雅思閱讀7大邏輯關(guān)系

雅思閱讀7大邏輯關(guān)系-判斷題中的比較邏輯?一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)一下吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

雅思閱讀7大邏輯關(guān)系-判斷題中的比較邏輯

在很多烤鴨的眼中，當(dāng)閱讀題干出現(xiàn)比較關(guān)系時(shí)，就很容易在 FALSE 與 NOT GIVEN 之間傻傻分不清楚。

或者認(rèn)為，如果答案為TRUE，就一定意味著原文出現(xiàn)比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)。但事實(shí)如此嗎?

Of course not.

實(shí)際上，在閱讀題目當(dāng)中，比較關(guān)系有顯性和隱性之分，直接出現(xiàn)比較級(jí)的形式只是顯性比較關(guān)系的體現(xiàn)。

除此之外，還有一些隱性比較關(guān)系的情況會(huì)出現(xiàn)在題目當(dāng)中。今天，我們來(lái)羅列以下三種情況：動(dòng)詞、數(shù)值以及變化。

1. 動(dòng)詞

一般情況下，表示 上升下降 類型的動(dòng)詞也可以表達(dá)比較關(guān)系。

例：

題目：There are more people than before.

原文：The population is increasing.

這道題目的答案很顯然是true。雖然原文并沒(méi)有直接出現(xiàn)比較級(jí)，但是increase這個(gè)趨勢(shì)性的動(dòng)詞體現(xiàn)出了人口一直增長(zhǎng)的含義，意味著靠后時(shí)間的人口數(shù)量一定大于靠前時(shí)間的人口數(shù)量，比較關(guān)系成立。

同樣的道理，如果原文表示的是The population is decreasing，而題目信息表示There are fewer people than before，這個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系仍然成立。

2. 數(shù)值

除了動(dòng)詞的對(duì)應(yīng)之外，出現(xiàn)不同數(shù)字的羅列也可以表達(dá)比較關(guān)系。

例：

題目：A is older than B.

原文：A is 2 years old and B is 3 years old.

這個(gè)例子也非常簡(jiǎn)單，答案是False。

在題干信息中出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于年齡大小的比較級(jí)，而原文只是出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)不同的年齡數(shù)字。

但是這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單數(shù)字大小的對(duì)比結(jié)果對(duì)于大家而言都是顯而易見(jiàn)的。

3. 變化

在了解了動(dòng)詞和數(shù)字所對(duì)應(yīng)的比較情況后，我們?cè)賮?lái)看一看變化類的詞，所體現(xiàn)的比較考點(diǎn)。

例：

題目：The population has changed.

原文：There are more people than before.

這道題目區(qū)別于之前的例題，在題干信息中只體現(xiàn)了變化的概念，但是變化性對(duì)應(yīng)到原文當(dāng)中，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)比較級(jí)或是其他比較關(guān)系的對(duì)應(yīng)。

比如，在上述例題中，原文中表示現(xiàn)在的人比過(guò)去的人多，題目表示人數(shù)發(fā)生了變化，這類信息對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系成立，答案為True。

所以總結(jié)一下：比較考點(diǎn)是雅思閱讀判斷題最常見(jiàn)的考點(diǎn)之一，甚至在諸如配對(duì)題這樣的難題中也十分常見(jiàn)。

很多同學(xué)在做題時(shí)，會(huì)盲目認(rèn)為比較級(jí)是比較關(guān)系的唯一體現(xiàn)。

但事實(shí)上，除了比較級(jí)這種顯性的比較關(guān)系之外，還有一部分諸如動(dòng)詞、數(shù)值對(duì)比以及變化性詞匯的使用，都有可能對(duì)應(yīng)比較關(guān)系。

大家在備考的時(shí)候一定要注意拓展自己的思維，了解核心邏輯考點(diǎn)，同時(shí)掌握重要邏輯關(guān)系在不同題型中的作用，不要被原文固定化的思路局限，影響答題噢~~

最后：如果大家感覺(jué)自己備考毫無(wú)章法，可以來(lái)參加桃子老師的免費(fèi)訓(xùn)練營(yíng)，每天不僅有老師精挑細(xì)選的題型做練習(xí)，還可以聽(tīng)各科公開(kāi)課進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，孤軍奮戰(zhàn)不如和一群同在備考一線的小伙伴一起備考哦~

雅思閱讀精讀 | When new grows old

When new grows old (1)

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Artists working with technology struggle to stay current

In 1968 the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London held an exhibition called “Cybernetic Serendipity”， Britain’s first show exploring connections between art and new technology.

It was hugely popular and in hindsight, well timed.

It coincided with two crucial developments in the relationship between art and technology: the pop-art movement, which was demolishing boundaries between high art and everyday life，and ARPANET， the computer-to-computer network which would become the internet.

The internet has continued to erode established notions of what qualifies as art,and who can claim to be an artist.

New categories flourish: net.art，new media art， the New Aesthetic， internet art, post-internet art.

Online-only sales and exhibitions are increasingly common, as is art existing solely in digital form，bought and sold through websites such as Electric Objects (on a mission “to put digital art on a wall in every home”).

Successful careers and expensive collections are built using social media, such as Instagram， the image- and video-sharing app that has users posting 80m photographs a day.

“Electronic Superhighway”, a new show at the White chapel Gallery in London,

looks at how artist shave responded to technology and change.

The exhibition, which takes its name from a phrase coined in 1974 by Nam June Paik, a video artist，to describe the potential of telecommunication systems, is arranged in reverse chronological order.

This calls particular attention to how quickly technologies become obsolete，and how art tied to those forms ages with it.

詞匯與表達(dá)

hindsight

understanding the nature of an event after it has happened

n. 后見(jiàn)之明

coincide with

meet with

符合

demolish

destroy completely

vt. 破壞

erode

become ground down or deteriorate

vt. 腐蝕，侵蝕

qualify

prove capable or fit; meet requirements

vi. 取得資格，有資格

claim to be

regard oneself as

自稱

phrase

an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence

n. 短語(yǔ)

coin

make up

vt. 杜撰，創(chuàng)造

telecommunication system

a communication system for communicating at a distance

通信系統(tǒng)

chronological

relating to or arranged according to temporal order

adj. 按年代順序排列的

obsolete

old; no longer in use or valid or fashionable

adj. 廢棄的;老式的

長(zhǎng)句翻譯

Successful careers and expensive collections are built using social media，such as Instagram，the image- and video-sharing app that has users posting 80m photographs a day.

語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)：

定語(yǔ)從句

翻譯：

通過(guò)社交媒體，比如Instagram，一種用戶每天會(huì)上傳8千萬(wàn)照片的圖像和視頻分享軟件，許多成功的事業(yè)和高昂的展覽都發(fā)展起來(lái)了。

雅思考試閱讀理解備考輔導(dǎo)

A Canary in the Coal Mine

The Arctic seems to be getting warmer. So what?

A. “Climate change in the Arctic is a reality now!” So insists Robert Corell， an oceanographer with the American Meteorological Society. Wild-eyed proclamations are all too common when it comes to global warming， but in this case his assertion seems well founded.

B. At first sight， the ACIA’s (American Construction Inspectors Association) report’s conclusions are not so surprising. After all， scientists have long suspected that several factors lead to greater temperature swings at the poles than elsewhere on the planet. One is albedo — the posh scientific name for how much sunlight is absorbed by a planet’s surface， and how much is reflected. Most of the Polar Regions are covered in snow and ice， which are much more reflective than soil or ocean. If that snow melts， the exposure of dark earth (which absorbs heat) acts as a feedback loop that accelerates warming. A second factor that makes the poles special is that the atmosphere is thinner there than at the equator， and so less energy is required to warm it up. A third factor is that less solar energy is lost in evaporation at the frigid poles than in the steamy tropics.

C. And yet the language of this week’s report is still eye-catching： “the Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on Earth.” The last authoritative assessment of the topic was done by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001. That report made headlines by predicting a rise in sea level of between 10cm (four inches) and 90cm， and a temperature rise of between 1.4°C and 5.8°C over this century. However， its authors did not feel confident in predicting either rapid polar warming or the speedy demise of the Greenland ice sheet. Pointing to evidence gathered since the IPCC report， this week’s report suggests trouble lies ahead.

D. The ACIA reckons that in recent decades average temperatures have increased almost twice as fast in the Arctic as they have in the rest of the world. Skeptics argue that there are places， such as the high latitudes of the Greenland ice sheet and some buoys at sea， where temperatures seem to have fallen. On the other hand， there are also places， such as parts of Alaska， where they have risen far faster than average. Robin Bell， a geophysicist at Columbia University who was not involved in the report’s compilation， believes that such conflicting local trends point to the value of the international， interdisciplinary approach of this week’s report. As he observes， “climate change， like the weather， can be patchy and you can get fooled unless you look at the whole picture.”

E. And there is other evidence of warming to bolster the ACIA’s case. For example， the report documents the widespread melting of glaciers and of sea ice， a trend already making life miserable for the polar bears and seals that depend on that ice. It also notes a shortening of the snow season. The most worrying finding， however， is the evidence — still preliminary — that the Greenland ice sheet may be melting faster than previously thought.

F. That points to one reason the world should pay attention to this week’s report. Like a canary in a coal mine， the hypersensitive Polar Regions may well experience the full force of global warming before the rest of the planet does. However， there is a second and bigger reason to pay attention. An unexpectedly rapid warming of the Arctic could also lead directly to greater climate change elsewhere on the planet.

G. Arctic warming may influence the global climate in several ways. One is that huge amounts of methane， a particularly potent greenhouse gas， are stored in the permafrost of the tundra. Although a thaw would allow forests to invade the tundra， which would tend to ameliorate any global warming that is going on (since trees capture carbon dioxide， the greenhouse gas most talked about in the context of climate change)， a melting of the permafrost might also lead to a lot of trapped methane being released into the atmosphere， more than offsetting the cooling effects of the new forests.

H. Another worry is that Arctic warming will influence ocean circulation in ways that are not fully understood. One link in the chain is the salinity of seawater， which is decreasing in the north Atlantic thanks to an increase in glacial melt waters. “Because fresh water and salt water have different densities， this ‘freshening’ of the ocean could change circulation patterns.” said Dr. Thomson， a British climate expert. “The most celebrated risk is to the mid-Atlantic Conveyor Belt， a current which brings warm water from the tropics to north-western Europe， and which is responsible for that region’s unusually mild winters，” he added. Some of the ACIA’s experts are fretting over evidence of reduced density and salinity in waters near the Arctic that could adversely affect this current.

I. The biggest popular worry， though， is that melting Arctic ice could lead to a dramatic rise in sea level. Here， a few caveats are needed. For a start， much of the ice in the Arctic is floating in the sea already. Archimedes’s principle shows that the melting of this ice will make no immediate difference to the sea’s level， although it would change its albedo. Second， if land ice， such as that covering Greenland， does melt in large quantities， the process will take centuries. And third， although the experts are indeed worried that global warming might cause the oceans to rise， the main way they believe this will happen is by thermal expansion of the water itself.

J. Nevertheless， there is some cause for nervousness. As the ACIA researchers document， there are signs that the massive Greenland ice sheet might be melting more rapidly than was thought a few years ago. Cracks in the sheet appear to be allowing melt water to trickle to its base， explains Michael Oppenheimer， a climatologist at Princeton University who was not one of the report’s authors. That water may act as a lubricant， speeding up the sheet’s movement into the sea. If the entire sheet melted， the sea might rise by 6-7 meters. But when will this kind of disastrous ice disintegration really happen? While acknowledging it this century is still an unlikely outcome， Dr. Oppenheimer argues that the evidence of the past few years suggests it is more likely to happen over the next few centuries if the world does not reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. He worries that an accelerating Arctic warming trend may yet push the ice melt beyond an “irreversible on / off switch”.

K. That is scary stuff， but some scientists remain unimpressed. Patrick Michaels， a climatologist at the University of Virginia， complains about the ACIA’s data selection， which he believes may have produced evidence of “spurious warming”. He also points out， in a new book， that even if Arctic temperatures are rising， that need not lead directly to the ice melting. As he puts it， “Under global warming， Greenland’s ice indeed might grow， especially if the warming occurs mostly in winter. After all， warming the air ten degrees when the temperature is dozens of degrees below freezing is likely to increase snowfall， since warmer air is generally moister and precipitates more water.”

L. Nils-Axel Morner， a Swedish climate expert based at Stockholm University， points out that observed rises in sea levels have not matched the IPCC’s forecasts. Since this week’s report relies on many such IPCC assumptions， he concludes it must be wrong. Others acknowledge that there is a warming trend in the Arctic， but insist that the cause is natural variability and not the burning of fossil fuels. Such folk point to the extraordinarily volatile history of Arctic temperatures. These varied， often suddenly， long before sport-utility vehicles were invented. However， some evidence also shows that the past few millennia have been a period of unusual stability in the Arctic. It is just possible that the current period of warming could tip the delicate Arctic climate system out of balance， and so drag the rest of the planet with it.

M. Not everybody wants to hear a story like that. But what people truly believe is happening can be seen in their actions better than in their words. One of the report’s most confident predictions is that the breakup of Arctic ice will open the region to long-distance shipping and， ironically， to drilling for oil and gas. It is surely no coincidence， then， that the Danish government， which controls Greenland， has just declared its intention to claim the mineral rights under the North Pole. It， at least， clearly believes that the Arctic ocean may soon be ice-free.