表達(dá)方式描述的同一事物。下面小編給大家?guī)砹搜潘奸喿x4大類型同義詞替換講解，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧

雅思閱讀4大類型同義詞替換講解

做雅思閱讀就兩種人，第一種是每個(gè)字都認(rèn)識(shí)，句子讀得又懂又快，比如說我，嘿嘿嘿。

還有一種技術(shù)流，就是會(huì)有一些不懂的詞句，但是題目能看懂，而且能把題目和原文聯(lián)系起來，這樣也是可以做對(duì)絕大多數(shù)的題的。當(dāng)然如果你一句話中不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞比認(rèn)識(shí)的還多，那趕快滾去背單詞去。

第一種方式需要一定量的積累，如果大家有沖擊高分的訴求,可以長(zhǎng)期積累. 對(duì)于多數(shù)考生來說練習(xí)第二種會(huì)更加高效。

那么問題來了，怎么找和原文對(duì)應(yīng)的地方呢，這也是閱讀考察重點(diǎn)之一:同義替換, 我們先要明確一點(diǎn)，同義替換不是同義詞,  而是對(duì)同一事物的不同表達(dá)方式，比同義詞的范圍要更寬

所以我們來一起看一看常見的替換類型

1描述型替換

題目和原文是現(xiàn)象對(duì)應(yīng)本質(zhì)，概念對(duì)應(yīng)例子, 或單詞對(duì)其解釋。

比如老師認(rèn)真回答學(xué)生問題, 批改作業(yè)到深夜，原文中說有職業(yè)責(zé)任感，這個(gè)就是同義替換.

我們以真題為例：

“題目：The consumption of fossil fuel would be cut because agricultural  vehicles would beunnecessary. C11”

“原文：It would reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors,  ploughs and shipping.”

其中vehicles對(duì)應(yīng)其中的一種例子tractor，unnecessary對(duì)應(yīng)其詞義解釋cutting out the need  for，再比如：

C8 chemical → fertilizer and pesticide，farming → grow plants and herd  animals

C9 serious problems→nuclear war and pollution，

C10 a range of functions→ gathering, leisure, relaxation, worship

C11 Unnecessary→cutting out the need for

很明顯不屬于同義詞, 但卻是對(duì)同一事物的不同表達(dá)方式, 多個(gè)詞對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)詞.這在雅思中出現(xiàn)幾率非常大. 這種替換找不到就會(huì)很惱火,因?yàn)槿悄阏J(rèn)識(shí)的詞,  但是就是腦子轉(zhuǎn)不過來, 所以需要大家有這么一個(gè)意識(shí), 不要按同義詞嚴(yán)絲合縫的去找替換.

2同義詞替換

此類替換比較復(fù)雜，也非常常見。

比如:

題目:Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized C6T3

原文:The emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.

其中Much effort→hard work, and→coupled with, correct answers→accuracy,  emphasis→focus on

但是有些題目，大家會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)詞都認(rèn)識(shí)，但感覺不到其間的替換關(guān)系?

原因很簡(jiǎn)單，這些單詞你并不認(rèn)識(shí)。中英單詞不是一一對(duì)應(yīng)的，單詞的核心意思具體語境下會(huì)有變化，拘泥于中文含義理解單詞則體會(huì)不出單詞的語境意，也就找不到替換了。

題目: the most important step is for school authorities to produce a _ policy  _C6T4

原文:A key step is to develop a policy on…

produce和develop 能不能叫替換詞?生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展,乍一看好像不是。理解詞義的最好方式是看英英詞典, 但大家能堅(jiān)持做到的不會(huì)很多,  所以大家可以嘗試方式, 用中文解釋其中文詞義，解釋后的部分更貼近單詞的核心詞義?！吧a(chǎn)”和“發(fā)展”都是弄出了一個(gè)什么新的東西, 本義是相近的.

再比如

原文：…… detect(偵查)the flaws

題目：…… locate(定位)the faults

Detect和locate都有“尋找……的位置”的意思，本質(zhì)上是有相同的含義的。

原文：there is damage to property too.

題目：… does considerable damage to buildings

這就是一詞多義，有些詞義比較接近，有些相差較遠(yuǎn)，這在語言中是一個(gè)很常見的現(xiàn)象，比如在漢語中，問：小紅，你有腿毛嗎?答：有個(gè)毛啊!

粗暴地背中文詞義很難能解決問題, 大家應(yīng)該嘗試去理解單詞在不同語境、針對(duì)不同對(duì)象時(shí)詞義的變化。至于怎么背閱讀的詞, 咱們?nèi)蘸笤僬f.

3詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

單詞的后綴決定詞性，大多數(shù)情況下后綴改變不影響詞義，少部分詞有詞義的變化。

Consume →consumption

secrete → secretions

fertilize → fertilizers

creativity → creative

investigative → investigate

half → halve

prefer → preference

emit → emission

error → erroneous

medical →medicine

當(dāng)我們確定要找的題目中的詞不認(rèn)識(shí)時(shí)，我們只能找到它在原文中的原詞重或詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。大家可以在背單詞時(shí)留心一下詞綴部分，不用去背名詞后綴有什么，動(dòng)詞后綴有什么，你只需要逆向看到這個(gè)后綴能聯(lián)系到題目中的詞即可。

4邏輯詞的替換

主要考察四種邏輯：因果，并列，轉(zhuǎn)折，否定，考察的較少，但是也偶爾會(huì)成為出題點(diǎn)

因果：because → for，as，since，result in，therefore，contribute  to，breed……“因?yàn)椤薄皩?dǎo)致”都含有一個(gè) 因果關(guān)系的替換，有因就有果。

并列：and → as well as， first… second… third…，range from…to…

轉(zhuǎn)折：but → however，despite， although

“盡管”“但是” 都有一個(gè)讓步轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯，比如：雖然你長(zhǎng)得丑，但是你想得美啊。在英語中出現(xiàn)了although則不會(huì)出現(xiàn)but，

否定：not → 如果題目中有否定詞，經(jīng)常可以拿來優(yōu)先尋找，因?yàn)槿拇蠖嗍强隙ň?，少?shù)是否定句，會(huì)更加好尋找一些，比如：lack、 vanish、  in need of、little、fail to, 以及有l(wèi)ess、free等否定后綴的詞。

雅思閱讀摘要題講解--Johnson’s Dictionary

Johnson’s Dictionary

For the century before Johnson's Dictionary was published in 1775, there  had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard  way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some  order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.

There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these  being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray,  published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall’ of hard usuall English  wordes'. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth  century, Cawdray's tended to concentrated on ‘scholarly’ words; one function of  the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine  learning.

Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of  dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were  anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer - lexical as  well as social and commercial, It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson,  the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time  as in ours, should have Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an  'old crazy deal table.surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. He was also  helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in  preparation.

The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a  library to hand). Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and  illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English  writing on every subject from the Elizabethans to his own time. He did not  expect to achieve complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on  the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic  synthesis. In fact it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson  treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different  shades of meaning. He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common  law -according to precedent. After its publication, his Dictionary was not  seriously rivalled for over a century.

After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April  1775. It was instantly recognised as a landmark throughout Europe. This very  noble work.' wrote the leading Italian lexicographer. 'will be a perpetual  monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and  a general Benefit to Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that  forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French  national dictionary) was cause for much English celebration.

Johnson had worked for nine years, ‘with little assistance of the learned,  and without any patronage of the great not in the soft obscurities of  retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience  and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’. For all its faults and  eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own  words, 'setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the  structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words'. It is the  cornerstone of Standard English, an achievement which, in James Boswell's  words,' conferred stability on the language of his country'.

The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so  well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to  offer him a pension. From then on, he was to become the Johnson of folklore.

Questions 4-7

Complete the summary.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS front the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet.

In 1764 Dr Johnson accepted the contract to produce a dictionary. Having  rented a garret, he took on a number of 4................. , who stood at a long  central desk. Johnson did not have a 5..............available to him, but  eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000 words written down in 80  large notebooks. On publication, the Dictionary was immediately hailed in many  European countries as a landmark. According to his biographer, James Boswell,  Johnson's principal achievement was to bring 6................to the English  language. As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a 7................by  the king.

長(zhǎng)難句練習(xí)：

1. Beyond the practical need to make orders out of chaos, the rise of  dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English rniddle class, who were  anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer-lexical as well  as social and commercial.

參考譯文：除了規(guī)范英語混亂狀態(tài)的實(shí)際需要外，英語字典的興盛也與英國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的興起有關(guān)。這些中產(chǎn)階級(jí)渴望對(duì)各種要征服的壞境進(jìn)行定義和約束、包括詞匯環(huán)境、社會(huì)環(huán)境和商業(yè)環(huán)境。

知識(shí)點(diǎn):

circumscribe：限制;約束

①The President's power is circumscribed by Congress and the Supreme  Court.總統(tǒng)的權(quán)利受到國(guó)會(huì)和最高法院的限制。

②Travel is only one of many instances of circumscribed  existence.旅行只不過是生活中受到限制的許多事件之一。

2. After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for  over a century.

參考譯文：約翰遜的字典出版后，在長(zhǎng)達(dá)一個(gè)多世紀(jì)的時(shí)間里，都沒有出現(xiàn)一本真正能與其相媲美的字典。

知識(shí)點(diǎn)：

rival:

1)與……競(jìng)爭(zhēng) rival sb. for priority與某人爭(zhēng)奪優(yōu)先權(quán)

2)與……匹敵;比得上

No one can rival him in eloquence.沒人能敵得過他的口才。

The college' s facilities rival those of Havard and  Yale.這所大學(xué)的設(shè)施可以與哈佛、耶魯?shù)南噫敲馈?/p>

雅思閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)真題解析-Agriculture and Tourism

A

Linkages between the Agri-Food Sector and Tourism offer significant  opportunities for the development of both sectors within the region. These  linkages could lead to ensuring the sustainability (可持續(xù)性) of the region's  tourism product thus ensuring it preservation. Agriculture and tourism — two of  Wisconsin's most industries — are teaming up in southwestern Wisconsin  (美國(guó)，威斯康辛州). A pilot project has found that tourists, rural communities, and some  farmers could benefit from stronger efforts to promote and market agricultural  tourism there. In 1990, agricultural tourism project members surveyed 290  visitors to the annual Monroe Cheese Festival and 164 visitors to the Picnic on  the Farm, a one-time event held in Platteville in conjunction with the Chicago  Bears summer training camp. More than one-half of those surveyed responded  favorably to a proposed tour, saying they would be interested in participating  in some type of agricultural tour in southwestern Wisconsin. Survey respondents  reported that they would prefer to visit cheese factories, sausage processing  plants, dairy farms, and historical farm sites, as well as enjoy an  old-fashioned picnic dinner. The study also found strong interest in visiting  specialty farms (strawberries, cranberries, poultry, etc.). More than 75 percent  of the Cheese Day visitors planned ahead for the trip, with 37 percent planning  at least two months in advance.

B

More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for two- or three-day  visits. Many stopped at other communities on their way to Cheese Days. Visitor  at both events indicated that they were there to enjoy themselves and were  willing to spend money on food and arts and crafts. They also wanted the  opportunity to experience the "country" while there. The study found that  planning around existing events should take into account what brought visitors  to the area and provide additional attractions that will appeal to them. For  example, visitors to Cheese Days said they were on a holiday and appeared to be  more open to various tour proposals. Picnic visitors came specifically to see  the Chicago Bears practice They showed less interest in a proposed agricultural  tour than Cheese Day visitors, but more interest in a picnic dinner.

C

The study identified three primary audiences for agricultural tourism: 1)  elderly people who take bus tours to see the country; 2) families interested in  tours that could be enjoyed by both parents and children; and 3) persons already  involved in agriculture, including international visitors. Agricultural tourism  can serve to educate urban tourists about the problems and challenges facing  farmers, says Andy Lewis, Grant county community development agent. While  agriculture is vital to Wisconsin, more and more urban folk are becoming  isolated from the industry. In fact, Lewis notes, farmers are just as interested  in the educational aspects of agricultural tours as they are in any financial  returns.

D

“Farmers feel that urban consumers are out of touch with farming,"Lewis  says. "If tourists can be educated on issues that concern farmers, those visits  could lead to policies more favorable to agriculture." Animal rights and the  environment are examples of two issues that concern both urban consumers and  farmers. Farm tours could help consumers get the farmer's perspective on these  issues, Lewis notes. Several Wisconsin farms already offer some type of learning  experience for tourists. However, most agricultural tourism enterprises  currently market their businesses independently, leading to a lack of a  concerted effort to promote agricultural tourism as an industry.

E

Lewis is conducting the study with Jean Murphy, assistant community  development agent. Other participants include UW-Platteville Agricultural  Economist Bob Acton, the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems.  UW-Extension Recreation Resources Center, the Wisconsin Rural Development  Center, and Hidden Valleys, a Southwestern Wisconsin regional tourism  organization. This past fall. Murphy organized several workshops with some Green  and Grant County farmers, local business leaders, and motor coach tour operators  to discuss how best to organize and put on farm tours. Committees were formed to  look at the following: tour site evaluations, inventory of the area's resources,  tour marketing, and familiarization of tours. The fourth committee is organizing  tours for people such as tour bus guides and local reporters to help better  educate them about agricultural tourism. Green County farmers already have  experience hosting visitors during the annual Monroe Cheese Days. Green county  Tourism Director Larry Lindgren says these farmers are set to go ahead with more  formal agricultural tours next year. The tours will combine a farm visit with a  visit to a local cheese factory and a picnic lunch.

F

Another farm interested in hosting an organized tour is Sinsinawa, a  200-acre Grant County farm devoted to sustainable agriculture and run by the  Dominican Sisters. Education plays a major role at the farm, which has an  orchard, dairy and beef cows, and hogs. Farm tours could be combined with other  activities in the area such as trips to the Mississippi River and/or visits to  historical towns or landmarks, Lewis says. The project will help expose farmers  to the tourism industry and farm vacations as a way to possibly supplement  incomes, he adds. While farm families probably wouldn't make a lot of money  through farm tours, they would be compensated for their time, says Lewis.

G

Farmers could earn additional income through the sale of farm products,  crafts, and recreational activities. Below are results from the 1990 survey of  Monroe Cheese Days and Picnic on the Farm visitors .

Question 1-4

The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

1. About half of all the tourists would spend several days in Monroe.

2. Most visitors responded positively to a survey project on farm tour.

3. Cooperation across organizations in research for agriculture tours has  been carried out.

4. Agriculture tour assist tourists to understand more issues concerning  animal and environment.

Question 5-9

Which of following statements belongs to the visitor categories in the  box

Please choose A, B or C for each question.

Write the correct letter A, B or C, in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

A Cheese Festival Visitors

B Picnic visitors

C Both of them

5. have focused destination.

6. majority prepare well before going beforehand.

7. were comparably less keen on picnic meal.

8. show interest in activities such as visiting factory tour and fruit.

9. are willing to accept a variety of tour recommendation.

Question 10-14

Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using  no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your  answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.

Through farm tour, visitors can better understand significant issues such  as 10 and environment. In autumn, Murphy organised 11 and bring other  participants together to develop local tour market. Larry Lindgren said the  farmers already had experience of farm tours with factory visiting and a 12 In  Sinsinawa, a large area of the farmland contains an orchard, cow etc which is  managed and operated by 13 ; Lewis said the project will probably bring extra 14  for local farmers.

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：

參考答案：

體裁

論說文

題目

農(nóng)業(yè)和旅游

結(jié)構(gòu)

A段-農(nóng)業(yè)跟旅游之間的關(guān)系，以美國(guó)威斯康辛州州的西南部為例，論述了關(guān)于農(nóng)業(yè)旅游業(yè)帶來的影響。

B段-一類人喜歡平民化的風(fēng)土人情。

C段-另一類人希望能夠在旅游之余參加更多的活動(dòng)。

D段-當(dāng)?shù)匕傩赵庥霭l(fā)展的問題-動(dòng)物權(quán)利和環(huán)境問題。

E段-研究建議一體化的農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)中心，成立委員會(huì)有效地進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目評(píng)估，最好的組織農(nóng)業(yè)旅游。

F段-把旅游和其他活動(dòng)聯(lián)系起來作為增收的方式。

G段-農(nóng)民可以獲得額外收入。

Version 22307 主題 農(nóng)業(yè)旅游

1

B

2

A

3

E

4

D

5

B

6

A

7

A

8

C

9

A

10

Animal  rights

11

workshops

12

picnic （lunch）

13

Dominican  Sisters

14

incomes