英語翻譯技巧：十種常見的翻譯腔
中外文化歷史背景不同，造成了不同的思維方式和不同的語言表達形式。語言的形式與內容，句子的表層結構與深層意義，在不同的語言文化下是有很大區(qū)別的。下面小編就和大家分享英語翻譯技巧：十種常見的翻譯腔，希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。
英語翻譯技巧：十種常見的翻譯腔
1. 作為……
第一個要介紹的翻譯腔是什么?答案是as，意思是“當作、作為”，但在翻譯時不一定要把這個字翻出來哦!要先想想某句話若換用中文說出來，是否能有更好的表達方式，看看這類的例子吧!
原文：As a husband， he is affectionate.
翻譯腔：作為一個丈夫，他十分地深情。
→ 他是個深情的丈夫。
2. ……之一
這類的翻譯腔經常被讀者忽略，先看看“硯乃文房四寶之一”這句話沒問題吧?但再看看“李白是中國偉大的詩人之一”，發(fā)現(xiàn)哪里不對勁了嗎?這句話若翻成“李白是中國偉大的詩人”是不是簡潔許多，也沒有改變原文的意思呢?還可以參考以下的例子：
原文：He’s one of the famous writers.
翻譯腔：他是有名的作家之一。
→ 他是位有名的作家。
3. 被動用法
中文里的被動用法不如英文常見，因此在轉換語言時別忘了要先想想“這種講法地道嗎?”，適時調整主動及被動的用法，這樣譯文才會讀起來比較順。
原文：His opinion isn’t accepted.
翻譯腔：他的意見不被人們接受。
→ 他的意見大家都不接受。/ 大家都不接受他的意見。
4. 關于……/有關……
這與前面所提到的“作為……”十分類似，與英文相比，介詞在中文相對不怎么重要，因此在翻譯as及about等介詞時，一樣可以多想想我們中文里是否有這樣的用法，才不會顯得畫蛇添足。
原文：We have talked about norovirus today.
翻譯腔：我們今天已經討論過關于諾羅病毒的事了。
→ 我們今天討論過諾羅病毒了。
5. 連接詞
你會說“一年有春、夏、秋和冬”嗎?相信不會!但是在翻譯時大家很容易把多余的“和”或是“以及”翻進去，看看這例子吧!
原文：In the park， we sang and danced.
翻譯腔：我們在公園唱歌和跳舞。
→ 我們在公園唱歌跳舞。(我們是不是更習慣這種說法呢?)
6. 復數(shù)
從句子里的某個單詞是否加了s或是其他的形態(tài)變化來看，我們可以借此判斷單復數(shù)，但是中文沒有這樣的變化，我們會在名詞前加上“許多”或是數(shù)量，甚至不加修飾只透過前后文來強調復數(shù)，而不是加上“們”，看看以下的范例吧!
原文：All of the doctors in the city have disappeared.
翻譯腔：在這城市所有的醫(yī)生們都消失了。
→ 這城市所有的醫(yī)生都消失了。
7. 修飾詞太長
大家應該知道，修飾詞是用來修飾補充的，在一個英文單詞前后要加上幾個形容都可以，但是中文沒有這樣的用法，因此如果遇到特別長的修飾詞，不妨將原句切割成兩三句，這樣不只能夠完整表達原意，還能讓語意更加通順。看看以下例子吧!
原文：I saw a girl who talks and looks like your sister.
翻譯腔：我看到一個說話像且長得也像你姐妹的女生。
→ 我看到一個說話像你姐妹的女生，而且她們長得也很像。
8. 多余的修飾詞
看過了太長的修飾詞，知道什么是多余的修飾詞嗎?舉個例子：孫中山先生成功地推翻了滿清。因為推翻本身就是個已經“完成”的行為，因此無須再將原文中出現(xiàn)的successful翻譯出來。下面的例子也是：
原文：Melody is mainly seen as an outstanding singer.
翻譯腔：Melody 主要地被視為一個卓越的歌手。
→ Melody 被視為一個卓越的歌手。
9. 當……
看到when，是不是就想翻成“當……時”?其實不需要每次都翻出“當”，不然整篇文章就會如余光中先生所說：“五步一當，十步一當，當當之聲，遂不絕于耳了!”尤其有些句子加了“當”，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)整句話變得很像“英式中文”，看看例子就知道了：
原文：When you finish the draft， send it to me.
翻譯腔：當你寫完稿子的時候，把它寄給我吧。
→ 稿子寫完后就寄給我吧。
10. 弱動詞
舉個例子，像press(壓)這個字可以轉變?yōu)閍pply pressure，也就是施加壓力，這里的apply就是弱動詞。
在此弱動詞為意思比較籠統(tǒng)的動詞，而目前中文最常出現(xiàn)的弱動詞，大家一定猜得到，就是“進行”“作出”。如果被濫用，許多動詞將會慢慢被分解成繁瑣的短語，失去動詞本身的力量。
原文：The audiences gave good reactions to the speaker last night.
翻譯腔：昨晚聽眾對演講者作出十分熱烈的反應。
→ 昨晚聽眾對演講者反應十分熱烈。
翻譯資格考試一級筆譯考試精選習題
Appealing Returns
豐厚誘人的回報
Contingent fees, in which clients pay lawyers only if a case is won, have long been a feature of America’s legal system. Many other countries used to bar them, wary of importing America’s ambulance-chasing culture. But a belated acceptance of their benefits means they are now widely allowed. “No-win, no-fee” arrangements help shift risks from parties to a suit to their lawyers, and make it less likely that a would-be plaintiff decides not to press a strong case for fear of a big financial loss.
只有在勝訴后才需要向律師付費的“風險代理收費制”一直是美國法律體系的一個特色。其他許多國家曾禁止這種操作，擔心將美國的訟棍文化“引狼入室”。但這種收費制的好處終于得到遲來的認可，如今已被廣泛采用。有了“不贏不收錢”的協(xié)定，風險就從訴訟各方轉移到了他們的律師身上，也就不大會發(fā)生原本頗有些勝算，卻因為害怕白白燒錢而放棄打官司的情況。
They accepted money from third parties to fund cases in exchange for some of the winnings. Litigation finance has since taken off. Fortune 500 companies and New York’s elite law firms increasingly tap outside capital when pursuing multi-million-dollar suits.
他們接受第三方的資金來支付訴訟開支，作為交換，向對方支付部分訴訟賠償所得。自那之后，訴訟融資業(yè)務蓬勃發(fā)展起來?！敦敻弧肥澜?00強公司和紐約的精英律師事務所在打數(shù)百萬美元的官司時，越來越多地利用外部資本。
Funds that invest in litigation are on the rise. In the past 18 months some 30 have launched; over $2bn has been raised. Last year Burford Capital, an industry heavyweight, put $1.3bn into cases – more than triple the amount it deployed in 2016. Lee Drucker of Lake Whillans, a firm that funds lawsuits, says he gets calls weekly from institutional investors seeking an asset uncorrelated with the rest of the market – payouts from lawsuits bear no relation to interest-rate rises or stock market swings.
投資于訴訟案件的基金逐步增多。過去18個月里成立了約30支這樣的基金，融資超過20億美元。去年，業(yè)界“大腕”伯福德資本(Burford Capital)為資助訴訟案件投入了13億美元，是2016年投入金額的三倍多。訴訟資助公司Lake Whillans的李·德魯克(Lee Drucker)說他每周都會接到機構投資者的電話，他們想尋覓一種與市場其余部分不相關的資產——訴訟賠償金與利率上漲或股市起伏沒有任何關聯(lián)。
Such outside funding does not just enable plaintiffs to pursue potentially lucrative cases. It also allows law firms to hedge risk. Some clients, worried about the misaligned incentives caused by law firms’ sky-high hourly rates, insist on partial or full contingency-payment schemes. Outside funding lets firms recoup some revenue even if they do not win a case. “Firms that lose are still going to take a bath,” says Nicholas Kajon of Stevens & Lee. “But the write-off won’t be quite as bad.”
這樣的外部資金不僅能讓原告方發(fā)起有可能會帶來大筆賠償金的訴訟，還能讓律師事務所對沖風險。一些委托人擔心律師事務所按小時收取的天價費用會造成不當激勵，因而堅持部分或全部采用風險代理付費方案。有了外部資金，律師事務所就算沒能贏得訴訟也能挽回部分收入?！拜斄斯偎?，律所還是會虧一大筆錢，”Stevens & Lee律師事務所的尼古拉斯·卡永(Nicholas Kajon)說，“但會少虧一些。”
Returns are usually a multiple of the investment or a percentage of the settlement, or some combination of the two. Funders of a winning suit can expect to double, triple or quadruple their money. Cases that are up for appeal, where the timespan is short – usually 18-24 months – and the chance of a loss slimmer, offer lower returns. New cases that are expected to take years offer higher potential payouts.
訴訟投資的收益通常為投資額的一個倍數(shù)或賠償金的一定比例，或者兩者兼有。勝訴案件的資助者所獲收益可能會是其出資金額的二到四倍。準備上訴的案子審理時間短——通常在18到24個月之間，敗訴的可能性相對較低，投資回報也較低。那些預計將耗時多年的新案子可能會帶來更高的回報。
A maturing market means more sophisticated offerings. To spread risk, funders are bundling cases into portfolios and taking a share of the proceeds. Last year Burford ploughed $726m into portfolio deals, compared with $72m into stand-alone suits.
市場日漸成熟，出現(xiàn)了更復雜的投資方式。為了分散風險，訴訟融資機構將案件打包成投資組合，從中抽取一部分收益。伯福德去年投入了7.26億美元用于組合投資各類案件，而在單個案件上的投入為7200萬美元。
As funders compete for high-quality investments, opportunities in new markets arise. Bentham IMF, a litigation funder based in New York, has joined Kobre & Kim, a law firm, to set up a $30m fund for Israeli startups to pursue claims against multinationals – for example, over trade-secret violations. A burgeoning secondary market is likely to develop further, allowing investors to cash out before long-running suits are closed. Burford recently sold its stake in an arbitration case concerning two Argentine airlines for a return of 736%. Such mouth-watering profits should keep luring capital into the courtroom.
隨著訴訟融資公司爭相搶奪高質量的投資項目，在新市場中也出現(xiàn)了機會。總部設在紐約的訴訟融資公司Bentham IMF與高博金律師事務所(Kobre & Kim)共同設立了一個規(guī)模達3000萬美元的基金專門支持以色列的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司向跨國公司索賠——例如在侵害商業(yè)機密方面。一個新興的二級市場看來會進一步發(fā)展，讓投資者得以先一步套現(xiàn)離場，而不用等待一宗曠日持久的訴訟案塵埃落定。伯福德近期出售了自己在一個涉及兩家阿根廷航空公司的仲裁案中的股份，回報率達736%。如此令人垂涎的利潤水平應該會吸引資本源源不斷地流向法庭。
翻譯資格考試一級筆譯考試精選習題
The Future of News back to the Coffee House
新聞產業(yè)的未來，重回咖啡屋時代
The internet is taking the news industry back to the conversational culture of the era before mass media
互聯(lián)網正在將新聞產業(yè)帶回到大眾傳媒出現(xiàn)前的時代。
Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets, newsletters and broadsides. “The Coffee houses particularly are very commodious for a free Conversation, and for reading at an easier Rate all manner of printed News,” noted one observer. Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, the New York Sun, pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news, thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience. At the time of the launch America’s bestselling paper sold just 4,500 copies a day; the Sun, with its steam press, soon reached 15,000. The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media.
三百年前，新聞以口頭或書面形式傳播，并且以小冊子、簡報的形式在小餐館或咖啡屋中流傳。據(jù)一名觀察員說，咖啡屋是進行自由交談的不二選擇，并且也是休閑閱讀的理想場所。但是事情在1883年發(fā)生重大轉變，第一個面向大眾的報紙，紐約《太陽報》誕生，并且首次引入廣告來降低新聞成本，一舉兩得地為贊助商尋到更多的觀眾。當紐約報紙面世時，美國銷量最好的雜志每天可以賣4500份;但是《太陽報》卻很快達到15000的銷量。報紙以及隨后而來的廣播、電視將新聞傳播方式從兩方面的交流變?yōu)橐环矫娴挠缮贁?shù)公司控制的傳播。
Now, as our special report explains, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The internet is making news more participatory, social, diverse and partisan, reviving the discursive ethos of the era before mass media. That will have profound effects on society and politics.
現(xiàn)在，正如我們的特別報道所言，新聞產業(yè)正在向之前咖啡屋相近轉變。互聯(lián)網使新聞變得更易參與，更具有社會性，更容易聽到不同的聲音，讓新聞從大眾傳媒時代重回百家爭鳴的盛況。這對社會及政治將產生重大影響。
In much of the world, the mass media are flourishing. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009, helped by particularly strong demand in places like India, where 110m papers are now sold daily. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries.
在世界大部分地區(qū)，大眾傳媒都在蓬勃發(fā)展。世界范圍內的報紙銷量從2005年到2009年增長了6%，特別是有巨大需求的印度地區(qū)，每天就有1億1千萬的銷量。但在富裕國家讀者人數(shù)卻大幅下降。
Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. An amateur video taken during the Japanese earthquake has been watched 15m times on YouTube. “Crowdsourcing” projects bring readers and journalists together to sift through troves of documents, from the expense claims of British politicians to Sarah Palin’s e-mails. Social-networking sites help people find, discuss and share news with their friends.
過去十年整個西方世界中，人們逐漸放棄報紙和電視，而是通過其它的方式與時俱進。更引人著目的是更多的普通民眾參與到新聞的收集、分享、篩選和討論中。推特使人們可以隨時隨地將他們的所見所聞相互分享。各種各樣的文件被無數(shù)在線用戶上傳。手機拍客們拍攝的阿拉伯暴亂以及美國龍卷風的視頻和照片在社交網絡中廣泛傳播并且為電視報道所引用。YouTube上一部攝于日本地震期間的相關視頻被瀏覽一千五百萬次?！氨姲睂⒆x者與記者緊密聯(lián)系在了一起，共同處理各種新聞文件，從英國政客的消費聲明到Sarah Palin的郵件。社交網絡為人們與好友之間尋找、討論和分享新聞提供了平臺。
And it is not just readers who are challenging the media elite. Technology firms including Google, Facebook and Twitter have become important (some say too important) conduits of news. Celebrities and world leaders, including Barack Obama and Hugo Chávez, publish updates directly via social networks; many countries now make raw data available through “open government” initiatives. The internet lets people read newspapers or watch television channels from around the world: The Guardian, a British newspaper, now has more online readers abroad than at home. The web has allowed new providers of news, from individual bloggers to sites such as the Huffington Post, to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practised by WikiLeaks, which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents. The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets, like the BBC.
不僅僅是讀者在向傳統(tǒng)傳媒發(fā)起挑戰(zhàn)。包括谷歌、臉譜、推特在內的科技公司也逐漸成為新聞傳播的重要渠道。包括奧巴馬在內的許多名流和政要通過社交網絡公布他們的實時動態(tài)。互聯(lián)網打破了人們閱讀報紙及收看電視頻道的地域限制：《衛(wèi)報》，一份英國報紙，現(xiàn)在較其本土讀者有更多的網上讀者。從博客到類似Huffington Post的網站，互聯(lián)網使更多人成為新聞的可能提供者，在很短時間內就獲得大量關注?；ヂ?lián)網也為新聞的發(fā)布提供了一種全新的可能，正如維基解密所做的那樣，為揭密者提供匿名發(fā)布信息的平臺。新聞媒體再也不會為少數(shù)傳媒巨頭或部分政府部門所控制，就像BBC。
In principle, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thing. A Texan who once had to rely on the Houston Chronicle to interpret the world can now collect information from myriad different sources. Authoritarian rulers everywhere have more to fear. So what, many will say, if journalists have less stable careers? All the same, two areas of concern stand out.
原則上來說，每個自由主義人士都應該為此慶祝。一個更具有參與性與社會性的新聞環(huán)境，一個更加集思廣益、百家爭鳴的新聞環(huán)境是值得慶祝的。德克薩斯人曾經必須依靠Houston Chronicle來與外界保持聯(lián)系，但現(xiàn)在卻可以通過無數(shù)的渠道得到他們想要的消息。專治統(tǒng)治者憂心忡忡。但也有很多人發(fā)問，這會不會對記者這個職業(yè)產生沖擊呢?同樣引起關注的還有兩點。
The first worry is the loss of “accountability journalism”, which holds the powerful to account. Shrinking revenues have reduced the amount and quality of investigative and local political reporting in the print press.
首先就是擔心負責任的媒體會越來越少，這些媒體會對他們報道的內容負責。經費的減少降低了調查研究和本地政治報道的數(shù)量和質量。
But old-style journalism was never quite as morally upstanding as journalists like to think. Indeed, the News of the World, a British newspaper which has been caught hacking into people’s mobile phones, is a very traditional sort of scandal sheet. Meantime, the internet is spawning new forms of accountability. A growing band of non-profit outfits such as ProPublica, the Sunlight Foundation and WikiLeaks are helping to fill the gap left by the decline of watchdog media. This is still a work in progress, but the degree of activity and experimentation provides cause for optimism.
但傳統(tǒng)傳媒卻并不總是像記者所想像的一樣高尚。世界新聞報，一份英國報紙，被指證竊聽人們的手機，這是非常普遍的丑聞之一。同時，互聯(lián)網正在傳播一種新的責任形式。一些個還在增加的非盈利組織，像Propublica、Sunlight Foundation以及wikiLeaks，正在幫助減小由于“看門狗”媒體下降帶來的斷帶。這是一項仍未完成的任務，但是活動和實驗的程度為樂觀主義者提供了信心。
The second concern has to do with partisanship. In the mass-media era local monopolies often had to be relatively impartial to maximise their appeal to readers and advertisers. In a more competitive world the money seems to be in creating an echo chamber for people’s prejudices: thus Fox News, a conservative American cable-news channel, makes more profits than its less strident rivals, CNN and MSNBC, combined.
第二個值得關注的就是黨派性。在大眾傳媒時代，地方寡頭必須保持相對的公正性以吸引讀者和贊助商。在一個更具有競爭性的世界中，金錢似乎正在為偏見提供肥沃的土壤：就像Fox News，一家美國保守派有線新聞電視臺，比沒有它言語犀利的兩家CNN和MSNBC合起來賺得還要多。
In one way the increasing availability of partisan news is to be welcomed. In the past many people – especially right-wing Americans, since most American television was left-leaning – had nothing to watch that reflected their views. But as news is becoming more opinionated, both politics and the facts are suffering: witness some American conservatives’ insistence that Barack Obama was born outside America, and others’ refusal to accept that taxes must rise.
在某種情況下，大量政黨新聞的涌入是會被歡迎的。在過去，許多人——特別是右翼人士，因為大多數(shù)美國電視是左傾的——在電視上找不到反應他們政治立場的節(jié)目。政治與事實都在忍受固執(zhí)己見的新聞的打擊：有人堅稱奧巴馬是在國外出生的，也有人拒絕接受稅收必須上調。
What is to be done? At a societal level, not much. The transformation of the news business is unstoppable, and attempts to reverse it are doomed to failure. But there are steps individuals can take to mitigate these worries. As producers of new journalism, they can be scrupulous with facts and transparent with their sources. As consumers, they can be catholic in their tastes and demanding in their standards. And although this transformation does raise concerns, there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse, vociferous, argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the age of the internet. The coffee house is back. Enjoy it.
有什么需要做的呢?在社會層面需要我們做的并不多。新聞產業(yè)的轉型勢不可擋，任何意圖阻止轉型的行為都注定失敗。但個人確實可以采取有效措施來減輕前面提到的幾種擔心。大眾作為新式傳媒的締造者，可以自己對所謂事實的真實性把關并公開信息來源。而作為新聞受眾的時候，大眾可以接觸更多領域的信息并且降低需求的標準。雖然轉型確實帶來了一些麻煩，但更值得慶祝的是在互聯(lián)網時代有這樣一個集思廣益、百家爭鳴的新聞平臺?？Х任輹r代即將回歸。與它共舞吧!
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