如何應(yīng)對托福閱讀長難句
應(yīng)對托福閱讀長難句你需要打好這些基礎(chǔ), 長難句復(fù)雜修飾成分介紹，今天小編給大家?guī)砹藨?yīng)對托福閱讀長難句你需要打好這些基礎(chǔ)，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
應(yīng)對托福閱讀長難句你需要打好這些基礎(chǔ) 長難句復(fù)雜修飾成分介紹
托福閱讀長難句基礎(chǔ)：擴(kuò)大詞匯量
不可否認(rèn)，掌握句子結(jié)構(gòu)對于分析長難句十分重要，但是要想徹底明白句子的含義，除了掌握句子結(jié)構(gòu)之外，還要有豐富的詞匯量。由于托福閱讀文章偏學(xué)術(shù)性，因此不可避免地會出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)詞匯。然而，托福文章所涉及的文章體裁十分廣泛，想窮盡所有考試中的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯是不切實際的。我們只需在練習(xí)時把遇到的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯進(jìn)行整理，僅僅以“認(rèn)識單詞”為目標(biāo)，不求會寫、會說，這樣來積累一定的學(xué)術(shù)詞匯，以保證考試遇到相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯時頭腦中有一個基本的概念。
托福閱讀長難句基礎(chǔ)：鞏固語法知識
長難句之所以看不懂，是因為句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析不清楚。而句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析不清楚，其根本原因就是語法知識掌握得不夠牢固。要想把句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析清楚，首先要掌握英語中的五大基本句型。這五種基本句型分別是：
1. 主+謂(例：I swim.)
2. 主+謂+賓(例：I ate an apple.)
3. 主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)(例：She found the computer useful.)
4. 主+謂+雙賓(例：He gave me a book.)
5. 主+系+表(He is a doctor.)
掌握以上這幾種基本句型可以幫助你迅速找到句子的主干，而找到句子的主干是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵。長難句之所以會感覺到難，是因為句子中含有很多修飾性成分，這些修飾性成分往往給考生分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)帶來干擾。因此，考生有必要了解常見的修飾性成分都有哪些。
托福閱讀長難句常見復(fù)雜修飾性成分介紹
1. 從句(定語從句、狀語從句、同位語從句等)
例：This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley. 這是一個由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行詞是前面的trees。
2. 介詞短語
例：David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change (in the animal life)(around the fort)(during the period)(between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.)
在這句話中，括號里的都是介詞短語，做修飾成分。in the animal life做定語修飾前面的名詞change;around the fort做地點狀語修飾謂語動詞found，說明發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點;during the period和between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832做時間狀語修飾謂語動詞found，說明發(fā)現(xiàn)的地點。
3. 分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)
This“atmospheric engine”, invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed(outside the coal mines)(for which it had been designed.)
這句話中的過去分詞invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner做后置定語修飾前面的名詞engine。
4. 不定式
The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor force.
不定式做目的狀語，表明給予他們方法的目的是什么。
托福閱讀備考之長難句分析：創(chuàng)造雅典民主
Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. (TPO40, 51)
democracy /d?'m?kr?s?/ n. 民主，民主政治，民主制度
clan /kl?n/ n. 宗族，家族;集團(tuán)，幫會
aristocrat /'?r?st?kr?t/ n. 貴族
civic /'s?v?k/ adj. 城市的;市民的，公民的
大家自己先讀，不回讀，看一遍是否能理解
Cleisthenes' principal contribution (to the creation of democracy at Athens) was (to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures), (especially among the aristocrats), and (to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes), (which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. ) (TPO40, 51)
托福閱讀長難句100句分析：
這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：
Cleisthenes' principal contribution was 非謂語 and 非謂語
第一個非謂語：(to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures)
第二個非謂語：(to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes)
修飾一：(to the creation of democracy at Athens)，介詞短語
中文：在雅典創(chuàng)造民主
修飾二：(to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures) ，非謂語動詞
中文：完成了減弱家族和宗族結(jié)構(gòu)的長期過程
修飾三：(especially among the aristocrats) ，介詞短語
中文：尤其是在貴族間
修飾四：(to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes) ，非謂語動詞
中文：在他們所在地方設(shè)置基于地點的稱之為demes團(tuán)體
修飾五：(which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. ) ，從句
中文：這成為了雅典所有公民和大多數(shù)宗教生活的入口點。
托福閱讀長難句100句參考翻譯：
Cleisthenes對于創(chuàng)造雅典民主的主要貢獻(xiàn)是他完成了減弱家族和宗族結(jié)構(gòu)(尤其是貴族家族和宗族結(jié)構(gòu))的長期的過程，并且在他們所在地方設(shè)置基于地點的稱之為demes團(tuán)體，這成為了雅典所有公民和大多數(shù)宗教生活的入口點。
這個句子的主要修飾成分就是從句、介詞短語和非謂語動詞，大家務(wù)必想清楚，每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么，才能看清楚這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
托福閱讀長難句：守舊派小說
In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.
(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)characterized by…——以…為特征)
【譯句】盡管處于一個以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實主義傳統(tǒng)(以作家約翰?巴思、唐納德?巴塞爾姆和托馬斯.品欽為代表)為特征的時代，喬伊斯?卡羅爾?歐茨因為堅持自己小說本質(zhì)上模仿的特點，有時候看起來是一個堅定的守舊派。
分句1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon,
分句2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.
分句1 做時間狀語“In a period”的后置定語，補(bǔ)充修飾period，相當(dāng)于省略了 “which was”的定語從句。 分句2 是主句。
整個句子的難點在于找主句。 其實分句1的末尾是 "such as" 引導(dǎo)的三個人名的并列，在最后一個人名Thomas Pynchon前有"and", 說明這個列舉對象中的最后一個。所以整個句子的主干在T P 這個人后面出現(xiàn)。
托福閱讀備考之長難句分析：巖石上的水滴
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. (TPO 1 Groundwater)
托福閱讀長難句句子分析 本句由but引起了前后兩個分句，其中都有if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，表示兩種假設(shè)的情況。讀懂這種復(fù)合句的關(guān)鍵是要迅速找到并理解其主句的謂語部分。本句主句的謂語部分有will exist , will drain away和will exist , will be firmly held。此外，兩個分句里都有大家所熟悉的too...to...結(jié)構(gòu)，這里都作后置定語，起修飾作用，意思是“太……以至于不能……”。
詞匯精記 ? pores指的是“孔隙”，這里說的是“巖石的孔隙”。
? surface tension指的是“表面張力”。
? film在這里顯然不是“電影”，表示“薄膜”，比如：a film of oil on the surface of the water 水面上的一層油。另外，film還有“膠卷”的意思，比如：develop a film 沖洗膠卷。注意film還可以作動詞，表示“拍攝”，比如：The explosion had been filmed by an amateur cameraman. 這次爆炸被一位業(yè)余攝影師拍攝了下來。
托福閱讀長難句參考譯文 如果巖石的孔隙很大，其中的水會形成水滴，而這樣的水滴太重而足以克服吸引它的表面張力，就會流走;但是如果巖石孔隙足夠小，其中的水會形成薄膜，因為太輕而無法克服吸引它的表面張力，從而會牢牢地附著在孔隙表面上。
托福閱讀備考之長難句分析：昆蟲的數(shù)量
The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.
(同位語從句fact that…;定語從句that comprise the bulk…)
【譯句】考慮到組成大部分物種的昆蟲的巨大數(shù)量，認(rèn)為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事實看起來并不令人吃驚。
分句1：The fact does not seem surprising.
分句2：that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests
分句3：considering the huge numbers of insects
分句4：that comprise the bulk of the species
分句1中嵌套著分句2，分句2解釋說明分句1的主語the fact, 是同位語從句;分句3是主句的狀語，分句4是定語從句，修飾分句3的the huge numbers of insects
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