GRE閱讀之學(xué)術(shù)化代表措辭規(guī)范

GRE閱讀,學(xué)術(shù)化代表措辭規(guī)范，快來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

GRE閱讀：學(xué)術(shù)化代表措辭規(guī)范

1. 溫和的措辭

對于這個考試來說，學(xué)術(shù)化就是最大的綱，也是它迥異于托福雅思的綱，我曾在另文中指出，雅思托福的命題目的是生活化，而對于gre來說，學(xué)術(shù)化代表著措辭的規(guī)范和溫和。對于考生的意義在于，文章的整體是溫和的，文章里面出現(xiàn)的極端的言辭都是要注意的，文章里面的事實都是與我們學(xué)術(shù)生活共時的，對于過去的追憶和反現(xiàn)實的虛擬狀態(tài)，都是非常明顯的潛在出題點。尤其是虛擬語氣，往往表示應(yīng)然而非然之狀態(tài)，很有可能出現(xiàn)負(fù)評價，以態(tài)度題的方式考察。而一切過分極端的言辭，如絕對的說法，大多數(shù)，比較級尤其是強烈比較級，在文章里的出現(xiàn)要注意，還有一種也是強烈的對比的標(biāo)志，就是以大寫字母標(biāo)注的時間，指明某時之前或之后，我們稱之為時間強對比。以上總結(jié)之，即是三大關(guān)系，強對比，因果以及轉(zhuǎn)折。表示這些關(guān)系的連詞，一律要注意，最好做出標(biāo)記。而對于題目來說，考生要注意以上說法是在哪里出現(xiàn)，如果文章有這些強烈的措辭，那么題目當(dāng)中對應(yīng)這些段落的選項也有，就很可能是對的，如果選項出現(xiàn)而文章的相應(yīng)位置沒有，則該選項必錯。

2. 對于態(tài)度的預(yù)見

主題題，態(tài)度題如何解決呢?首先我們需要了解GRE的評價體系。

對于激進的( 進化論)左的(馬列)上綱上線的，通常不與支持，對于以政治干涉學(xué)術(shù)，尤其反對。

對于歧視弱者，損害弱者尤其反對，弱者恒強。

Should, must, should have 等詞也是負(fù)評價，應(yīng)然不然。

選項中極端的，進行人生攻擊的，模棱兩可的，諂媚的，馬上排除，因為這是學(xué)術(shù)考試。

選項過分極端的副詞，也要小心，如表示絕對的言辭。

3. 如何處理文章

諸生讀此類文章最大誤區(qū)在于試圖讀懂，更有甚者，尋求文章之背景，遍尋譯文，以期充分理解，雖有燃膏繼晷之功，難有吳甲吞楚之效，蓋此種文章，非為考生讀懂而設(shè)計。更有甚者，仿閱讀之結(jié)構(gòu)，言辭，圖作文之高分，則更加南轅北轍，緣木求魚而已。請殺雞諸位謹(jǐn)記：

這是考試，你只有13-15分鐘做題，文章不是用來讀懂的，對待難句最好的辦法是考慮怎么不讀，少讀，而不是分析。

學(xué)術(shù)文章特點就是規(guī)范，層次清晰，主題明確。

我們一定要讀出套路，尤其是文章觀點的數(shù)量，這個直接關(guān)系到主題題怎么出。

我們要把每段的層次的連詞標(biāo)記出來，我們還要知道每個層次的主題詞是什么，周圍有沒有否定詞(改善題)，有沒有褒貶的詞(態(tài)度題，應(yīng)用題)。至于例子，也可以考慮不讀或者少讀，因為GRE閱讀重點考觀點，例子是事實，事實記得越多，混淆信息越多，做題越慢，準(zhǔn)確率越低。對于例子，只要記住位置就可以，題目考到再看，不考堅決不看。以觀點記例子，以觀點分層次，以觀點分邏輯關(guān)系。

4. 如何看題

首先記住，先文后題。

道理很簡單，你直接讀題，根本讀不懂。

所以很重要的是搞明白兩個問題，這個題目對應(yīng)文章那個層次，考的是觀點還是例子。

題型很重要，意義在于告訴你正確選項的特征的如何定位。

新GRE邏輯閱讀

1. Armtech, a temporary-employment agency, previously gave its employees 2.5 paid vacation days after each 700 hours worked. Armtech's new policy is to give its employees 5.0 paid vacation days after each 1,200

hours worked. Therefore, this new policy is more generous to Armtech employees in giving them more vacation days per hour worked than the old policy did. Which of the following is an assumption on which

the argument depends?

(A) Most current Armtech employees approve of the company's new vacation policy.

(B) A few Armtech employees leave the company before having worked 700 hours.

(C) Most Armtech employees were not aware that the company planned to change its vacation policy until after it had already done so.

(D) A significant portion of Armtech employees stay with the company long enough to work for 1,200 hours.

(E) Armtech's new vacation policy closely matches the vacation policies of competing temporary employment agencies.

2 The global population of frogs has declined in recent years while the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth has increased. Since the genetic material in frog eggs is harmed when exposed to ultraviolet radi- ation, and since the eggs themselves are not protected by shells or leathery coverings but are gelatinous, the frog population decline is probably due, at least in part, to the ultraviolet radiation increase. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the argument?

(A) Even in those regions where there has been no significant increase in ultraviolet radiation, only a small proportion of the frog eggs that are laid ever hatch.

(B) In areas where there has been the least decline in frog populations, populations of species of insects that frogs eat have decreased.

(C) The eggs of frog species whose populations are declining tend to have higher concentrations of damaging pesticides than do the eggs of frog species whose populations have not declined.

(D) In many places where turtles, which lay eggs with tough, leathery coverings, share habitats with frogs, turtle populations are also in decline.

(E) Populations of frog species that hide their eggs beneath rocks or under sand have declined considerably less than have populations of frog species that do not cover their eggs.

3 To improve productivity, manufacturing companies have recently begun restructuring work to produce more goods with fewer assembly-line workers, and the companies have laid off many workers as a consequence. The workers laid off have been those with the least seniority(time on the job), generally the younger workers.The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following as a conclusion?

(A) The products manufactured by the companies are not undergoing design changes while the manufacturing jobs are being restructured.

(B) When assembly-line workers have made sug- gestions for improvements in manufacturing processes, some suggestions have been implemented, but many have not.

(C) Assembly-line workers now need increased reading and mathematical skills to do their jobs.

(D) Some of the innovations in assembly-line processes and procedures that were made to increase productivity have instead proved to be counterproductive.

(E) The manufacturing companies are increasing the average age of their assembly-line workforce while still seeking to increase production.

4.During the nineteenth century, Britain's urban popu- lation increased as its rural population diminished. A historian theorizes that, rather than industrialization's being the cause, this change resulted from a series of migrations to urban areas, each occasioned by a depression in the agrarian economy. To test this hypoth-esis, the historian will compare economic data with population census data. The historian's hypothesis would be most strongly supported if which of the following were found to be

true?

(A) The periods of greatest growth in the industrial economy were associated with a relatively rapid decline in the rural population.

(B) The periods of greatest weakness in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the population as a whole.

(C) Periods when the agrarian economy was compar- atively strong and the industrial economy com- paratively weak were associated with a particu- larly rapid decline in the rural population.

(D) Periods when the agrarian and industrial econo- mies were both strong were associated with particularly rapid growth in the urban popula- tion.

(E) The periods of greatest strength in the agrarian economy were associated with relatively slow growth in the urban population.

5 Politician：Each year, small businesses create more jobs than do large established businesses. Therefore, in order to reduce unemployment in the long term, we should provide incentives for starting small businesses rather than for expanding established large businesses. Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the politician's argument?

(A) In general, people employed by small businesses report higher job satisfaction than do people employed by large businesses.

(B) Among the currently unemployed are many people with sufficient job skills to perform the jobs that small businesses would create.

(C) Providing an effective incentive for starting a business generally costs significantly less than providing an effective incentive for expanding a large business.

(D) A high proportion of small businesses fail within three years of starting because of their owners' inexperience.

(E) The average large business contributes more money to politicians’ campaign funds than the average small business does.

6 In the workplace, influenza is typically spread by infected individuals to others with whom they work in close quarters. A new medication that suppresses the symptoms of influenza therefore will actually increase the number of influenza cases, because this medication will allow people who would otherwise be home in bed to return to work while infected. Which of the following, if true, most seriously chal- lenges the prediction?

(A) Coughing, a symptom of influenza that the new medication suppresses, is a primary mechanism in the spread of this illness.

(B) Some medications that are used to suppress symptoms of influenza are also used by many people to treat symptoms that are caused not by influenza but by other illnesses.

(C) Many workers who now remain at home when infected with influenza do so because the symptoms of influenza prevent them from per-forming their jobs effectively.

(D) Most adults who are immunized against influ- enza in order to avoid being infected are over 65 years old and retired and thus do not work outside the home.

(E) Symptoms of an illness are often the body's means of curing itself of the illness, and there-

fore suppression of symptoms can prolong the illness that causes them.

7 Editorial： Critics of nuclear power complain about the allegedly serious harm that might result from continued operation of existing nuclear power plants. But such concerns do not justify closing these plants;after all, their operation has caused no more harm than that caused by pollution generated by coal-and oil-burning power plants, the most important other sources of energy. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Existing nuclear power plants should be closed only if it can be conclusively demonstrated that their continued operation is likely to cause harm more serious than the harm their operation has already caused.

(B) Closing existing nuclear power plants would require greatly increased reliance on coal-and oil-burning power plants.

(C) The harm that has resulted from operation of existing coal-and oil-burning power plants has been significant.

(D) The harm that a nuclear power plant is likely to cause as it continues to operate can be reliably predicted from the past history of nuclear power plants.

(E) The only harm that has resulted from operation of existing coal-and oil-burning power plants has resulted from the pollution generated by these plants.

8 Drug manufacturer: Although our company requires that patients who use our new drug also pur- chase from us nonreusable kits for weekly blood testing, the expense of those kits is an entirely necessary one: weekly blood testing must be done to monitor the drug's potential side effects, which can be very dangerous. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weak- ens the manufacturer's argument?

(A) The expense of purchasing the blood-test kits has not prevented any patients from obtaining them or the drug.

(B) Medical laboratories can perform the blood test- ing at a lower cost to patients or their insurers than the price the manufacturer charges for the kits.

(C) A one-year supply of the drug and the weekly blood-test kits can cost patients or their insurers over $10,000.

(D) Most government and other health insurance programs will not reimburse patients for the full cost of both the drug and the blood-test kits.

(E) Patients who suffer one or more of the danger- ous side effects of the drug can incur heavy expenses for the treatment of those side effects.

9 Virginia and her brother William disagree over when their father was born: Virginia claims it was in 1935 and William claims it was in 1933. The hospital where their father was born has no records for 1933 but has complete records for 1935—records that do not include a birth record for their father. Therefore, he must have been born in 1933. The argument depends on which of the following assumptions?

(A) Either Virginia's claim or William's claim is correct.

(B) The records of the hospital where their father was born date back to 1933.

(C) Virginia and William know the day and the month of their father's birth.

(D) There are urgent practical reasons why Virginia and William must know the date of their father's birth.

(E) None of their other relatives knows the year in which Virginia and William's father was born.

10 The town of San Leonardo has recently enacted a law banning smoking in all restaurants within town limits. Since many smokers who normally dine in San Leonardo's restaurants will not want to refrain from smoking during their meals, San Leonardo's restau- rants will undoubtedly lose many patrons and con- siderable income. Which of the following, if true, most helps to strengthen the argument above?

(A) Most residents of San Leonardo who eat in res- taurants are not smokers.

(B) Most smokers who dine in the company of non- smokers are willing to refrain from smoking during their meals.

(C) If the law banning smoking in restaurants had not been enacted, it is likely that a more stringent law banning smoking in all public places in San Leonardo would have been enacted instead.

(D) Prior to the enactment of the law banning smoking in San Leonardo's restaurant, the town had a law that required most restaurants to have nonsmoking sections.

(E) None of the other communities adjacent to San Leonardo, which have restaurants comparable to those of San Leonardo, has enacted and enforces any antismoking legislation.

11. Children whose biological parents both have Tic Syndrome Z (TSZ), which is characterized by the involuntary contraction of certain muscles, are about four times more likely to develop such contractions than are children whose biological parents do not have TSZ, It is likely, therefore, that predisposition to TSZ is an inherited trait. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above?

(A) Children whose parents have TSZ are more likely to develop TSZ if they are under unusual stress at school or at home than if they are not under such stress.

(B) Children whose biological parents do not have TSZ are more likely to develop TSZ if they are raised by adoptive parents with TSZ than if they are raised by their biological parents.

(C) Children whose biological parents have TSZ are as likely to develop TSZ if they are raised by adoptive parents who do not have TSZ as if they are raised by their biological parents.

(D) Children whose biological parents have TSZ and who develop TSZ usually avoid developing a severe form of the syndrome if they

(E) Children with TSZ whose biological parents do not have TSZ are less likely to have the syn- drome diagnosed when symptoms first appear than are children with TSZ whose biological parents have TSZ.

12. Playing eighteenth-century music on the instruments of that period provides valuable information about how the music originally sounded. Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be played without being restored, however, and restoring such an instrument destroys all of the information that researchers could obtain from it about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must be true on the basis of them?

(A) Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be used to provide information about the original techniques used in playing such instruments if they have been restored.

(B) Eighteenth-century instruments that have been restored can provide information only about how eighteenth-century music originally sounded

(C) Eighteenth-century instruments are the only source of information about the instrument-making techniques of that period.

(D) An eighteenth-century instrument that has not been restored can provide more information than can one that has been restored.

(E) An eighteenth-century instrument cannot serve as a source of new information about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques once it can be played