雅思閱讀定位難怎么辦
如果你能提高自己的雅思閱讀速度，那么你就贏了一半。今天小編給大家?guī)砹恕⊙潘奸喿x答疑解惑之閱讀定位難怎么辦，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
雅思閱讀答疑解惑：閱讀定位難怎么辦
雅思閱讀定位詞選取總規(guī)則
在雅思閱讀的定位中，我們主要是通過定位詞來確定題目對應(yīng)的文章具體部分，其原因在于簡短精確，節(jié)省時間，畢竟雅思閱讀文章篇幅很長，閱讀量大，一個小時的時間對于大多數(shù)烤鴨們來講實在不算充裕。
那么如何選取定位詞?
首先，選取定位詞需要遵循一個總的原則，即——以名詞為主。
在此提醒烤鴨們不要忘記了雅思閱讀考試的核心是同義替換，從考試核心出發(fā)，名詞在各類詞性中意思相對唯一且明確，也因此不容易出現(xiàn)替換，所以在選取定位詞的過程中，首先需要尋找的便是名詞。
當(dāng)然這并不表示所有的名詞都可以用作定位詞。我們首先選取名詞作為定位詞的原因是其意思相對唯一明確，不易替換，但是名詞中有一類是不符合這個特點的——抽象名詞。
抽象名詞可以舉出很多例 子， 諸 如 reason，idea，definition… 我 們 以definition 為例，definition 的意思是“定義，解釋”，一篇文章中可能會出現(xiàn)對多個專家學(xué)者對某一特定現(xiàn)象的解釋或闡釋，那么在這篇文章中，每一個學(xué)者說過的話，都是一個“definition”，如此一來，如果我們選擇某一題目中的“definition”作為定位詞，那么該題目便無法對應(yīng)到文章中的具體部分，顯然就無法進(jìn)一步解答了。
因此，在定位詞的選取上，我們要遵循名詞為主的總原則，但是要排除掉名詞中的抽象名詞一類。
尋找特殊詞
在以名詞為主的總原則下，我們要進(jìn)一步睜大我們的眼睛，去發(fā)現(xiàn)題目中的“特殊詞”。那么何為“特殊詞”?常見的“特殊詞”又有哪些?
(1)以大寫、斜體形式出現(xiàn)的詞
雅思閱讀中會有字體上的差異，大多數(shù)情況下，如果我們在題目中讀到了以大寫或是斜體形式出現(xiàn)的單詞，這些詞因其“外形”上的與眾不同，值得我們格外留意，一般來講，這類詞是適合選擇的定位詞。
(2)數(shù)字
眾所周知，英文里的數(shù)字相對來講拼寫繁瑣，所以大多數(shù)情況下，閱讀中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)字都是以阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字形式出現(xiàn)的，包括百分?jǐn)?shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)等等，也因此數(shù)字在大多數(shù)情況下在一堆英文字母里就顯得格外突出啦!所以，一般來講，數(shù)字同樣也是適合選作定位的“特殊詞”之一。
(3)時間
雅思閱讀中涉及到的時間非常多，大到世紀(jì)，小到分秒。時間同樣是一類適合選擇作為定位詞的“特殊詞”。時間的特性之一便是其唯一性，而這恰恰符合我們選擇定位詞的要求，諸如 1985、二十世紀(jì)等都是唯一且確定的時間，同樣容易發(fā)現(xiàn)，且不易替換。更不用說年份這類詞嘗嘗是以阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字形式出現(xiàn)的，就更加顯眼了!
(4)人名
學(xué)術(shù)類閱讀中常常涉及各類專家、學(xué)者，因此人名同樣是出鏡頻率較高的一類“特殊詞”。人名出現(xiàn)需要大寫，且拼寫方式明顯與其他詞不同，烤鴨們最頭疼的替換問題更是完全不需要擔(dān)心!因此，一般情況下，人名同樣是題目中適合作為定位詞的“特殊詞”。
雅思閱讀特殊詞的特殊情況
首先看題目中有無“特殊詞”的原因是其顯眼好找，且不易替換的特性。“不易替換”
當(dāng)然不等于“不會替換”，考官們在“特殊詞”上，也會想盡辦法，企圖難倒眾烤鴨們。
例如數(shù)字上容易出現(xiàn)特殊情況的百分?jǐn)?shù)?！秳蜓潘?7》Test 2 Passage 3 的第 34題 ：
“The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.”中選擇“20%”作為定位詞，而回到文章中卻根本沒有發(fā)現(xiàn) 20% 這個數(shù)字，實際上就是考官耍了一個小trick，20% outside 在文章中變成了 80% within。
所以，當(dāng)用百分?jǐn)?shù) X 作為定位詞沒有找到對應(yīng)時，我們要去尋找 1-X。
沒有特殊詞怎么辦?
要始終堅信，考官是冷酷無情的!他們是不會輕易放過烤鴨們的，所以大多數(shù)情況下，只有少部分題目中會出現(xiàn)上述容易定位的“特殊詞”。在沒有“特殊詞”的情況下，我們需要選擇普通詞作為主要定位詞。
首先，普通詞定位同樣是建立在詞性原則基礎(chǔ)上的，即以名詞為主。
其次，我們在選取普通定位詞的時候，重點是關(guān)注一道題目中的主語名詞和賓語名詞。
一般情況下，我們以主語名詞為主，賓語名詞為輔。原因在于主語名詞中的“主”字，其重要性已經(jīng)不言而喻，所以一道沒有“特殊詞”的題目，我們首先應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)注主語名詞。
但是，當(dāng)賓語名詞與主語名詞相比，賓語名詞是一個更加不熟悉、不常見，甚至完全不認(rèn)識的詞時，賓語名詞就一躍成為了主要定位詞。原因有兩點：
(1)該詞在文章中的對應(yīng)性很強，有可能僅在此文中出現(xiàn)并進(jìn)行專門討論。
(2)該詞本身就是一個專有名詞，那么該詞就從一個所謂的“普通詞”變成了不易，甚至是無法替換的“特殊詞”。
例 如， 劍 7 Test 1 Passage 2 中 第 22 題：
“Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation systems.”中的“irrigation systems”，即灌溉系統(tǒng)一詞，大多數(shù)烤鴨初看該詞并不知道其準(zhǔn)確意思，但是它屬于要以賓語名詞為主的情況，且本身就是一個專有名詞，文中該詞也是以原詞形式出現(xiàn)的。
同樣的情況也適用于第 26 題：
“In the future, governments should maintain ownership of water infrastructures.”的“infrastructures”一詞。
所以，當(dāng)沒有“特殊詞”，而只能選用普通詞定位時，我們需要將題目中的主語名詞和賓語名詞選出并比較，一般情況下以主語名詞為主，賓語名詞為輔;當(dāng)賓語名詞更加不熟悉、不常見，甚至完全不認(rèn)識時，以賓語名詞為主要定位詞。同時需要提出的是，普通詞定位大概率會出現(xiàn)同義替換，要想做到精確定位，除了掌握好定位原則之外，還需要在同義詞上多下功夫!
總之，掌握雅思閱讀定位的技巧并不能夠一蹴而就。還需要各位考鴨在平時的閱讀訓(xùn)練中多加注意和練習(xí)。同時，雅思閱讀的定位技巧一定是靈活運用的，適當(dāng)?shù)淖兺?，不要花太多時間糾結(jié).
雅思閱讀考試模擬試練習(xí)題及答案解析
Time to cool it
From The Economist print edition
1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.
2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.
3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.
4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.
5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.
6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃, they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.
7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.
8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.
9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.
(830 words)
Questions 1-5
Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.
Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
A. Apple
B. IBM
C. Intel
D. Alex Mischenko
E. Ali Shakouri
F. Rama Venkatasubramanian
1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.
2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.
3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.
4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.
5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.
Questions 6-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage
FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.
7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.
8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.
9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.
Question 10
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.
10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect?
A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.
B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.
C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.
D. None of the above.
Questions 11-14
Complete the notes below.
Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.
Key and Explanations:
1. D
See Paragraph 3: ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...
2. C
See Paragraph 5: The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.
3. F
See Paragraph 8: ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.
4. E
See Paragraph 8: Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.
5. B
See Paragraph 9: To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.
6. TRUE
See Paragraph 2: ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.
7. FALSE
See Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges?
8. FALSE
See Paragraph 5: Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.
9. NOT GIVEN
See Paragraph 9: In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.
10. D
See Paragraph 6: Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.
11. heat
See Paragraph 1: Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.
12. paraelectric
See Paragraph 3: Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.
13. thermoelectric
See Paragraph 7: ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.
14. radiator
See Paragraph 9: The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.
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