雅思閱讀訓(xùn)練方法之平行閱讀法的步驟講解

雅思閱讀訓(xùn)練方法之平行閱讀法的步驟講解一文向我們介紹了雅思閱讀當(dāng)中的一種方法稱之為平行閱讀法。這種方法需要我們帶著多個(gè)問題去原文中找答案。

雅思閱讀訓(xùn)練方法之平行閱讀法的步驟講解

雅思閱讀訓(xùn)練方法之平行閱讀法的步驟講解為你帶來(lái)一種大家或許聽說(shuō)過的雅思閱讀的訓(xùn)練方法——平行閱讀法的做題步驟和使用原理。雅思閱讀有3篇文章構(gòu)成，需要我們?cè)陂喿x考試的規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)做完40多道題，且每道題還會(huì)有不同的類型，這更增加了我們的做題難度。因此，掌握正確的閱讀訓(xùn)練方法是有必要的。

雅思平行閱讀法剖析了雅思閱讀獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu)問題。雅思閱讀文章有2～5 種題型，出題點(diǎn)在文章中無(wú)序排列。如果按照傳統(tǒng)方法從前往后做題，必須把文章讀2 ～3 遍(一篇雅思閱讀文章約有800～1000字)——這是絕大多數(shù)考生在60 分鐘內(nèi)完不成40 個(gè)題目的主要原因。通過研究多套真題，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，雖然題目的出題點(diǎn)排列整體無(wú)序，可是在每一類題型內(nèi)部卻有序。因此，改傳統(tǒng)的串行思維為并行思維，就是克 服結(jié)構(gòu)障礙的平行閱讀模式。

平行閱讀法是一個(gè)開放的方法，對(duì)不同水平的讀者要求不同。例如，一個(gè)以閱讀為強(qiáng)項(xiàng)又想拿7 分、8 分的考生，不僅應(yīng)該帶3 個(gè)題目回原文找答案，還要運(yùn)用平行閱讀法的補(bǔ)充方法——比如判斷題的“經(jīng)驗(yàn)2”——來(lái)做題，因?yàn)樗羞@個(gè)實(shí)力。對(duì)于閱讀能力稍差的考生，則可只運(yùn)用平行閱 讀法的基本款。如果考生的口語(yǔ)和聽力占優(yōu)勢(shì)，閱讀只需拿5 分，那么不妨仍按傳統(tǒng)方法做題。閱讀障礙的成因雅思閱讀共有8 種題型，分別是:選擇、判斷、填空、選標(biāo)題、簡(jiǎn)答、補(bǔ)全句子、圖表和配對(duì)。每一篇文章都配有至少2種題型，多則5種，題型間的搭配也很靈活。但最關(guān)鍵的是題目并不按傳統(tǒng)順序排列。我們先以最簡(jiǎn)單的2種題型的搭配為例來(lái)說(shuō)明。

假設(shè)有選擇和判斷兩種題型：選擇題有5 道，為1-5;判斷題有5 道，為6-10。這兩種題型的題目在原文出現(xiàn)的順序可能有3 種： a. 先后順序(傳統(tǒng)順序)。10 個(gè)題目的關(guān)鍵詞按順序從前往后即從1 - 10 依次在文章中出現(xiàn)。b. 部分交叉。第一種題型的首題關(guān)鍵詞在文章中的位置先于第二種題型的首題(第6題)關(guān)鍵詞，但其余題目的關(guān)鍵詞與第二種題型題目的關(guān)鍵詞在文章中交叉排列，但每種 題型內(nèi)部仍按關(guān)鍵詞在文中出現(xiàn)的先后順序排列題目。如:1,6,2,3,7,4,5,8,9,10。c. 完全交叉。兩種題型中各題目的關(guān)鍵詞在文章中完全交叉在一起，第二種題型的首題關(guān)鍵詞在文章中的位置先于第一種題型的首題關(guān)鍵詞，但每種題型內(nèi)部仍按關(guān)鍵詞在文 中出現(xiàn)的先后順序排列題目。如:6,1,7,2,3,4,8,5,9,10。以上3 種類型中，第1 類順序我們最熟悉，考生只需按以往做題習(xí)慣從前往后讀一遍文章，就可以把所有題目做完。在第2 類順序中，除各自的首題外兩種題型的關(guān)鍵詞在文章中交叉出現(xiàn)，如果仍按順序做題，難免漏題。因此必須至少讀兩遍原文才能把所有題目做完。第3 類順序中兩種題型的關(guān)鍵詞完全交叉在一起，第2 種題型的首題第6 題的關(guān)鍵詞最先出現(xiàn)在文章開頭。題目之間沒有明顯的先后順序。在沒有恰當(dāng)技巧的情況下，也要至少讀兩遍文章才能完成所有題目。d.隱含順序。

如果仔細(xì)觀察，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)即使在第2、第3 種情況中里依然存在著某種“先后順序”，這種隱含順序就是雅思閱讀“革命性方法”的基礎(chǔ)，即：1. 各類題型的題目關(guān)鍵詞在整體上不存在先后順序(disorder);2. 每一類題型內(nèi)部卻有先后順序(order)。 把這兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)組合在一起，就顯現(xiàn)出雅思閱讀題的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)——有序的無(wú)序性(orderly-disorder)。這個(gè)特點(diǎn)是平行閱讀法存在的前提。例 如，在前面的例子中，1～10 題整體上不存在先后順序，但是第1 種題型的1 ～5題關(guān)鍵詞按先后順序出現(xiàn)，第2 種題型的6～10 題關(guān)鍵詞也按先后順序出現(xiàn)。5 步平行閱讀法 　　如果你理解了這種奇特的順序，那么你已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好采用一種全新的方法應(yīng)對(duì)雅思閱讀題。我把這種方法總結(jié)成5步，并以文章“Sydney 2000Olympics”為例做說(shuō)明：

步驟1，略讀題目(Skimming)。

略讀文章的標(biāo)題和首句，理解文章大意。在本例中，閱讀標(biāo)題Sydney2000 Olympics就能基本了解文章大意。

步驟2 ，精讀問題(ReadingQuestions Intensively)。

如果文章配有3 種或3 種以上的題型，建議精讀前三類題型的第1 道題，確定關(guān)鍵詞。在本例中，應(yīng)該先精讀第1 題和第9 題，因?yàn)槠浯鸢赋霈F(xiàn)的先后順序不確定。第1 題的關(guān)鍵詞為$960million，第9 題為1993。

步驟3，掃讀原文(Scanning)。

回原文掃讀關(guān)鍵詞的3 種語(yǔ)言重現(xiàn)。這一步要利用本書介紹的新概念——語(yǔ)言重現(xiàn)，它包括3 類重現(xiàn)方式：1.A 對(duì)A 的原詞重現(xiàn)。2.A 對(duì)B 的同義詞重現(xiàn)。3.關(guān)系重現(xiàn)。

步驟4，精讀出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言重現(xiàn)的上下文(Reading Intensively)。

通過精讀上下文，理解含義，分析語(yǔ)法，得出答案。掃讀原文時(shí)，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞的任何一類語(yǔ)言重現(xiàn)，即轉(zhuǎn)入精讀過程。如果說(shuō)掃讀是看大意，那么精讀就是 字斟句酌地看。不但要理解文章意思，還要分析語(yǔ)法，以便得出準(zhǔn)確的答案。在本例中，最先在文中出現(xiàn)的是第1 題的關(guān)鍵詞 $960 million的AA 語(yǔ)言重現(xiàn)，便可在此處找出答案。

步驟5，精讀下一題(Reading the Next Question Intensively)。

此處用到剛才講的“隱含順序”：雖然題型之間不存在順序，但是每一類題型內(nèi)部的題目排列卻有順序。所以，第5 步解釋為(如果第4 步完成的是第N 道題)：繼續(xù)精讀第N + 1 道題。 　　進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明：我們?cè)诘? 步精讀第1題和第9題，分別找出關(guān)鍵詞$960million 和1993，并回原文掃讀其語(yǔ)言重現(xiàn)。在第1段找到 $960 million的原詞重現(xiàn)，精讀后完成第1 題，N = 1。

接下來(lái)精讀第N+1題，即第2題，關(guān)鍵詞是大寫的Federal Government。于是帶第2題和第9題的關(guān)鍵詞回原文繼續(xù)掃讀。在第2段找到第9題1993的AA 重現(xiàn)，精讀后把第9題做完。此時(shí)N=9，N+1=10。

精讀第10題，找出關(guān)鍵詞revisedbudget。然后帶第2 題與第10 題的關(guān)鍵詞Federal Government 和revisedbudget 回原文掃讀。很明顯，第3 段里有revised budget。

做完第10題后看第11題，其關(guān)鍵詞為含有大寫字母的F e d e r a lGovernment's $5 million grant，與第2題的關(guān)鍵詞重合，都在第3段最后。這里同時(shí)找到第2題和第10題的語(yǔ)言重現(xiàn)，得出答案后精讀第3題和第11題。依此類推，直到完成所有題目。

在本篇文章中，每道題的答案在文章中出現(xiàn)的順序是(黑體數(shù)字是判斷題的題號(hào)):1，9，10，2，11，3，4，5，12，6，7，13，14，8。到此便能理解，上述新方法的特點(diǎn)是在各類題型之間穿梭做題，這符合雅思閱讀題目答案在文章中的分布規(guī)律。 　　平行閱讀法的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

平行閱讀法是一種“一攬子方案”。無(wú)論關(guān)鍵詞在文章中是順序分布、部分交叉分布或完全交叉分布，考生都可以只閱讀一遍文章就把題目完成，節(jié)省了反復(fù)閱 讀的時(shí)間。特別要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，“平行閱讀法”一開始需要記住兩道或三道題目的關(guān)鍵詞，中間還要在題目之間轉(zhuǎn)換，這對(duì)很多考生來(lái)說(shuō)增加了負(fù)擔(dān)。但是，這種技巧 完全可以通過練習(xí)來(lái)快速適應(yīng)。要知道，一遍閱讀要比任何形式的多遍閱讀都快。

另外，平行閱讀法強(qiáng)調(diào)把全文通讀一遍，這也避免了因跳躍式定位關(guān)鍵詞的AA 重現(xiàn)而錯(cuò)過AB 同義詞重現(xiàn)的尷尬。因?yàn)?，不逐句瀏覽是不可能找到A B 重現(xiàn)的。

對(duì)于剛剛接觸雅思考試和平行閱讀法的讀者，在“平行閱讀法”的5個(gè)步驟中最需要花時(shí)間練習(xí)的是第2步。精讀題干，是要發(fā)現(xiàn)并牢記每道題中的關(guān)鍵詞，然后轉(zhuǎn)入第3步的文章掃讀。有的考生卻在第2步節(jié)省時(shí)間，倉(cāng)促看題，關(guān)鍵詞抓得不準(zhǔn)，理解不透，結(jié)果在掃讀文章時(shí)錯(cuò)過關(guān)鍵詞的重現(xiàn)，反而浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

雅思閱讀題中，各題型內(nèi)部關(guān)鍵詞的順序性是存在的。但是，凡規(guī)律都有例外(There is no rule withoutexception.)。在極個(gè)別的情況下，題型內(nèi)部也有亂序。

綜上所述，平行閱讀法并不是死的、一成不變的方法，它提供了一種多題并舉的做題新思維。讀者應(yīng)根據(jù)自己的閱讀實(shí)力和對(duì)考試分?jǐn)?shù)的要求來(lái)使用這種方法。

以上就是雅思閱讀訓(xùn)練方法之平行閱讀法的步驟講解的全部?jī)?nèi)容，同學(xué)們都了解并掌握了這種方法了嗎。其實(shí)我們把平行閱讀法再歸納總結(jié)一下的話，可以說(shuō)成是帶著復(fù)數(shù)個(gè)問題重讀原文，定位相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)找答案。因此他需要用到的技巧就是同義詞替換，定位等。

雅思考試閱讀模擬試題及答案解析

From The Economist print edition

How shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales

1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is， how ants， bees or any social animal， including humans， behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.

2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.

3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information， and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.

4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.

5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could， indeed， be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded， they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.

6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.

7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.

Questions 1-6

Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.

2. In shops， products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.

3. According to Mr. Usmani， with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.

4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store， shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.

5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high， other customers tend to follow them.

6. Using the “swarm-moves” model， shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.

雅思考試閱讀模擬試題及答案解析

Questions 7-12

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write

YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contraicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage

7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.

8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.

9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.

10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.

11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.

12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.

Answer keys：

1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)

2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行： Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)

3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)

4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted： for instance， by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)

5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)

6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)

7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短語(yǔ) “get under way”的意思是“開始進(jìn)行”，在Wal-Mart的試驗(yàn)要等到春天才開始)

8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中沒有提及該信息)

9. 答案：YES。 (第5段第3 句：The reseachers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they have been downloaded， they followed the crowd.)

10. 答案：NO。 (第5段最后兩句：When the songs are not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的詞義是“顯著的、明顯的”)

11. 答案：YES。 (第6段第1 句：In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies.)

12. 答案：YES。 (最后一段最后一句：Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm. home應(yīng)該算是everyday life的一部分