雅思閱讀邏輯關(guān)系解讀
劍雅真題實(shí)例解析 ,雅思閱讀邏輯關(guān)系,一起來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
劍雅真題實(shí)例解析 ,雅思閱讀邏輯關(guān)系
在雅思閱讀的比較邏輯關(guān)系中，比較級(jí)是常見的論證方式，但是類比和對(duì)比也是英語文章中非常常見的論證手段，一般涉及到單個(gè)事物或若干個(gè)事物之間的比較，但這兩種方法卻有著本質(zhì)上的不同。
類比(compare)強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)對(duì)象的相似點(diǎn)，比如A和B的相同點(diǎn)是什么。而對(duì)比(contrast)則強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)對(duì)象的不同點(diǎn)，比如A很高B卻很低。
接下來，讓我們從劍橋真題中看看，有哪些考點(diǎn)會(huì)涉及到類比和對(duì)比。
類比連接詞
similarly, be similar to, as, like, alike，likewise, corresponding to, equal, identical, same, by the same token, the same is true of , in the same way, resemble，agree，share，harmony，compare to/with …, comparable
例題1 題目 C521 Q1 填空
Some plastics behave in a similar way to __________ in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms.
文章 P2
Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can be reshaped.
翻譯 ：
有些塑料是“熱塑型”的，這意味著，它們像蠟燭一樣，會(huì)在加熱時(shí)會(huì)融化，然后就可以重新塑形。
解析：
定位后，利用題中類比詞in a similar way to, 可以找到文中對(duì)應(yīng)詞like, 也就是統(tǒng)一替換，答案就是candlewax了。
例題2 題目 C442 Q27 填空
However, as archaeologists do not try to influence human behaviour, the writer compares their style of working to that of a __________.
文章 Last Paragraph：
The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data…
翻譯 ：
另一方面，考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)的這些物體本身并沒有告訴我們什么。 從這個(gè)方面說來，考古學(xué)家的實(shí)踐經(jīng)歷跟科學(xué)家非常像，他們收集數(shù)據(jù)，操作實(shí)驗(yàn)，制定假說，用假說檢驗(yàn)更多的數(shù)據(jù)。
解析：
審題時(shí)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注題中類比詞compare ... to …，定位后，可以找到文中替換詞rather like, 答案即 scientist。
例題3 題目 C10’11 Q11 表格填空
Looks more like a __________ than a well.
文章 ：
It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of step well architecture, including four sides of steps that decend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation.
翻譯 ：
它實(shí)際上長的像一個(gè)水庫(kund意味著水庫或池塘)而不是一個(gè)井，但卻展示了梯井結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)，包括下降到底部的四個(gè)階梯面，這四面擁有著絕美的幾何對(duì)稱圖案。
解析：
審題時(shí)關(guān)注類比詞like，定位后，發(fā)現(xiàn)resemble，意思相當(dāng)于look like, 答案呼之欲出 tank.
.對(duì)比連接詞
while, however, nevertheless，otherwise，whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, conversely, unlike，different, incompatible, conflicting, change, vary, in opposition to, distinguish...from.. ，be distinct from sth…
例題1 題目 C10’23 Q37 判斷
The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
文章 ：
Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to discovering the meaning of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in perfect harmony with the museum’s function.
翻譯 ：
因此，主流的批判方法成為藝術(shù)史學(xué)家的批判方式，這是一種專門的學(xué)術(shù)方法，致力于發(fā)現(xiàn)在當(dāng)時(shí)的文化背景下藝術(shù)的意義。這與博物館的功能達(dá)到了完美一致。
解析：
審題時(shí)獲取考點(diǎn)詞conflict，正是對(duì)比連接詞，定位后發(fā)現(xiàn)in harmony with，意思是“與……協(xié)調(diào)、一致”，所以二者并非矛盾，而是一致的，因此答案選NO。
例題2 題目 C11’32 Q18 判斷
Dingle’s aim is to distinguish between the migratory behaviours of different species.
文章 ：
The value of his definition, Dingle argues, is that it focuses attention on what the phenomenon of wildebeest migration shares with the phenomenon of the aphids, and therefore helps guide researchers towards understanding how evolution has produced them all.
翻譯 ：
Dingle認(rèn)為，他定義的價(jià)值在于它將注意力集中于在牛羚遷徙現(xiàn)象與蚜蟲遷徙現(xiàn)象的共同點(diǎn)上，因而有助于指導(dǎo)研究人員了解進(jìn)化是如何將它們制造出來的。
解析：
審題關(guān)注到判斷題對(duì)比詞aim is to distinguish， 定位后，對(duì)應(yīng)到原文中的focuses attention on，發(fā)現(xiàn)類比詞share，表示“共享，公用”，與題目的distinguish“區(qū)分”意思沖突，所以答案選擇FALSE。
一般來說，閱讀方面通過句子意思、句子關(guān)系、段落意思、段落關(guān)系的方法來理解文章的邏輯和要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)非常關(guān)鍵。
關(guān)于邏輯關(guān)系的利用在劍橋真題實(shí)例不勝枚舉，雅思閱讀當(dāng)中涉及到的比較級(jí)考點(diǎn)的題目還是很多的，建議大家在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候，認(rèn)真分析、總結(jié)并利用這些策略。
雅思閱讀模擬練習(xí)及答案
Rogue theory of smell gets a boost
1. A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.
2. Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.
3. That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.
4. "This is a big step forward," says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather than criticized."
5. Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.
6. But Turin argued that smell doesn't seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass).
7. Turin's explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.
8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.
9. Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. "The question is whether this is possible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.
10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin's idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, "I didn't believe it". But, he adds, "because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn't work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.
11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.
12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.
13. But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea. "So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification. We're beginning to think about what experiments could be performed."
14. Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. "At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations," he says. "Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition." At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.
雅思閱讀模擬練習(xí)及答案。
From The Economist print edition
How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales
1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.
2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.
3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.
4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.
5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.
6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.
7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.
Questions 1-6
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.
2. In shops， products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.
3. According to Mr. Usmani， with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.
4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store， shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.
5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high， other customers tend to follow them.
6. Using the “swarm-moves” model， shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.
Questions 7-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contraicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.
8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.
9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.
10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.
11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.
12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.
Answer keys：
1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)
2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行： Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)
3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)
4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)
5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)
6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)
7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短語 “get under way”的意思是“開始進(jìn)行”，在Wal-Mart的試驗(yàn)要等到春天才開始)
8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中沒有提及該信息)
9. 答案：YES。 (第5段第3 句：The reseachers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded， they followed the crowd.)
10. 答案：NO。 (第5段最后兩句：When the songs are not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的詞義是“顯著的、明顯的”)
11. 答案：YES。 (第6段第1 句：In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)
12. 答案：YES。 (最后一段最后一句：Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm. home應(yīng)該算是everyday life的一部分
雅思閱讀邏輯關(guān)系解讀相關(guān)文章：
