翻譯技巧：做個好英語翻譯的十條建議
口譯也好，筆譯也好，只要你參與到英語翻譯的各種考試中，你就要明白自己將要面臨的困難。下面小編就和大家分享翻譯技巧：做個好英語翻譯的十條建議，希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。
翻譯技巧：做個好英語翻譯的十條建議
1. Read extensively, especially in your non-native language(s).
1.多讀書，尤其要讀外語作品。
Read high quality newspapers (e.g. the New York Times, Wall Street Journal) EVERY DAY for at least a year.
每天讀高質(zhì)量的報紙(如《紐約時報》《華爾街日報》等)，堅持至少一年。
Read high quality news magazines, cover to cover.
讀高質(zhì)量的雜志，從封面到封底，每一頁都要讀。
Read your favorite topics in your non-native language(s).
閱讀關于你感興趣的主題的外語作品。
Read other well-written material that will help broaden your general knowledge.
閱讀其他高質(zhì)量的，有助于拓寬視野的材料。
2. Watch the TV news and listen to radio news and podcasts on current events in all workinglanguages.
2.多關注電視和廣播里的各語種時事報導。
Don't just listen to news stories; analyze them.
不要只把新聞當故事聽，要分析新聞。
Keep abreast of current events and issues.
與時俱進，跟上時事的步伐。
Record news programs and interviews so you can listen to them later.
把新聞節(jié)目和采訪錄下來，以便回顧。
3. Strengthen your general knowledge of economics, history, the law, international politics, and scientific concepts and principles (in that order).
3.加強你在經(jīng)濟、歷史、法律、國際政治和科學方面的知識，了解一些基本的概念和原理。
Take college-level courses, review high school texts, etc.
可以通過學習大學課程或復習高中課本來達到這一點。
Strengthen your knowledge in a specialized field (preferably in a technical field, such as computers).
加強你在某個特定領域的知識(是某個技術領域，如計算機等)。
4. Live in a country where your non-native language is spoken.
4.在通用語言是你所學外語的國家住上一段時間。
A stay of at least six months to a year is recommended.
推薦至少住上半年到一年。
Live with and/or frequently interact with native speakers of your non-native language.
和以你所學外語為母語的人住在一起或保持互動。
Take content-related courses (e.g. macroeconomics, political science) in your non-native language (not just pure language courses).
參加一些外語教授的課程(如宏觀經(jīng)濟學，政治科學等，而不是單純的語言課程)。
Work in a setting that requires high level use of your non-native language.
在對你的外語水平要求較高的環(huán)境里工作。
5. Fine-tune your writing and research skills.
5.提升你的寫作和研究技能。
Take challenging composition courses (not just creative writing courses, but classes in journalism, technical writing, etc.) so you can “speak” journalese, UNese, legalese, etc.
參加有挑戰(zhàn)性的寫作課程(不僅僅是創(chuàng)意寫作課，而是新聞寫作、科技文章寫作之類的課程)，如此你方能熟悉“新聞體”、“聯(lián)合國體”、“法律體”等等寫作風格。
Copy (by hand) sections of textbooks and periodicals in your non-native language(s).
抄寫外語課本和期刊段落。
Make a note of unfamiliar or troublesome grammatical points and work towards mastering them.
把不常用或者易出錯的語法點一一記下來，努力掌握它們。
Practice proofreading.
多做改錯練習。
6. Improve your public speaking skills.
6.提升你的公共演講技能。
Take rigorous speech courses.
參加嚴格的演講課程。
Practice writing and making presentations in front of other people in both your native and foreign language(s). (Have native speakers of your non-native language edit your speeches.)
多練習寫講稿和在其他人面前做演講，既要用母語練也要用外語練。(讓以你所學外語為母語的人來修改你的講稿。)
7. Hone your analytical skills.
7.磨練你的分析技能。
Practice listening to speeches and orally summarizing the main points.
練習口頭總結出聽到的演講的中心思想。
Practice writing summaries of news articles.
練習寫新聞報道的摘要。
Practice deciphering difficult texts (e.g. philosophy, law, etc.).
練習闡釋難懂的文章(如哲學文章、法律文章等)。
Practice explaining complicated concepts understandably.
練習把復雜的概念解釋清楚。
Identify resources for background research (e.g. library, Internet, etc.).
為背景研究儲備資源(包括圖書館、網(wǎng)絡等等)。
8. Become computer savvy.
8.通曉電腦。
Familiarize yourself with navigation and file management under current Windows operating systems.
熟悉如何在Windows操作系統(tǒng)下導航和管理文件。
Develop an understanding of the features Windows offers for multilingual processing, such as language-specific keyboard layouts, regional settings for units of measurement.
了解Windows系統(tǒng)多語種進程的特點，比如特定語言的鍵盤布局，地區(qū)性設置的方法等等。
Learn to use advanced functions of Word, Excel, and other Microsoft Office applications in both your native and non-native languages.
熟悉Word，Excel和其他辦公軟件的母語版本以及外語版本。
Become an expert in search engines and online research by using these tools on a daily basis.
通過日常的頻繁使用，熟悉搜索引擎和網(wǎng)絡資源搜索。
9. Learn how to take care of yourself.
9.學會照顧自己。
Eat sensibly, exercise regularly, and get sufficient sleep. These are all habits required of a good translator/interpreter.
合理飲食，經(jīng)常鍛煉，睡眠充足。這是成為的譯員所必需的習慣。
10. Be prepared for lifelong learning.
10.活到老，學到老。
Be patient. Bringing your language skills and analytical skills up to the level required of a professional translator or interpreter is not a task that can be accomplished in a few short years. Only with a lot of sustained hard work can anyone truly succeed in these challenging and exciting fields.
要有耐心。將自己的語言和分析能力提升到職業(yè)譯員所需要的水平不是一朝一夕的事。只用通過長期不懈的努力，才能在這個充滿挑戰(zhàn)和刺激的領域取得成功。
上面這些內(nèi)容大家看懂了嗎?不要光看看，還要記在腦子里，印在心里，運用到實際考試當中。英語翻譯能力的提升需要花費大量的時間，更要有驚人的毅力與耐心。如果你的成功欲望很強，那么就堅持下去，讓自己不后悔于自己的付出。
2020年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級筆譯材料
Mobile Telecoms: Wireless: The Next Generation
移動通信：無線：下一世代(節(jié)選)
A new wave of mobile technology is on its way, and will bring drastic change
醞釀中的新一代移動技術將帶來巨變
The future is already arriving, it is just a question of knowing where to look. On Changshou Road in Shanghai, eagle eyes may spot an odd rectangular object on top of an office block: it is a collection of 128 miniature antennae. Pedestrians in Manhattan can catch a glimpse of apparatus that looks like a video camera on a stand, but jerks around and has a strange, hornlike protrusion where the lens should be. It blasts a narrow beam of radio waves at buildings so they can bounce their way to the receiver. The campus of the University of Surrey in Guildford, England, is dotted with 44 antennae, which form virtual wireless cells that follow a device around.
未來已然在目，只在于我們放眼何方。上海的長壽路上，目光敏銳的人會發(fā)現(xiàn)一座辦公樓的樓頂架著奇怪的矩形物體：由128條微型天線組成的設備。在曼哈頓，行人會瞥見攝像頭般的裝置立在支架上，不但會猛然轉(zhuǎn)動，而且在本應是鏡頭的位置有奇怪的角狀突出。該裝置向建筑物發(fā)射窄束無線電波，經(jīng)過反射的電波可以傳給接收器。薩里大學(University of Surrey)在英格蘭吉爾福德(Guildford)的校園內(nèi)分布著44臺天線，形成一套虛擬的無線基站，供手機使用。
These antennae are vanguards of a new generation of wireless technologies. Although the previous batch, collectively called “fourth generation”, or 4G, is still being rolled out in many countries, the telecoms industry has already started working on the next, 5G. On February 12th AT&T, America’s second-largest mobile operator, said it would begin testing whether prototype 5G circuitry works indoors, following similar news in September from Verizon, the number one. South Korea wants to have a 5G network up and running when it hosts the Winter Olympics in 2018; Japan wants the same for the summer games in 2020. When the industry held its annual jamboree, Mobile World Congress, in Barcelona in February, 5G topped the agenda.
這些天線是新一代無線技術的前沿成果。雖然許多國家仍在推廣被統(tǒng)稱為“第四代”(即4G)的前一代無線技術，但電信業(yè)已經(jīng)邁向下一代技術即5G的研發(fā)。2月12日，美國第二大移動運營商AT&T表示將試驗5G原型電路能否在室內(nèi)接通。而早在去年9月，美國第一大移動運營商Verizon也做過類似的實驗。韓國希望在2018年主辦冬季奧運會時能建成并啟用5G網(wǎng)絡;日本希望在2020年主辦夏季奧運會時實現(xiàn)同樣的愿景。2月在無線業(yè)界于巴塞羅那召開的年度峰會世界移動通信大會(Mobile World Congress)上，5G技術成為首要議題。
Mobile telecoms have come a long way since Martin Cooper of Motorola, inventor of the DynaTAC, the first commercially available handset, demonstrated it in 1973. In the early 2000s, when 3G technology made web-browsing feasible on mobiles, operators splashed out more than $100 billion on radio-spectrum licences, only to find that the technology most had agreed to use was harder to implement than expected.
自摩托羅拉的馬丁·庫帕(Martin Cooper)在1973年展示其發(fā)明的首款商用手機DynaTAC以來，移動通訊已有長足的發(fā)展。21世紀初，3G技術使手機上網(wǎng)成為可能，運營商于是砸出超過千億美元購入無線電頻譜牌照，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)這項大多數(shù)人已同意使用的技術推廣起來難于預期。 The advent of 5G is likely to bring another splurge of investment, just as orders for 4G equipment are peaking. The goal is to be able to offer users no less than the “perception of infinite capacity”, says Rahim Tafazolli, director of the 5G Innovation Centre at the University of Surrey. Rare will be the device that is not wirelessly connected, from self-driving cars and drones to the sensors, industrial machines and household appliances that together constitute the “internet of things” (IoT).
正當4G設備迎來訂單高峰之際，5G的出現(xiàn)很可能激發(fā)另一輪投資熱潮。目標是至少給用戶以 “功能無限的印象”，薩里大學5G創(chuàng)新中心主任拉希姆·塔法佐利(Rahim Tafazolli)說。將來，從無人駕駛汽車、無人機到構成“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”的一切傳感器、工業(yè)機械及家用電器，幾乎所有設備都能無線聯(lián)網(wǎng)。
It is easy to dismiss all this as “a lot of hype”, in the words of Kester Mann of CCS Insight, a research firm. When it comes to 5G, much is still up in the air: not only which band of radio spectrum and which wireless technologies will be used, but what standards makers of network gear and handsets will have to comply with. Telecoms firms have reached consensus only on a set of rough “requirements”. The most important are connection speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second and response times (“l(fā)atency”) of below 1 millisecond.
視這一切為“炒作”并嗤之以鼻很容易，研究公司CCS Insight的凱斯特·曼(Kester Mann)說道。提到5G，大都未有定論：不只是利用哪一頻段的無線電頻譜及哪些無線技術未定，還有網(wǎng)絡設備及手機制造商須遵照哪些標準也未確定。電信公司已就一套寬泛的“要求”達成共識。最重要的是連接速度最高要達到10Gbps，而且響應時間(“網(wǎng)絡延遲”)須低于一毫秒。
Yet the momentum is real. South Korea and Japan are front-runners in wired broadband, and Olympic games are an opportunity to show the world that they intend also to stay ahead in wireless, even if that may mean having to upgrade their 5G networks to comply with a global standard once it is agreed. AT&T and Verizon both invested early in 4G, and would like to lead again with 5G. The market for network equipment has peaked, as recent results from Ericsson and Nokia show, so the makers also need a new generation of products and new groups of customers.
然而，勢頭已然成真。韓國和日本是有線寬帶建設的領跑國家，舉辦奧運會是一個機會，向世界展現(xiàn)它們也想要領跑無線領域，即便這意味著在全球標準議定出臺后它們可能必須升級其5G網(wǎng)絡以符合標準要求。AT&T及Verizon均在早期率先投資4G，如今同樣希望在5G上再度領先。正如愛立信和諾基亞最近業(yè)績所顯示的那樣，網(wǎng)絡設備市場已經(jīng)飽和，因此制造商也需要新一代產(chǎn)品及新的客戶群。
On the demand side, too, pressure is mounting for better wireless infrastructure. The rapid growth in data traffic will continue for the foreseeable future, says Sundeep Rangan of NYU Wireless, a department of New York University. According to one estimate, networks need to be ready for a 1,000-fold increase in data volumes in the first half of the 2020s. And the radio spectrum used by 4G, which mostly sits below 3 gigahertz, is running out, and thus getting more expensive. An auction in America last year raked in $45 billion.
需求方面也一樣，改善無線基礎設施的呼聲日益迫切。紐約大學無線研究中心(NYU Wireless)的森迪普·蘭根(Sundeep Rangan)表示，在可預見的未來，數(shù)據(jù)流量將繼續(xù)快速增長。據(jù)估計，在本世紀20年代的前五年，網(wǎng)絡需要準備好迎接上千倍的數(shù)據(jù)量增長。而4G所用的無線電頻段(大多低于3GHz)已逐漸稀缺，且愈加昂貴，去年美國一次競拍便賣得450億美元。
But the path to a 5G wireless paradise will not be smooth. It is not only the usual telecoms suspects who will want a say in this mother of all networks. Media companies will want priority to be given to generous bandwidth, so they can stream films with ever higher resolution. Most IoT firms will not need much bandwidth, but will want their sensors to run on one set of batteries for years – so they will want the 5G standard to put a premium on low power consumption. Online-gaming firms will worry about latency: players will complain if it is too high.
但通往5G無線天堂的道路不會一帆風順。對這一“萬網(wǎng)之源”，爭取話事權的不單是慣常那些電信企業(yè)。媒體公司希望優(yōu)先獲得更高的帶寬，以便其以更高分辨率在線播放影片。大部分物聯(lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)不需要太大的帶寬，而是想自己的傳感器能靠一組電池續(xù)航數(shù)年，所以它們會希望5G標準重視低功耗。網(wǎng)游公司會擔心網(wǎng)絡延遲的問題：假如延遲過久，玩家會抱怨。
The most important set of new actors, however, are information-technology firms. The likes of Apple, IBM and Samsung have a big interest not only in selling more smartphones and other mobile devices, but also in IoT, which is tipped to generate the next big wave of revenues for them and other companies. Google, which already operates high-speed fibre-optic networks in several American cities and may be tempted to build a wireless one, has shown an interest in 5G. In 2014 it bought Alpental Technologies, a startup which was developing a cheap, high-speed communications service using extremely high radio frequencies, known as “millimetre wave” (mmWave), the spectrum bands above 3 gigahertz where most of 5G is expected to live.
然而，最重要的新登場者是信息技術公司。蘋果、IBM、三星這類企業(yè)不但關心賣出更多的智能手機及其他移動設備，對于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)這據(jù)稱將為其帶來下一波收入巨浪的領域，他們也饒有興致。谷歌已在美國多個城市運營高速光纖網(wǎng)絡業(yè)務，而且可能有意打造無線網(wǎng)絡，目前該公司已對5G表示興趣。2014年，谷歌收購了創(chuàng)業(yè)公司Alpental Technologies，該公司當時正在研發(fā)通過極高頻無線電提供廉價而高速的通訊服務，即所謂的“毫米波”(mmWave，頻段高于3GHz，也是5G預期主要使用的頻段)。
To satisfy all these actors will not be easy, predicts Ulf Ewaldsson, Ericsson’s chief technology officer. Questions over spectrum may be the easiest to solve, in part because the World Radiocommunication Conference, established by international treaty, will settle them. Its last gathering, in November, failed to agree on the frequencies for 5G, but it is expected to do so when it next meets in 2019. It is likely to carve out space in the mmWave bands. Tests such as the one in Manhattan mentioned above, which are conducted by researchers from NYU Wireless, have shown that such bands can be used for 5G: although they are blocked even by thin obstacles, they can be made to bounce around them.
要滿足所有各方所求并非易事，愛立信首席技術官烏爾夫·艾華信(Ulf Ewaldsson)預言道。頻段問題也許是最容易解決的，一方面是因為按國際條約成立的世界無線電通信大會將解決這些問題。大會上一次召開是在去年11月，雖然當時無法就5G所用頻率達成一致，但預計大會下一次在2019年召開時便可達成共識，并很可能會在毫米波頻段中開辟空間。諸如上文提及由NYU無線研究中心研究人員在曼哈頓所做的測試已顯示，這些頻段可以用于5G：雖然薄障礙物也會造成阻隔，但可以讓它們通過反射繞過障礙物。
For the first time there will not be competing sets of technical rules, as was the case with 4G, when LTE, now the standard, was initially threatened by WiMax, which was bankrolled by Intel, a chipmaker. Nobody seems willing to play Intel’s role this time around. That said, 5G will be facing a strong competitor, especially indoors: smartphone users are increasingly using Wi-Fi connections for calls and texts as well as data. That means they have ever less need for a mobile connection, no matter how blazingly fast it may be.
沒有多套技術準則相互競爭，這實屬首次，不像4G推出時的情形，如今普遍采用的LTE標準最初還受到芯片制造商英特爾投資開發(fā)的WiMax標準威脅。這次，似乎沒有誰愿意扮演英特爾的角色。盡管如此，5G將面對一個強大對手，尤其是在室內(nèi)：智能手機用戶除了用Wi-Fi傳輸數(shù)據(jù)之外，也越來越多地用其打電話及發(fā)短信。那意味著他們對接入移動網(wǎng)絡的需求越來越少，不管數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸有多么極速。
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