幾個(gè)小技巧教你拆分簡(jiǎn)化雅思長(zhǎng)難句
雅思語(yǔ)法在雅思考試中的重點(diǎn)不是做對(duì)單選題，而是為了讀懂長(zhǎng)難句，寫出高級(jí)句型，說(shuō)出正確句子。很多同學(xué)都在為雅思的長(zhǎng)難句所犯愁，今天小編就來(lái)帶大家一起拆解長(zhǎng)難句中的平行句。
幾個(gè)小技巧教你拆分簡(jiǎn)化雅思長(zhǎng)難句
平行并列句是指一個(gè)句子中會(huì)有兩個(gè)成分或以上并列句。英語(yǔ)句子最常用的方法是通過使用一些關(guān)聯(lián)詞，如 and、or、but等，或標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)如：分號(hào)，逗號(hào)，破折號(hào)等，若干個(gè)在語(yǔ)義上有聯(lián)系或相互照應(yīng)的單詞、詞組或句子連在一起組成一種并列或平行結(jié)構(gòu)的長(zhǎng)句，以表達(dá)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的多層次含義。
我們做題的技巧是先找出謂語(yǔ)，然后確定主語(yǔ)，再通過關(guān)聯(lián)詞(and，but等)從后向前找出并列的核心單詞。將句子從并列連詞處斷開，將并列句變成兩個(gè)或若干個(gè)相對(duì)短的句子，然后再用處理簡(jiǎn)單句的方法——抓句子主干，來(lái)依次處理每個(gè)相對(duì)短的句子。比如下列兩句：
Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes,and fire doors are.
I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
解析如下：
1. Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為should know，其余兩個(gè)都是由where引導(dǎo)的并列賓語(yǔ)從句。
拆分：
1) Everyone should know
2) Where the nearest fire alarm box is located
3) Where exits, fire escapes, and fire doors are
翻譯：
每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該知道最近的火災(zāi)報(bào)警箱的位置，以及安全出口、安全梯及防火門位于何處。
2. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thought England owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句有5個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，其中主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為wanted。was和thought分別屬于兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的并列賓語(yǔ)從句。而owed和was going為兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，共同主語(yǔ)為England。England這句話前面為了避免重復(fù)而省略了賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that，實(shí)際上是thought的賓語(yǔ)從句。
拆分：
I wanted her to know
That my heart was withher
That I thought
(That) England owed her agreat debt and was going to miss her.
翻譯：我想讓她知道我的心陪伴著她，而且我認(rèn)為英國(guó)欠了她一大筆債，很快就會(huì)想念她。
小結(jié)：1和2兩句都是從句并列，找到連詞，再找從句中的主干成分，便可以理解句意。
除了從句并列，還有不定式引導(dǎo)的并列句，比如下面兩個(gè)句子：
The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.
It seems simple enoughto distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
解析如下：
3. The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design citiesis culturally influenced.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句中有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主句謂語(yǔ)為 is culturally influenced, 定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)為 isused to. 主語(yǔ)the way 有一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾，定語(yǔ)從句中有三個(gè)并列的不定式短語(yǔ)作動(dòng)詞“isused”的目的狀語(yǔ)即to achieve privacy， to build homes，和to design cities.
拆分：
The way is culturally influenced.
space is used
to enable the individual to achieve privacy
to build homes
to design cities
翻譯：怎樣利用空間實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人隱私，修建住宅及規(guī)劃城市都受到文化上的影響。
4. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句話關(guān)鍵是通過and抓住并列的成分，句子的主干是It seems simple enough to distinguish …andto separate…，其中，理解的難點(diǎn)在separate后面的部分。Separate的賓語(yǔ)forces后面被“acting on an organism”這個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)限定，into后面兩個(gè)those告訴我們forces被分成哪些部分了。
拆分：
It seems simple enough
to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment
and to separate forces(acting on an organism) into
those that are internal and biological
and those that are external and environmental.
翻譯：區(qū)分有機(jī)體和周圍環(huán)境似乎很簡(jiǎn)單;把作用于有機(jī)體的力量分為內(nèi)部生物的力量和外部環(huán)境的力量似乎也很簡(jiǎn)單。
小結(jié)：從上兩句可以看出，并列的不定式后面還包含定語(yǔ)從句或名詞性從句，這增加了找出并列成分的難度，但記得，第一步還是找出連詞，然后分析每個(gè)從句的主干結(jié)構(gòu)，從而透徹地理解整個(gè)句子。
除了不定式可以引導(dǎo)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，從句也可以，而且難度更大，因?yàn)閺木鋾?huì)誤導(dǎo)考生找不到主句的主干，請(qǐng)看下句：
Children in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees, equipment, and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities.
解析：
5. Children in low-income families and poor communities are less likely to take organized youth sports for granted because they often lack the resources needed to pay for participation fees, equipment,and transportation to practices and games and their communities do not have resources to build and maintain sports fields and facilities .
結(jié)構(gòu)：本句中有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，are less likely to do為主句謂語(yǔ) ,lack和 do not have 為并列原因狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)分為they 和 their communities.
拆分：
Children (in low-income families and poor communities )are less likely (totake organized youth sports for granted)
take…forgranted…把…認(rèn)為是理所應(yīng)當(dāng)
because they often lack the resources (needed)(to pay for participation fees, equipment, and transportation to practices andgames)
and (because)their communities do not have resources (to build and maintain sports fields and facilities ).
翻譯：來(lái)自低收入家庭和貧窮社區(qū)的孩子就很少將社區(qū)運(yùn)動(dòng)視作理所應(yīng)當(dāng)，因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)常缺少必須的金錢來(lái)支付門票、設(shè)備和來(lái)回車費(fèi)，而且他們的社區(qū)也沒有能力來(lái)建設(shè)和維持運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)備。
小結(jié)： 這句話只有雖然有三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，但主句只有一個(gè)，所以第一個(gè)才是真正的謂語(yǔ)，其他兩個(gè)是原因狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)的并列從句的謂語(yǔ)，所以理解這句話需要找出主句的謂語(yǔ)。
總結(jié)：長(zhǎng)難句中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)可以用不同的方式構(gòu)成，可能并列成分內(nèi)部仍然有并列成分，但是最重要的還是先找到主干結(jié)構(gòu)，再分析并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)，最后整合起來(lái)，一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)解剖整個(gè)句子的意思。
雅思考試閱讀模擬練習(xí)及答案
Next Year Marks the EU’s 50th Anniversary of the Treaty
A.
After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief, continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in 2007. Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter.
B.
There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia), but in 2006 the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade, briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag, 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007, though the recovery may be ebbing by then.
C.
The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years, European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty: the Maastricht treaty in 1992, the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997, the Treaty of Nice in 2001. And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution, laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted, not immobilised, by this setback.
D.
In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome, its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously, restating their commitment to “ever closer union” and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself, and in normal circumstances, the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless, a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto it) they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a new treaty. All that will be necessary will be to incorporate the 50th-anniversary declaration into a new treaty containing a number of institutional and other reforms extracted from the failed attempt at constitution-building and—hey presto—a new quasi-constitution will be ready.
E.
According to the German government—which holds the EU’s agenda-setting presidency during the first half of 2007—there will be a new draft of a slimmed-down constitution ready by the middle of the year, perhaps to put to voters, perhaps not. There would then be a couple of years in which it will be discussed, approved by parliaments and, perhaps, put to voters if that is deemed unavoidable. Then, according to bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin, blithely ignoring the possibility of public rejection, the whole thing will be signed, sealed and a new constitution delivered in 2009-10. Europe will be nicely back on schedule. Its four-to-five-year cycle of integration will have missed only one beat.
F.
The resurrection of the European constitution will be made more likely in 2007 because of what is happening in national capitals. The European Union is not really an autonomous organisation. If it functions, it is because the leaders of the big continental countries want it to, reckoning that an active European policy will help them get done what they want to do in their own countries.
G.
That did not happen in 2005-06. Defensive, cynical and self-destructive, the leaders of the three largest euro-zone countries—France, Italy and Germany—were stumbling towards their unlamented ends. They saw no reason to pursue any sort of European policy and the EU, as a result, barely functioned. But by the middle of 2007 all three will have gone, and this fact alone will transform the European political landscape.
H.
The upshot is that the politics of the three large continental countries, bureaucratic momentum and the economics of recovery will all be aligned to give a push towards integration in 2007. That does not mean the momentum will be irresistible or even popular. The British government, for one, will almost certainly not want to go with the flow, beginning yet another chapter in the long history of confrontation between Britain and the rest of Europe. More important, the voters will want a say. They rejected the constitution in 2005. It would be foolish to assume they will accept it after 2007 just as a result of an artful bit of tinkering.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statemenht reflets the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this
1.After years’ introspection and mistrust, continental European governments will resurrect their enthusiasm for more integration in 2007.
2. The European consitution was officially approved in 2005 in spite of the oppositon of French and Dutch voters.
3. The Treaty of Rome , which is considered as the fundamental charter of the European Union, was signed in 1957.
4.It is very unlikely that European countries will sign the declaration at the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome.
5.French government will hold the EU’s presidency and lay down the agenda during the first half of 2008.
6.For a long time in hisotry, there has been confrontation between Britain and the rest of European countries.
Questions 7-10
Complet the following sentencces.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.
Write your answer in Boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.
7. Every four or five years, European countries tend to make a rapid progress towards ___________________by signing a new treaty.
8. The European constitution is supposed to ______________________for yet more integration of European Union member countries.
9. The bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin rashly ignore the possibility of __________________and think the new consitution will be delivered in 2009-10.
10. The politics of the three large continental countries, __________________ and the economic recovery will join together to urge the integration in 2007.
11. Which of the following statemnts is true of Euopean economic development.
A. The economy of Europe developed much faster than that of Asia before 2006.
B. The growth of European economy was slightly slower than that of America in 2006.
C. The development of European economy are likely to slow down by 2007.
D. The recovery of European economy may be considerably accelerated by 2007.
12. The word “immobilised” in the last line of Section C means ___________.
A. stopped completely.
B. pushed strongly.
C. motivated wholely.
D. impeded totally.
13. Which of the following statements about the treaties in European countries is NOT TRUE.
A. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992.
B. The Treaty of Amsterdan was signed in 1997.
C. The Treaty of Nice was signed in 2001.
D. The Treaty of Rome was signed in 2007.
14. The European constitution failed to be ratified in 2005--2006, because
A. The leaders of France, Italy and Germany were defensive, cynical and self-destructuve..
B. The voters in two countries of the Union --France and Holland rejected the constitution.
C. The leaders of the EU thought that it was unneccessary to pursue any European policy.
D. France, Italy and Germany are the three largest and most influential euro-zone countries.
雅思考試閱讀模擬練習(xí)及答案
Part II
Notes to the Reading Passage
1. pan-Enropean
pan-: 前綴：全，總，泛
pan-African 全/泛非洲的(運(yùn)動(dòng))
pan-Enropean全/泛歐的(機(jī)構(gòu)建設(shè))
2. outstrip
超越，勝過，超過，優(yōu)于
Material development outstripped human development”“物質(zhì)的發(fā)展超過了人類的進(jìn)步”
3. ebb
回落跌落;衰退或消減
The tide is on the ebb.正在退潮。
4. Machiavelli
馬基雅維利，尼克爾1469-1527意大利政治理論家，他的著作君主論(1513年)闡述了一個(gè)意志堅(jiān)定的統(tǒng)治者不顧道德觀念的約束如何獲得并保持其權(quán)力。
文章中意為“任何一個(gè)人都可以看到，顯而易見。。。”。
5. hey presto
突然地;立即(魔術(shù)師用語(yǔ))您看，變!
6. upshot
結(jié)果;結(jié)局
Part III
Keys to the Questions 1-14
1. TRUE
Explanation
See the first sentence in Section A “Aftera period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief, continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in 2007”.
2. FALSE
Explanation
See the third sentence in Section C “And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution, laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters.”.
3. TRUE
Explanation
See the first sentence in the Section D “In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome, its founding charter.”.
4. FALSE
Explanation
See the third sentence in Section D“But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto it) they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a new treaty”.
5. NOT GIVEN
Explanation
See the first sentence in Section E “According to the German government—which holds the EU’s agenda-setting presidency during the first half of 2007”.
6. TRUE
Explanation
See the third sentence in Section H“The British government, for one, will almost certainly not want to go with the flow, beginning yet another chapter in the long history of confrontation between Britain and the rest of Europe”.
7. further integration
Explanation
See the second sentence in Section C“Every four or five years, European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty”.
8. lay the ground
Explanation
See the third sentence in Section C “And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution, laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters.”.
9. publc rejection
Explanation
See the third sentence in Section E“Then, according to bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin, blithely ignoring the possibility of public rejection, the whole thing will be signed, sealed and a new constitution delivered in 2009--10.”
10. bureaucratc momentum
Explanation
See the frst sentence in Section H “The upshot is that the politics of the three large continental countries, bureaucratic momentum and the economics of recovery will all be aligned to give a push towards integration in 2007.”.
11. C
Explanation
See the last sentence in Section B “Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag, 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007, though the recovery may be ebbing by then”.
12. A
Explanation
See the last sentence in Section C “But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted, not immobilised, by this setback.”
13 . D
Explanation
See the first sentence in Section D “In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome, its founding charter.”
14 .B
Explanation
See third sentence in Section C: “And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution, laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters.”
幾個(gè)小技巧教你拆分簡(jiǎn)化雅思長(zhǎng)難句
