雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)之找小標(biāo)題heading題型復(fù)習(xí)攻略

雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)之找小標(biāo)題heading題型復(fù)習(xí)攻略的內(nèi)容主要為講解在雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)中，難點(diǎn)題型heading題的3個(gè)難點(diǎn)和破解的辦法。下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)之找小標(biāo)題heading題型復(fù)習(xí)攻略

雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)之找小標(biāo)題heading題型復(fù)習(xí)攻略為大家?guī)硌潘奸喿x中一種較為有難度的題型——尋找小標(biāo)題也就是heading題型的題型分析和復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)。。雅思閱讀中的heading題型就是給每一個(gè)段落找小標(biāo)題，簡單地說就是概括段落大意，并把相應(yīng)的段落大意和段落號(hào)碼進(jìn)行連線。今天我們主要講在復(fù)習(xí)這類題型時(shí)會(huì)遇到的難點(diǎn)和克服的辦法。

閱讀考試的各種題型中，heading是一類難度較大的題型，很多學(xué)生反映對(duì)于這類題型把握不準(zhǔn)，并且做題速度又很慢，一旦遇到考試中heading題的比例較大時(shí)，學(xué)生就會(huì)失去信心。那么，這種題究竟難在哪里呢?老師將heading題型的難度進(jìn)行了剖析，分析認(rèn)為其重點(diǎn)考查的難點(diǎn)分為以下幾個(gè)類別。

一、段落含義分層

閱讀文章中許多段落的含義并不是非常明顯和集中的，有些段落包含了很多層的含義，因此學(xué)生很難決定哪一層的含義可以代表整個(gè)段落，再加之上下文之間如果有過渡的內(nèi)容，使兩個(gè)相鄰段落看起來有重疊的含義，這樣就更難確定每一段的主旨了。

其實(shí)，段落含義的分層是表面現(xiàn)象，也就是說，看上去一個(gè)段落有幾層意思，其實(shí)這幾層意思是統(tǒng)一的：前文鋪墊、后文揭示出主旨;或者前文概括、后文進(jìn)一步解釋前文的內(nèi)容，這兩種是最常見的分層。大家只要根據(jù)段落的具體含義判斷是哪種分層，然后就不難找出段落的主旨了?？聪旅娴睦印?/p>

例1，ADVANTAGES OF PBLIC TRANSPORT，C段：

“There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther our where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use…”

在這一段中，大家能夠通過前幾句總結(jié)出三層含義：1. 人們普遍認(rèn)為財(cái)富的增長會(huì)促進(jìn)私家車的使用;2. 歐洲城市的例子反駁了這一觀點(diǎn);3. 歐洲城市比美國城市富裕，但是在歐洲城市，車輛的使用并沒有像美國城市一樣多。于是這一段給大家造成了總結(jié)主旨的困難。其實(shí)，如果大家看到以上三句話之間的聯(lián)系，就能體會(huì)到本段的主旨在于反駁第一句話的含義，后面的內(nèi)容都是用對(duì)比的方式來反駁第一句話，這樣，這一段看似分開的含義就集中在一起了。

例2，MAKETE INTEGRATED RURAL TRANSPORT PROJECT，E段：

“It would have been easy to criticize the MIRTP for using in the early phases a “top-down” approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.”

這個(gè)段落中，首句的前半句旨在說明top-down approach是被批評(píng)的，而后半句的轉(zhuǎn)折告訴我們信息：從地區(qū)政府向下推進(jìn)和實(shí)施的方法是有必要的，因此，我們看到這個(gè)段落在強(qiáng)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容，作者的主旨在于說明“應(yīng)該以政府為起點(diǎn)向下進(jìn)行”。

二、隱含匹配

隱含匹配的意思就是說，題目給出的所有heading與原文某段落的含義都不是明顯的一致，而是需要我們仔細(xì)推敲兩者之間的一致性，才能大膽地決定某一個(gè)heading適合這個(gè)段落。很多題目的概括性非常強(qiáng)，我們不能按照提及的個(gè)別關(guān)鍵詞來判斷，這樣一來，做題時(shí)間就會(huì)延長，所以隱含匹配是最難把握的。甚至有時(shí)候教師在講解題目時(shí)，告訴學(xué)生答案以后，學(xué)生仍然覺得不可思議，答案為什么和這個(gè)段落是一致的。

對(duì)于這種難點(diǎn)，建議考生只有在平時(shí)練習(xí)中準(zhǔn)確把握句意，進(jìn)而擴(kuò)展到準(zhǔn)確把握段落意義，才能判斷出段落和題目的匹配。例如，

MAKING EVERY DROP COUNT，H段：

“On the other hand, dams, aqueducts and other kinds of infrastructure will still have to be built, particularly in developing countries where basic human needs have not been met. But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.”

在這個(gè)段路中，通過轉(zhuǎn)折，我們可以確定文章的主旨在but后面。作者用了一系列的比較級(jí)形容詞來強(qiáng)調(diào)今后這些projects應(yīng)該比原來有所改進(jìn)。在題目給出的heading中，沒有任何一個(gè)體現(xiàn)了如何具體改進(jìn)今后的工程，因此考生會(huì)覺得題目難以選出。但是，如果我們看到了劃線的一系列比較級(jí)，我們可以把它們概括為：改進(jìn)以后比原來好了很多，也就是說，我們?cè)诮窈蟮墓こ讨?，要求和?biāo)準(zhǔn)提高了很多，這樣我們就選出了：The need to raise standards這個(gè)標(biāo)題。

三、題目干擾性強(qiáng)

一些題目干擾性非常強(qiáng)，有時(shí)候兩個(gè)heading看起來是十分相似的意思，甚至有一個(gè)的關(guān)鍵詞比另外一個(gè)(正確答案)更多或者更貼近這個(gè)段落，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生毫不猶豫地選擇關(guān)鍵詞多的那個(gè)heading，這種干擾也是令學(xué)生頭疼不解的難點(diǎn)。我們看下面的heading題：

Effects of irrigation on sedimentation

The danger of flooding the Cairo area

Causing pollution in the Mediterranean

這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都涉及了原文D段的關(guān)鍵詞(劃線部分)，雖然這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思并不一樣，但是都與原文有所關(guān)聯(lián)，因此其中存在干擾項(xiàng)，大家要根據(jù)原文D段的具體含義來選擇，而不能靠某一個(gè)或某幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞來選擇。

再比如，這兩個(gè)heading：The expansion of international tourism in recent years

Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there

這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)也看起來非常相似，因此學(xué)生們會(huì)忽略兩者的區(qū)別，其實(shí)兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)并不一樣，第一個(gè)講述的是expansion的過程;而第二個(gè)講的是expansion的原因。

綜上所述，提醒考生們?cè)谧鰄eading題時(shí)應(yīng)該注意這三個(gè)難點(diǎn)，不要單憑關(guān)鍵詞做題，要仔細(xì)推敲段落完整的含義，選項(xiàng)間的區(qū)別，以及段中句與句之間的關(guān)系，才能順利地做好這類題目。這種題型是比較耗時(shí)間的題，建議可以先做其他題型，最后做這個(gè)不影響其他題目順序的題型。

以上就是雅思閱讀復(fù)習(xí)之找小標(biāo)題heading題型復(fù)習(xí)攻略的所有內(nèi)容。從文中我們可以看出解答找小標(biāo)題題型還是有一定的方法和技巧的。如果有同學(xué)對(duì)這一類的題型有障礙，可以從劍雅題里面專門挑出找小標(biāo)題的題型按照上面的方法制定針對(duì)性的復(fù)習(xí)計(jì)劃。

雅思考試閱讀句子中的信號(hào)詞

A、表示順承和遞進(jìn)關(guān)系

例詞：also, apart from, besides, moreover, furthermore

例句：The Victorian style of heavily ornamented interiors prevailed in middle-class homes in England and the United States during the latter half of the 19th century. Moreover, in both countries, techniques of mass production promoted the use of reproductions in many different styles.

B、表示對(duì)比與轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

例詞：but, however, though, although, yet, nevertheless, on the other hand

例句：Education is the passport to modern life, and a pre-condition of national prosperity. But more than a quarter of the world’s adults cannot read or write, and more than 100 million young children are deprived of even a primary school education.

|C、表示相似關(guān)系

例詞：like, as, likewise, similar to, in the same way

例句：Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed.

|D、表示時(shí)間先后關(guān)系

例詞：now, later, before, after, since, when, first, second, next, at last, eventually, finally

例句：As the volunteers began to fall asleep, the electrodes detected the slow rolling eye movements which could be seen easily through their eyelids. Soon after, the volunteers fell deeper into sleep and their eyes became still.

E、表示排列次序

例詞：another, the second…even more…the most… the best… the least…

例句：This situation is compounded by yet another factor.

F、表示因果關(guān)系

例詞：as, because, for, since, owing to, thanks to, which in turn, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, hence

例句：As they became independent, most developing countries enthusiastically embraced education.

G、表示舉例或說明關(guān)系

例詞：that is to say, in other words, i. E. Such as, for example, for instance

例句：More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy.

以上對(duì)些雅思閱讀考試的備考要點(diǎn)及應(yīng)對(duì)策略進(jìn)行了較為全面的講解，同學(xué)們不妨加以參考，并根據(jù)以上給出的建議不斷優(yōu)化雅思閱讀的備考方法，提高備考效率，從而在雅思考試中發(fā)揮出更好的水平。

雅思考試閱讀材料：全球變暖問題

近日來，隨著溫室效應(yīng)的加劇，地球兩極的溫度也在逐年升高，下面這篇雅思閱讀材料就是關(guān)于全球變暖以及溫室效應(yīng)這個(gè)環(huán)境問題的，是非常不錯(cuò)的雅思閱讀材料。下面是詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，供大家參考，希望給大家?guī)韼椭?/p>

推薦雅思閱讀方法：首先快速閱讀全文，掌握文章大意，提高閱讀速度;再進(jìn)行精讀訓(xùn)練，學(xué)習(xí)其中的詞匯和語言的用法。

A Canary in the Coal Mine

The Arctic seems to be getting warmer. So what?

A. “Climate change in the Arctic is a reality now!” So insists Robert Corell, an oceanographer with the American Meteorological Society. Wild-eyed proclamations are all too common when it comes to global warming, but in this case his assertion seems well founded.

B. At first sight, the ACIA’s (American Construction Inspectors Association) report’s conclusions are not so surprising. After all, scientists have long suspected that several factors lead to greater temperature swings at the poles than elsewhere on the planet. One is albedo — the posh scientific name for how much sunlight is absorbed by a planet’s surface, and how much is reflected. Most of the Polar Regions are covered in snow and ice, which are much more reflective than soil or ocean. If that snow melts, the exposure of dark earth (which absorbs heat) acts as a feedback loop that accelerates warming. A second factor that makes the poles special is that the atmosphere is thinner there than at the equator, and so less energy is required to warm it up. A third factor is that less solar energy is lost in evaporation at the frigid poles than in the steamy tropics.

C. And yet the language of this week’s report is still eye-catching: “the Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on Earth.” The last authoritative assessment of the topic was done by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001. That report made headlines by predicting a rise in sea level of between 10cm (four inches) and 90cm, and a temperature rise of between 1.4°C and 5.8°C over this century. However, its authors did not feel confident in predicting either rapid polar warming or the speedy demise of the Greenland ice sheet. Pointing to evidence gathered since the IPCC report, this week’s report suggests trouble lies ahead.

D. The ACIA reckons that in recent decades average temperatures have increased almost twice as fast in the Arctic as they have in the rest of the world. Skeptics argue that there are places, such as the high latitudes of the Greenland ice sheet and some buoys at sea, where temperatures seem to have fallen. On the other hand, there are also places, such as parts of Alaska, where they have risen far faster than average. Robin Bell, a geophysicist at Columbia University who was not involved in the report’s compilation, believes that such conflicting local trends point to the value of the international, interdisciplinary approach of this week’s report. As he observes, “climate change, like the weather, can be patchy and you can get fooled unless you look at the whole picture.”

E. And there is other evidence of warming to bolster the ACIA’s case. For example, the report documents the widespread melting of glaciers and of sea ice, a trend already making life miserable for the polar bears and seals that depend on that ice. It also notes a shortening of the snow season. The most worrying finding, however, is the evidence — still preliminary — that the Greenland ice sheet may be melting faster than previously thought.

F. That points to one reason the world should pay attention to this week’s report. Like a canary in a coal mine, the hypersensitive Polar Regions may well experience the full force of global warming before the rest of the planet does. However, there is a second and bigger reason to pay attention. An unexpectedly rapid warming of the Arctic could also lead directly to greater climate change elsewhere on the planet.

G. Arctic warming may influence the global climate in several ways. One is that huge amounts of methane, a particularly potent greenhouse gas, are stored in the permafrost of the tundra. Although a thaw would allow forests to invade the tundra, which would tend to ameliorate any global warming that is going on (since trees capture carbon dioxide, the greenhouse gas most talked about in the context of climate change), a melting of the permafrost might also lead to a lot of trapped methane being released into the atmosphere, more than offsetting the cooling effects of the new forests.

H. Another worry is that Arctic warming will influence ocean circulation in ways that are not fully understood. One link in the chain is the salinity of seawater, which is decreasing in the north Atlantic thanks to an increase in glacial melt waters. “Because fresh water and salt water have different densities, this ‘freshening’ of the ocean could change circulation patterns.” said Dr. Thomson, a British climate expert. “The most celebrated risk is to the mid-Atlantic Conveyor Belt, a current which brings warm water from the tropics to north-western Europe, and which is responsible for that region’s unusually mild winters,” he added. Some of the ACIA’s experts are fretting over evidence of reduced density and salinity in waters near the Arctic that could adversely affect this current.

I. The biggest popular worry, though, is that melting Arctic ice could lead to a dramatic rise in sea level. Here, a few caveats are needed. For a start, much of the ice in the Arctic is floating in the sea already. Archimedes’s principle shows that the melting of this ice will make no immediate difference to the sea’s level, although it would change its albedo. Second, if land ice, such as that covering Greenland, does melt in large quantities, the process will take centuries. And third, although the experts are indeed worried that global warming might cause the oceans to rise, the main way they believe this will happen is by thermal expansion of the water itself.

J. Nevertheless, there is some cause for nervousness. As the ACIA researchers document, there are signs that the massive Greenland ice sheet might be melting more rapidly than was thought a few years ago. Cracks in the sheet appear to be allowing melt water to trickle to its base, explains Michael Oppenheimer, a climatologist at Princeton University who was not one of the report’s authors. That water may act as a lubricant, speeding up the sheet’s movement into the sea. If the entire sheet melted, the sea might rise by 6-7 meters. But when will this kind of disastrous ice disintegration really happen? While acknowledging it this century is still an unlikely outcome, Dr. Oppenheimer argues that the evidence of the past few years suggests it is more likely to happen over the next few centuries if the world does not reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. He worries that an accelerating Arctic warming trend may yet push the ice melt beyond an “irreversible on / off switch”.

K. That is scary stuff, but some scientists remain unimpressed. Patrick Michaels, a climatologist at the University of Virginia, complains about the ACIA’s data selection, which he believes may have produced evidence of “spurious warming”. He also points out, in a new book, that even if Arctic temperatures are rising, that need not lead directly to the ice melting. As he puts it, “Under global warming, Greenland’s ice indeed might grow, especially if the warming occurs mostly in winter. After all, warming the air ten degrees when the temperature is dozens of degrees below freezing is likely to increase snowfall, since warmer air is generally moister and precipitates more water.”

L. Nils-Axel Morner, a Swedish climate expert based at Stockholm University, points out that observed rises in sea levels have not matched the IPCC’s forecasts. Since this week’s report relies on many such IPCC assumptions, he concludes it must be wrong. Others acknowledge that there is a warming trend in the Arctic, but insist that the cause is natural variability and not the burning of fossil fuels. Such folk point to the extraordinarily volatile history of Arctic temperatures. These varied, often suddenly, long before sport-utility vehicles were invented. However, some evidence also shows that the past few millennia have been a period of unusual stability in the Arctic. It is just possible that the current period of warming could tip the delicate Arctic climate system out of balance, and so drag the rest of the planet with it.

M. Not everybody wants to hear a story like that. But what people truly believe is happening can be seen in their actions better than in their words. One of the report’s most confident predictions is that the breakup of Arctic ice will open the region to long-distance shipping and, ironically, to drilling for oil and gas. It is surely no coincidence, then, that the Danish government, which controls Greenland, has just declared its intention to claim the mineral rights under the North Pole. It, at least, clearly believes that the Arctic ocean may soon be ice-free.

以上就是關(guān)于全球變暖以及溫室效應(yīng)這個(gè)環(huán)境問題的雅思閱讀全部內(nèi)容，非常詳細(xì)的介紹了相關(guān)的話題，大家可以在備考雅思閱讀考試和雅思小作文的時(shí)候，對(duì)這篇文章進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)膮⒖己烷喿x。