雅思閱讀摘要題題型5大解題步驟講解
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雅思閱讀摘要題題型5大解題步驟講解
題型特點(diǎn)
字?jǐn)?shù)限制? 一般回答最多不超過(guò)3個(gè)詞。
題型特點(diǎn)? 考查范圍分部分考查與全文考查。文章摘要題有可能是對(duì)文章局部?jī)?nèi)容的考查，比如某一段或某幾段，也有可能是對(duì)整篇文章的考查。
順序原則? 題目順序與題目答案在原文中出現(xiàn)的順序一致。
答案特點(diǎn)? 答案多為名詞性原詞重現(xiàn)。所謂名詞性是指名詞性質(zhì)的詞，包括名詞與動(dòng)名詞;而原詞重現(xiàn)是說(shuō)答案均為原文的文字，不需要對(duì)詞形或詞性等做變更或更改。
解題步驟
①明確字?jǐn)?shù)限制
?表格填空題解題過(guò)程中，考生必須培養(yǎng)第一步看字?jǐn)?shù)限制的習(xí)慣。
②空格詞性預(yù)判
? 根據(jù)空格前后的詞性進(jìn)行判斷，
? 如adj+(n)，n+(n)，v+(n)等結(jié)構(gòu);
? 也可根據(jù)句子成分進(jìn)行判斷，
? 如空格為主語(yǔ)成分，基本為名詞，表語(yǔ)成分基本為形容詞
? 定位關(guān)鍵詞
并分析定位句?找到空格所在句子的關(guān)鍵詞，并定位到文中相應(yīng)位置對(duì)定位句進(jìn)行分析。
?注意空格所在句子中關(guān)鍵詞與原文中的關(guān)鍵詞替換;或空格所在句子的關(guān)鍵詞是對(duì)原文定位句的同義概括。
? 理解原文與題干的同意替換
? 詞語(yǔ)的替換，即詞與詞之間的替換
? 短語(yǔ)的替換，即短語(yǔ)之間的替換
? 句子的替換，即句子之間的互換
? 展開(kāi)陳述形式，即以解釋的方式來(lái)詮釋某個(gè)詞、短語(yǔ)或概念
? 填出答案
? 結(jié)合關(guān)鍵句和行列信息得出應(yīng)該填寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容。
雅思閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)真題解析-The Success of Cellulose
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below.
A
Not too long ago many investors made the bet that renewable fuels from bio- mass would be the next big thing in energy. Converting corn, sugarcane and soybeans into ethanol or diesel-type fuels lessens our nation's dependence on oil imports while cutting carbon dioxide emissions. But already the nascent industry faces challenges. Escalating demand is hiking food prices while farmers clear rain-forest habitats to grow fuel crops. And several recent studies say that certain biofuel-production processes either fail to yield net energy gains or release more carbon dioxide than they use.
B
A successor tier of start-up ventures aims to avoid those problems. Rather than focusing on the starches, sugars and fats of food crops, many of the prototype bioethanol processes work with lignocellulose, the "woody" tissue that strengthens the cell walls of plants, says University of Massachusetts Amherst chemical engineer George W. Huber. Although the cellulose breaks down less easily than sugars and starches and thus requires a complex series of enzyme-driven chemical reactions, its use opens the industry to nonfood plant feed- stocks such as agricultural wastes, wood chips and switchgrass. But no company has yet demonstrated a cost-competitive industrial process for making cellulosic biofuels.
C
So scientists and engineers are working on dozens of possible biofuel-processing routes, reports Charles Wyman, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Riverside, who is a founder of Mascoma Corporation in Cambridge, Mass., a leading developer of cellulosic ethanol processing." There's no miracle process out there," he remarks. And fine-tuning a process involves considerable money and time. "The oil companies say that it takes 10 years to fully commercialize an industrial processing route," warns Huber, who has contributed some thermochemical techniques to another biomass start-up, Virent Energy Systems in Madison, Wis.
D
One promising biofuel procedure that avoids the complex enzymatic chemistry to break down cellulose is now being explored by Coskata in Warrenville, III, a firm launched in 2006 by high-profile investors and entrepreneurs (General Motors recently took a minority stake in it as well). In the Coskata operation, a conventional gasification system will use heat to turn various feedstocks into a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called syngas, says Richard Tobey, vice president of Engineering and R&D The ability to handle multiple plant feedstocks would boost the flexibility of the overall process because each region in the country has access to certain feedstocks but not others.
E
Instead of using thermochemical methods to convert the syngas to fuel—a process that can be significantly more costly because of the added expense of pressurizing gases, according to Tobey—the Coskata group chose a biochemical route. The group focused on five promising strains of ethanol-excreting bacteria that Ralph Tanner, a microbiologist at the University of Oklahoma, had discovered years before in the oxygen-free sediments of a swamp. These anaerobic bugs make ethanol by voraciously consuming syngas.
F
The "heart and soul of the Coskata process," as Tobey puts it, is the bioreactor in which the bacteria live. "Rather than searching for food in the fermentation mash in a large tank, our bacteria wait for the gas to be delivered to them," he explains. The firm relics on plastic tubes, the filter-fabric straws as thin as human hair. The syngas flows through the straws, and water is pumped across their exteriors. The gases diffuse across the selective membrane to the bacteria embedded in the outer surface of the tubes, which permits no water inside. "We get efficient mass transfer with the tubes, which is not easy," Tobey says. "Our data suggest that in an optimal setting we could get 90 percent of the energy value of the gases into our fuel." After the bugs eat the gases, they release ethanol into the surrounding water. Standard distillation or filtration techniques could extract the alcohol from the water.
G
Coskata researchers estimate that their commercialized process could deliver ethanol at under $1 per gallon-less than half of today's $2-per-gaIlon wholesale price, Tobey claims. Outside evaluators a Argonne National Laboratory measured the input-output "energy balance" of the Coskata process and found that, optimally, it can produce 7.7 times as much energy in the end product as it takes to make it.
H
The company plans to construct a 40,000-gallon-a-year pilot plant near the GM test track in Milford, Mich., by the end of this year and hopes to build a full- scale, 100-million-gallon-a-year plant by 2011. Coskata may have some company by then; Bioengineering Resources in Fayetteville, Ark., is already developing what seems to be a similar three-step pathway in which syngas is consumed by bacteria isolated by James Gaddy, a retired chemical engineer at the University of Arkansas. Considering the advances in these and other methods, plant cellulose could provide the greener ethanol everyone wants.
Questions 1-6
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once
A. George W. Huber
B. James Gaddy
C. Richard Tobey
D. Charles Wyman
1. A key component to gain the success lies in the place where the organisms survive.
2. Engaged in separating fixed procedures to produce ethanol in a homologous biochemical way.
3. Assists to develop certain skills.
4. It needs arduous efforts to achieve highly efficient transfer.
5. There is no shortcut to expedite the production process.
6. A combination of chemistry and biology can considerably lower the cost needed for the production company.
Questions 7-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
7. A shift from conventionally targeted areas of the vegetation to get ethanol takes place.
8. It takes a considerably long way before a completely mature process is reached.
9. The Coskata group sees no bright future for the cost advantage available in the production of greener ethanol.
10. Some enterprises are trying to buy the shares of Coskata group.
Questions 11-13
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using No More than Three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
Tobey has noticed that the Coskata process can achieve a huge success because it utilises 11 as the bioreactor on whose exterior surface the bactcria take the syngas going through the coated 12 to produce the ethanol into the water outside which researchers will later 13 by certain techniques. The figures show a pretty high percentage of energy can be transferred into the fuel which is actually very difficult to be achieved.
文章題目：纖維素的成功
篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
體裁
論說(shuō)文
題目
纖維素的成功
結(jié)構(gòu)
A段：可再生生物燃料面臨挑戰(zhàn)
B段：制作原型乙醇可以依靠纖維素
C段：生物燃料加工過(guò)程的微調(diào)需要花費(fèi)大量時(shí)間和金錢(qián)
D段：Coskata公司將利用氣化系統(tǒng)用熱量把原料轉(zhuǎn)化為singas
E段：由于熱化學(xué)方法成本高，C
oskata公司選擇生化途徑
F段：利用singas生產(chǎn)乙醇的過(guò)程
G段：Coskata公司的商業(yè)化使得乙醇提取成本降低，產(chǎn)出能量提高
H段：植物纖維素制造乙醇前景廣闊
試題分析
Question 1-。。。
題目類(lèi)型：LIST OF HEADINGS
題號(hào)
定位詞
文中對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)
題目解析
1
bacteria
F段第一句
F段第一句說(shuō)”the heart and soul of the Coskata process” as Tobey puts it, is the bioreactor in which the bacteria live,意思是Coskata process（指的是利用singas生產(chǎn)乙醇）的核心在于細(xì)菌得以生存的生物反應(yīng)器，選項(xiàng)中說(shuō)獲取成功的主要因素存在于organism所生存的地方，這個(gè)地方指的就是bioreactor.
因此，本答案為C
2
Similar
H段第三句
H段第二句提到了James Gaddy已經(jīng)開(kāi)始開(kāi)發(fā)類(lèi)似的通過(guò)三步細(xì)菌就會(huì)消耗singas生產(chǎn)乙醇的過(guò)程，原句is already developing what seems to be a similar three-step pathway ......中的similar就是和題目中的homologous是同義替換。
因此，本答案為B
3
techniques
F段倒數(shù)一二三句
F段說(shuō)Tobey認(rèn)為利用singas生產(chǎn)乙醇的過(guò)程依賴(lài)于一種吸管，通過(guò)這種導(dǎo)管使得大量氣體得到有效傳導(dǎo)，等細(xì)菌消化完singas就會(huì)釋放乙醇，通過(guò)distillation 和filtration techniques可以提取乙醇。這些導(dǎo)管，以及蒸餾，過(guò)濾技術(shù)都是一些assists.
所以，本答案選C
4
Less easily
B段第三四句
B段中提到Humber認(rèn)為乙醇的制作由糧食中的淀粉，糖類(lèi)等轉(zhuǎn)移到纖維素，但是纖維素的分解不太容易，需要復(fù)雜的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，而且目前沒(méi)有一家公司具備生產(chǎn)成本優(yōu)勢(shì)，所以要想實(shí)現(xiàn)更高效的轉(zhuǎn)化，需要付出艱苦的努力。
因此，本答案為A
5
No miracle，considerable time
C段第二、三句
C段中Charles Wyman提出了”there is no miracle process out there”也就是說(shuō)，沒(méi)有奇跡般的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，和there is no shortcut to expedite the production process表達(dá)的意思一致，no miracle意味著no shortcut。而且，后面一句and fine-tuning a process involves considerable time and money也指出了微調(diào)的過(guò)程需要大量時(shí)間和金錢(qián)，也說(shuō)明了沒(méi)有捷徑加速生產(chǎn)過(guò)程
因此，本答案為D
6
Costly, biochemical
E段第一句
E段中剛開(kāi)始Tobey就提出了用thermochemical的方法把singas轉(zhuǎn)化為燃料是more costly的，之后又提到Coskata group chose a biochemical route，說(shuō)明biochemical的方法會(huì)降低成本。此句話中的biochemical和選項(xiàng)里的a combination of chemistry and biology是同義轉(zhuǎn)換的。
因此，本答案選C
參考答案：
Version 18106 主題 纖維素的成功
1
C
2
B
3
C
4
A
5
D
6
C
7
TRUE
8
TRUE
9
FALSE
10
NOT GIVEN
11
plastic tubes/ the filter-fabric straws
12
the selective membrane
13
extract
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雅思閱讀摘要題題型5大解題步驟講解
