翻譯技巧：英語形容詞翻譯竅門
語言和語言之間有不小的區(qū)別，英語和漢語語言結構和表達習慣有很多差異之處，翻譯時往往能死扣原文逐詞逐句譯出。下面小編就和大家分享翻譯技巧：英語形容詞翻譯竅門，希望能夠幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。
翻譯技巧：英語形容詞翻譯竅門
一、一些原義并無否定意思的形容詞和別的詞搭配，有時可譯成否定句。
1. These goods are in short supply.
這些貨物供應不足。
2. This equation is far from being complicated.
這個方程一定也不復雜。
二、為了使譯文自然流暢，讀起來順口，在一些形容詞前可根據上下文內容加上副詞“很”、“最”等字。
1. It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
這是我度過最愉快的一天。
2. It is easy to compress a gas.
氣體很容易壓縮。
三、有時可將英語的“形容詞+名詞短語”譯成漢語的主謂結構1到100的英語單詞。
1. She spoke in a high voice.
她講話聲音很尖。
2. This engine develops a high torque.
這臺發(fā)動機產生的轉矩很大。
四、如果一個名詞前有幾個形容詞修飾，英譯時應根據漢語習慣決定其順序。
1. a large brick conference hall
一個用磚砌的大會議廳
2. a plastic garden chair
一把在花園里用的塑料椅子
五、英語中一些表示知覺、情感、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，同連系動詞構成復合謂語時，翻譯時可將形容詞譯成動詞。
1. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承擔的責任。
2. Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.
類似的批評在他后來寫的評論美國的文章中屢見不鮮。
3. He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.
他誠懇地懺悔過去，并保證永遠不再玩汽車。
六、由于語言習慣不同，英語里的形容詞有時譯成漢語副詞。
1. I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.
我要對每一個人都親切、溫柔、甜蜜。
2. He asked me for a full account of myself and family.
他詳盡地問起我自己和我家里的情況。
3. Another war will be the absolute end of our country.
再來一次戰(zhàn)爭將徹底毀滅我們這個國家
2020年翻譯資格考試(catti)一級筆譯材料
Facebook: Imperial Ambitions
Facebook：帝國野心
Mark Zuckerberg prepares to fight for dominance of the next era of computing
馬克·扎克伯格準備為爭奪下一個計算時代的統治地位而戰(zhàn)
Not since the era of imperial Rome has the “thumbs-up” sign been such a potent and public symbol of power. A mere 12 years after it was founded, Facebook is a great empire with a vast population, immense wealth, a charismatic leader, and mind-boggling reach and influence. The world’s largest social network has 1.6 billion users, a billion of whom use it every day for an average of over 20 minutes each. In the Western world, Facebook accounts for the largest share of the most popular activity (social networking) on the most widely used computing devices (smartphones); its various apps account for 30% of mobile internet use by Americans. And it is the sixth-most-valuable public company on Earth, worth some $325 billion.
自羅馬帝國時代以來，“豎起大拇指”這一手勢就成為了公開且有力的權力象征。成立僅十二年之后，Facebook已成為一個偉大的帝國，人口眾多、財富無數、領袖魅力非凡，且影響力和影響范圍令人難以想象。這一全球最大的社交網絡擁有16億用戶，其中十億每天平均使用時間超過20分鐘。在西方世界，Facebook在最廣泛使用的計算設備(智能手機)上的最受歡迎的活動(社交網絡)中所占份額最大;它各種各樣的應用占美國人移動互聯網使用的30%。它是全球市值第六大的上市公司，價值3250億美元。
Even so, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s 31-year-old founder and chief executive, has even greater ambitions. He has plans to connect the digitally unconnected in poor countries by beaming internet signals from solar-powered drones, and is making big bets on artificial intelligence (AI), “chatbots” and virtual reality (VR). This bid for dominance will bring him into increasing conflict with the other great empires of the technology world, and Google in particular. The ensuing battle will shape the digital future for everyone.
即便如此，31歲的Facebook創(chuàng)始人及首席執(zhí)行官馬克·扎克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)仍有更宏偉的志向。他計劃用太陽能供電的無人機發(fā)送互聯網信號，以連接貧困國家尚未連入數字世界的人，他在人工智能(AI)、聊天機器人和虛擬現實(VR)上押下重注。對統治地位的競逐會令他和科技世界其他偉大帝國之間的沖突不斷增加，尤其是同谷歌之間。今后的戰(zhàn)斗將為每個人塑造數字化的未來。
Empires built on data
數據上的帝國
Facebook has prospered by building compelling services that attract large audiences, whose attention can then be sold to advertisers. The same is true of Google. The two play different roles in their users’ lives: Google has masses of data about the world, whereas Facebook knows about you and your friends; you go to Google to get things done, but turn to Facebook when you have time to kill. Yet their positions of dominance and their strategies are becoming remarkably similar. Unparalleled troves of data make both firms difficult to challenge and immensely profitable, giving them the wealth to make bold bets and to deal with potential competitors by buying them. And both firms crave more users and more data – which, for all the do-gooding rhetoric, explains why they are both so interested in extending internet access in the developing world, using drones or, in Google’s case, giant balloons.
Facebook打造多個引人矚目的服務吸引大量用戶，繼而將用戶的關注賣給廣告商，以此取得成功。谷歌也是如此。這兩大公司在其用戶的生活中扮演著不同的角色：谷歌擁有關于這個世界的大量數據，而Facebook了解你和你的朋友;你用谷歌是為了完成任務，但要打發(fā)時間時你會找Facebook。然而它們的統治地位和戰(zhàn)略正變得越來越相似。無與倫比的數據寶藏讓兩家公司都難有敵手，且獲利頗豐，它們的財富足以擲下豪注并且通過收購解決潛在競爭者。這兩家公司渴求更多用戶、更多數據，用冠冕堂皇的說法，這解釋了為何它們都對在發(fā)展中國家擴展互聯網連接興趣濃厚，Facebook使用無人機，谷歌則使用巨型氣球。
The task is to harness data to offer new services and make money in new ways. Facebook’s bet on AI is a recognition that “machine learning” – in which software learns by crunching data, rather than having to be explicitly programmed – is a big part of the answer. It already uses AI techniques to identify people in photos, for example, and to decide which status updates and ads to show to each user. Facebook is also pushing into AI-powered digital assistants and chatbot programs which interact with users via short messages. Next week it is expected to open up its Messenger service (which can already be used to do things like order an Uber car), to broaden the range of chatbots. And Facebook’s investment in VR – it bought Oculus, the cheerleader of this emerging field, for $2 billion in 2014 – is a bold guess about where computing and communication will go after the smartphone.
現在的任務是利用數據提供新的服務，以新的方式賺錢。Facebook在人工智能方面的賭注是對“機器學習”的認可，即軟件通過分析數據學習，而不需要精確編寫程序。例如，它已經利用人工智能技術來辨識照片中的人像，也用這一技術確定向每個用戶展示什么樣的狀態(tài)更新和廣告。Facebook還在推動由人工智能支持的數字助手和聊天機器人程序，它們通過簡短的信息與用戶互動。下周它計劃開放Messenger服務(它已經可以用來做一些事情，例如從優(yōu)步叫車)，并且拓寬聊天機器人的適用范圍。Facebook在虛擬現實上的投資是對計算和通信在智能手機之后將何去何從的大膽預測，它于2014年以20億美元收購了這一新興領域的領頭羊Oculus。
But Facebook faces rivals in all these areas. Google is using AI techniques to improve its internet services and guide self-driving cars, and other industry giants are also investing heavily in AI – though with the deepest pockets and the most data to crunch, Facebook and Google can attract the best researchers and most promising startups. Facebook lags behind Amazon, Apple, Google and Microsoft when it comes to voice-driven personal assistants; when it comes to chatbots, it faces competition from Microsoft and a host of startups eager to prove that bots are the new apps. And its push into VR – which Mr Zuckerberg sees as a stepping stone to “augmented reality” (AR), where information is superimposed on the real world – pits it against formidable rivals, too. Microsoft has jumped straight to AR with its HoloLens headset, its most impressive product in years, and Google, already active in VR, has invested in Magic Leap, a little-known AR startup.
但是在所有這些領域Facebook都有對手。谷歌正利用人工智能技術提升其互聯網服務、指引無人駕駛汽車，其他業(yè)界巨頭也不惜重金投資人工智能，不過Facebook和谷歌錢袋最鼓、有最多數據可供分析，因此能吸引到最優(yōu)秀的研究人員和最具潛力的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。在由語音控制的個人助理領域，Facebook落后于亞馬遜、蘋果、谷歌和微軟;而在聊天機器人領域，它的對手是微軟以及諸多急于證明機器人是新應用的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。虛擬現實領域被扎克伯格視作“增強現實”(AR)的踏腳石，AR即信息被疊加在真實世界上的技術。進軍這一領域也讓Facebook和強敵正面交鋒。微軟憑借其多年來最引人矚目的產品HoloLens頭盔直接挺進AR，而在VR領域已十分活躍的谷歌已經投資了Magic Leap，一家鮮為人知的AR創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。
The scale of Facebook’s ambition, and the rivalries it faces, reflect a consensus that these technologies will transform how people interact with each other, with data and with their surroundings. AI will help devices and services anticipate your needs (Google’s Inbox app already suggests replies to your e-mails). Conversational interfaces will let you look things up and get things done by chatting to a machine by voice or text. And intelligent services will spread into a plethora of products, such as wearable devices, cars and VR/AR goggles. In a decade’s time computing seems likely to take the form of AR interfaces mediated by AI, using gestures and speech for inputs and the whole world as its display. Information will be painted onto the world around you, making possible new forms of communication, creativity and collaboration.
Facebook的雄心壯志及其面臨的競爭反映出一個共識，即這些技術將轉變人與人之間、人與數據之間、人與周圍環(huán)境之間的互動方式。人工智能會幫助設備和服務預測你的需求(谷歌的Inbox應用已經能對如何回復電子郵件提出建議)。會話接口能讓你通過語音或文字與機器對話來查閱信息和完成任務。智能服務將擴展到太多產品中，如可穿戴設備、汽車和VR/AR眼鏡等。十年之內，計算看似有可能采取增強現實界面，以人工智能為媒介，用手勢和語音進行輸入，將整個世界作為它的顯示器。信息將被疊映在你周圍的世界之上，讓新形式的交流、創(chuàng)造與合作成為可能。
This is the ambitious vision that Facebook, Google, Microsoft and other technology giants are working towards. But along the way there are certain to be privacy and security concerns. Crunching all that information to provide personalised services looks a lot like surveillance, and will cause a backlash if consumers do not feel they are getting a good deal in return for handing over their personal details (as the advertising industry is discovering to its cost) – or if security is inadequate.
這是Facebook、谷歌、微軟及其他科技巨頭為之努力奮斗的恢弘愿景。但沿途必定會有隱私和安全問題。分析所有信息以提供個性化的服務看起來很像監(jiān)控，并且如果消費者感覺在提交個人詳細資料后并沒有獲得大量回報(廣告業(yè)吃過苦頭后正在明白這一點)，又或者安全性不足，會引發(fā)激烈反對。
Power from the people
人的力量
There will also be worries about concentration and monopoly, and the danger of closed ecosystems that make it hard for people to switch between services. Facebook’s plan to offer free access to a limited subset of websites was blocked by India’s telecoms regulator, which argued that it was “risky” to allow one company to act as a gatekeeper. And Germany’s competition authority is investigating the way Facebook handles personal data. As its dominance grows, Facebook can expect to face more such cases, as Microsoft and Google did before it.
也有人會擔心集中、壟斷以及封閉式生態(tài)系統的危險，讓人很難在各種服務之間切換。Facebook提供免費接入一些指定網站的計劃被印度電信監(jiān)管部門阻攔，它們認為讓一家公司來把關“太過危險”。德國的競爭主管機構正在調查Facebook處理個人信息的方式。隨著其統治地位的不斷加強，可以預見Facebook會遭遇更多此類情況，正如微軟和谷歌所經歷的那樣。
Striking a balance between becoming ever more intimately entwined in billions of peoples’ lives, making huge profits as a result and avoiding a backlash will be one of the biggest business challenges of the century. Even in ancient Rome, emperors could find that the crowd suddenly turned against them. So applaud Mr Zuckerberg – and fear for him, too.
既能和數十億人的生活更緊密地交織在一起，又可借此獲得巨額利潤并且避免強烈反對，如何在其間取得平衡將成為本世紀最大的商業(yè)挑戰(zhàn)之一。即便是在古羅馬，帝王們也會發(fā)現民眾會突然轉而反抗他們。所以為扎克伯格鼓掌，也為他擔憂吧。
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翻譯技巧：英語形容詞翻譯竅門
