托?？谡Z(yǔ)如何把握好句子關(guān)系

托?？谡Z(yǔ)如何把握好句子關(guān)系?小編整理了一些攻略口語(yǔ)的方法,下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托?？谡Z(yǔ)如何把握好句子關(guān)系

Women could and did play a part in this process of settlement. Iceland, for instance, was uninhabited, and a permanent population could only be established if women also made the journey there. (后一句的具體事例為前一句提供說明與解釋。

People borrowed more and more money so that they could buy these shares. Because of this, the American people started to believe that share prices could only go up further. (“because of”明顯的因果關(guān)系)

Astronomy is a science that deals with all the celestial bodies in the universe. Astronomy includes the study of planets and their satellites, comets and meteors, stars and interstellar matter, star systems and clusters. (后一句是對(duì)前一句celestial bodies 的進(jìn)一步解釋)

Previously it was believed that due to the Archaeopteryx’s (始祖鳥) underdeveloped anatomy, it would not have been able to fly. However, research by the London Natural History Museum into its brain developed and that it had good vision and a good sense of balance —all the requirements for a creature to be able to fly. (“However”轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比)

閱讀時(shí)，我們可以根據(jù)段落中出現(xiàn)的一些信號(hào)詞(Signal Words)來判斷句子與句子之間的關(guān)系，掌握段落發(fā)展線索，來調(diào)整閱讀速度，提高閱讀質(zhì)量。

1.顯示相同信息的信號(hào)詞：

There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.'

“l(fā)ikewise”這一信號(hào)詞顯示了前面所提到的idea后面還要再一次出現(xiàn)。因此，閱讀時(shí)見到這樣的信號(hào)詞無須放慢閱讀速度。這樣的信號(hào)詞還包括：

and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2.顯示思路轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞：

I’d like to go but I’m too busy.

“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向讀者顯示了作者的思路在這里有了轉(zhuǎn)折。閱讀時(shí)，碰到這樣的信號(hào)詞我們需放慢閱讀速度，以準(zhǔn)確獲取作者真正想要說明的意思。這類信號(hào)詞還有：

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet

3.顯示因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞：

As a result of the pilots’ strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots’ strike.

所有航班被取消的原因是因?yàn)轱w行員們的罷工;飛行員們的罷工導(dǎo)致了所有的航班不得不被取消。顯示因果關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞還有：

for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently

4.顯示順序的信號(hào)詞：

Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second, the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.

抓住了這樣的信號(hào)詞就把握住了作者敘述的順序，也就分清了相對(duì)獨(dú)立的論據(jù)。這樣的信號(hào)詞包括：

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally

5.表示結(jié)論/總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞：

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

詞組“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息將在這里被歸納總結(jié)。讀到帶有這樣的信號(hào)詞或短語(yǔ)的句子時(shí)，應(yīng)格外留心注意，它們往往會(huì)向我們提示相關(guān)段落的核心信息。表示結(jié)論或總結(jié)的信號(hào)詞和短語(yǔ)還有：

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

托?？谡Z(yǔ)如何加強(qiáng)連貫性

1. 運(yùn)用總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)

Your listeners will understand your talk better if you organize what you say in a logical sequence or linear pattern. This means that you tell the listeners what you are going to talk about and then go through the points you want to make. The most common pattern of organization is outlined below:

Introductory statement

Point 1

Point 2

Point 3

Concluding statement

An example of this pattern is shown below:

Breeding butterflies has many advantages for the collector.

1. way of obtaining specimens

2. spares can be released into the wild

3. helps survival because butterflies have been protected from natural predators

The experience is a learning experience for the collector and a benefit to the species.

2. 運(yùn)用連接詞

Connecting ideas by using transition words and phrases tells your listeners the relationship of one idea to the next. You can signal to your listener that you are going to put events in a sequence, add information, or make a comparison. You can signal that you want to emphasize or clarify a point. Using transition words and phrases helps your listener follow the flow of your ideas. Read the following example without transitional expressions:

In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. I understood those principles better by doing those experiments.

These sentences would flow better if the speaker used transitional expressions as in the following example:

In my physics class, we did lots of experiments that helped clarify scientific principles. As a result, I understood those principles better.

3. 解釋或定義陌生概念

In order to help your listeners understand, you may need to define a term that you use in your response. Read the following example:

My hobby is telemark skiing.

If the speaker does not define the term and listeners do not know what telemark skiing is, they might not understand the rest of the passage. Sometimes listeners can guess the meaning through the context of the passage, but sometimes they cannot. Here is the definition this speaker gave of telemark skiing:

That means skiing using telemark skis.

Even though the speaker defined telemark skiing, listeners still may not understand what it means because the speaker defined the term with the same word. To effectively define a word, use a three-part definition:

1. State the word or phrase to be defined.

2. Give the category that the word or phrase fits into.

3. Tell how the word is different from other words that fit the same category.

Read this example of an effective definition:

Telemark is a type of alpine skiing in which the boots are connected to the skis only at

the toes, so traditional skiing techniques have to be modified.

4. 正確使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)

Your listener can understand the flow of your ideas better if you use parallel structures when you speak. Read the following incorrect example:

My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivating the students.

The listener may be confused because the speaker has mixed different grammatical structures. Does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting and motivating assignments to the students'? In this sentence, interesting and motivating are parallel adjectives. Or does the speaker mean My teacher gave interesting assignments and motivated the students? In this sentence, gave and motivated are parallel verbs.

5. 對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行替換或同義轉(zhuǎn)換

When a speaker keeps repeating a word or phrase, listeners can get confused. Read the following example:

My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. The assignment was on the chalkboard until the teacher erased the assignment after we had all done the assignment.

This speaker's ideas would be clearer if the repeated words were replaced with other expressions or with pronouns. Look at the way this example can be improved:

My teacher wrote the assignment on the chalkboard. She erased the board after we had all completed the task.

The word assignment has been replaced with task; the word teacher with she; and the word chalkboard with board.

6. 時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)量的統(tǒng)一

Your listener can get confused if you are not consistent. Look at the following example:

My teacher brought five paper bags to school one day. He put us into groups and gave each group a bag. You have to take the objects out of the bags in turn and then a person has to tell a story involving the object from the bag.

The listener may get confused by the change from the past tense to the present tense, and the change from us to you and then to a person. The listener might also be confused by the change from the plural form objects and bags to the singular forms object and bag.

托?？谡Z(yǔ)考試如何避免誤區(qū)

第一大誤區(qū)是先Beat around the bush，再漸漸切入正題，最后才做出較為精準(zhǔn)的總結(jié)。這顯然與以漢語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言交流習(xí)慣有關(guān)，這在平時(shí)的一般交流中或許不那么致命，甚至有些英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人平時(shí)講話也有這種習(xí)慣，但是新托福考試的答題時(shí)間只有一分鐘甚至是45秒,在這么少的答題時(shí)間里這樣做，就無異于浪費(fèi)寶貴的答題時(shí)間，將60秒或45秒的可用來得分的空間縮小到30秒甚至是20秒，使整個(gè)答案的質(zhì)量大打折扣。

第二大誤區(qū)是毫無計(jì)劃地想到哪，說到哪，甚至中途改變主意，否定前面所說內(nèi)容，做出一個(gè)自相矛盾的答案。對(duì)于ETS的命題者來說，這兩種誤區(qū)都恰恰暴露了中國(guó)學(xué)生沒有受過系統(tǒng)的Presentation訓(xùn)練的弱點(diǎn)。要知道，在西方特別是北美，這是一項(xiàng)從中小學(xué)就開始注重培養(yǎng)的跨學(xué)科的綜合技能。

怎樣避免誤區(qū)：

下面就結(jié)合新托?？谡Z(yǔ)的第一大題型——獨(dú)立問答題作以解析：

Describe a class you have taken in school and explain why the class was important to you. Include details and examples to support your explanation.

Preparation time: 15 seconds

Response time: 45 seconds

閱讀題干應(yīng)該在5秒內(nèi)完成，這樣就能保證在答題之前有20秒的時(shí)間(包括narrator讀題時(shí)間)進(jìn)行brain-storming.有關(guān)在學(xué)校上過的一門課的重要性不外乎從以下幾個(gè)方面來敘述。

第一，這門課對(duì)于其它后續(xù)課的奠基作用

第二，所積累的知識(shí)對(duì)于今后實(shí)際運(yùn)用的指導(dǎo)作用;第三，對(duì)于個(gè)人綜合素質(zhì)及品位提高的作用。

為什么要分成這么多點(diǎn)論述呢?因?yàn)槿绻痪鸵粋€(gè)要點(diǎn)深入闡述，很容易走題或進(jìn)入一個(gè)英語(yǔ)無法表達(dá)的死角;同時(shí)分成若干點(diǎn)還便于控制時(shí)間。比如這道題目的45秒答題時(shí)間可以分配給每個(gè)分點(diǎn)10秒，這樣就不會(huì)過早或過晚地完成整個(gè)答題的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)。

至于選什么課來說則遵循什么容易就講什么的原則，這是因?yàn)樾峦懈？谡Z(yǔ)考試和ETS其它考試一樣是不需要任何專業(yè)背景知識(shí)的。因此，考生大可以談一些中學(xué)里學(xué)過的主課，如數(shù)學(xué)、語(yǔ)文和外語(yǔ)，而避免談大學(xué)里的專業(yè)課，如生物、化學(xué)及各類工程類課程等。

在開始答題的時(shí)候，應(yīng)首先說出一句Topic Sentence，點(diǎn)出這門課的名稱。如果準(zhǔn)備不是很充分，為了避免出現(xiàn)答題空白，可以附帶交代這門課的背景信息，如何時(shí)選修的、哪位教授任課，但一定要控制在10秒以內(nèi)。這種技能叫Skill of Buying Time。隨后，三條理由依次列出，切不可忘記Important才是論述的核心，千萬不能無意中轉(zhuǎn)而強(qiáng)調(diào)這門課Difficult或Interesting。

附：本題參考答案

In my previous studies at college, there are quite a few importance courses and one of the most important one of them, if I had to choose one, would be Calculus. Well, as I am an engineering major, in my curriculum there are many courses requiring complicated calculation, equation deduction and math model building. All these need knowledge in calculus as a foundation. Besides, mastery of some quantitative analysis methods will greatly benefit my ability to make a sensible judgment in a complex situation in workplace, no matter what job I"ll take up in the future. Finally, without a good sense of advanced mathematics, I will not be able to appreciate the beauty of symmetry in many artistic forms.

托?？谡Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)音的重要性

既然是口語(yǔ)考試，當(dāng)然要考核考生的發(fā)音。然而，在托?？荚囍?，考生講話的時(shí)候，帶一點(diǎn)口音是沒有問題的——事實(shí)上，幾乎所有的外語(yǔ)使用者都或多或少帶有一些自己特定的口音——在《新托福考試官方指南》附帶的CD光盤中，可以找到若干個(gè)口語(yǔ)考試的錄音Sample，大抵聽上一遍之后就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)那些得了滿分的考生，都各自有各自的特殊口音，他們的發(fā)音都不夠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、不夠地道，然而這個(gè)事實(shí)并未影響他們獲得滿分;這是因?yàn)橥懈？荚嚥⒉灰罂忌l(fā)音“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、地道”，即便是4分(滿分)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中也只要求“ highly intelligible”。

音節(jié)讀得不準(zhǔn)和讀錯(cuò)是兩回事兒。比如把“China”讀成“揣拿”、把“twitter”讀成“推特”或“推特爾”這是讀得不夠準(zhǔn)，帶有 “Chinglish”的口音，但是把“ China”讀成“吹呢”或者把“twitter”讀成“維特爾”就是徹 底讀錯(cuò)了。在托福考試中，讀得不準(zhǔn)是可以接受的，只要不至于夸張到每個(gè)音節(jié)都讀得不準(zhǔn)。但是讀錯(cuò)就致命了，因?yàn)榘褑卧~讀錯(cuò)，會(huì)造成考官很可能誤解考生話語(yǔ)的含義，而如果讀錯(cuò)的單詞數(shù)量積累到一定程度，考官就可能徹底無法考生話語(yǔ)的含義。

重音把握錯(cuò)誤是更為嚴(yán)重、也更為常見的現(xiàn)象。“specific” 這個(gè)詞，很多中國(guó)學(xué)生都讀成/?spes?f?k/，首先是第一個(gè)音節(jié)的/?/錯(cuò)讀為/e/，而更為嚴(yán)重的是把原本在第二個(gè)音節(jié)的重音給挪到第一個(gè)音節(jié)上 去了。很多單詞都有若干個(gè)不同詞性的衍生詞，由于音節(jié)數(shù)量發(fā)生了變化，于是重音所在也往往會(huì)發(fā)生變化(有時(shí)還伴隨著某些音節(jié)中的元音發(fā)生變化)，請(qǐng)看economy、economics、economist、economical這 幾個(gè)單詞，它們的重音分別都在哪里呢?

讀者可以想象一下如果一位外國(guó)人說中文的時(shí)候提到“竇娥冤”……她要是把這個(gè)詞讀成“du yuán”，我們基本上還是聽得懂的，甚至談不上需要什么猜測(cè)(這相當(dāng)于我們中國(guó)人講英語(yǔ)有“口音”);她要是把這個(gè)詞讀成“ ku yuān”，我們也不一定是完全聽不懂，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)后面 的“ yuān”，八九不離十我們還是可以猜得出來她想說的是什么，并且甚至可能寬宏大量地想“唉，這個(gè)字我小時(shí)候也讀錯(cuò)過……”但 是如若她說的竟然是“ ku yuán” ——任憑我們?nèi)绾巍爸悄堋币埠茈y一下子弄明白她說的究竟是什么……

所以，平日里就要養(yǎng)成良好的習(xí)慣，每學(xué)一個(gè)單詞，就最好查查詞典，把每個(gè)單詞的讀音都搞清楚，包括那些曲折變化和衍生詞的讀音、以及多音節(jié)單詞的重音究竟 在哪里(英文單詞的重音所在就與中文漢字讀音中的聲調(diào)一樣重要)。大多人覺得這個(gè)很麻煩，所以不做。結(jié)果沒過多久，就發(fā)展到只有視覺記憶而全無聽覺記憶的 詞匯量積累到根本無法重建的地步，而其后一生都要因此吃虧。

為了使自己有足夠正確的、不至于讓別人完全無法讀懂的語(yǔ)音，自我訓(xùn)練的方法其實(shí)只有一個(gè)，跟讀。

另外一個(gè)使語(yǔ)流難以理解的因素，也是更重要、更普遍的因素，是不 合理的意群劃分。在自然語(yǔ)流之中，人們使用長(zhǎng)短不一的停頓來劃分意群。在講外語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，意群劃分不合理，在不恰當(dāng)之處出現(xiàn)停頓，甚至是很長(zhǎng)的停頓(往往是因?yàn)橥蝗幌氩黄饋碓撜f的詞是什么或者怎 么說了)，往往會(huì)造成不可修復(fù)的(至少是難以修復(fù))的缺陷——對(duì)方不僅要耗費(fèi)很大的力氣，還要有足夠的耐心(以及大多數(shù)人都不怎么樣的“短期記憶力”)才 能夠完全理解那斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的語(yǔ)流。

很多人在自我訓(xùn)練過程中不太在意意群劃分和停頓位置的原因可能在于，在母語(yǔ)習(xí)得過程中，意群的劃分、語(yǔ)流中的停頓，這些都是不知不覺學(xué)會(huì)的——靠大量的語(yǔ) 言運(yùn)用(當(dāng)然還有模仿)“自然而然”習(xí)得的;因此人們從未覺得有什么必要在學(xué)外語(yǔ)的時(shí)候要在這方面進(jìn)行刻意訓(xùn)練。但正因?yàn)槲覀儧]機(jī)會(huì)靠環(huán)境“潛移默化”地 搞定這事兒，所以只好通過“刻意的自我訓(xùn)練”來彌補(bǔ)。所以，在練習(xí)跟讀(乃至于后來的朗讀)的時(shí)候，一定要多花一些額外的時(shí)間精力關(guān)注錄音中的意群劃分與 語(yǔ)流中的停頓。

在托?？谡Z(yǔ)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，如果考生錄音的語(yǔ)流中出現(xiàn)了“noticeable lapse”[1] 的話，其他方面無論多好，都可能會(huì)因此難以獲得滿分(4分)、最多能得到的成績(jī)是3分。而語(yǔ)流中出現(xiàn)所謂的“noticeable lapse” 的根源就在于考生平時(shí)不注重語(yǔ)流中的停頓，在不該停頓的時(shí)候亂停頓，而在該停頓的時(shí)候又不停頓——誤以為說的快就是流利。

說得快與說得流利不是一回事兒。事實(shí)上，我們總是勸解學(xué)生有意識(shí)地放慢語(yǔ)速。而這樣一個(gè)看起來沒什么大不了的建議，能夠帶來的效果卻是驚人的：因?yàn)檎f得慢一點(diǎn)，所以就不會(huì)“來不及思考”，于是就有了更多的精力去“良好地組織內(nèi)容”(滿分評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的“ good control of basic and complex structures as appropriate”、 “well developed and coherent”,以及“relationships between ideas are clear”);另外一方面，由于說得慢一點(diǎn)(實(shí)際上只是“感覺慢”而非真正慢)，所以，很容易做到吐字清晰，即滿分評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的“ clear speech”，“highly intelligible”)。