托福閱讀精讀練習小攻略
想要通過讀文章提升自己的閱讀能力，最有效的方式就是精讀了。而做精讀最重要的只有兩件事：讀句子、理關(guān)系。下面小編就和大家分享托福閱讀精讀練習小攻略，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀精讀練習小攻略
想要通過讀文章提升自己的閱讀能力，最有效的方式就是精讀了——掃清一篇文章的每一處死角，堵上自己能力的每一處缺陷，積累得足夠了，能力自然就提上去了。
而做精讀最重要的只有兩件事：讀句子、理關(guān)系。
讀句子是為了解決掉擺在臺面上明明白白的內(nèi)容，理關(guān)系則是處理掉隱含在內(nèi)容與內(nèi)容之間的關(guān)系?！竷?nèi)容」和「關(guān)系」是一篇文章的「肉」與「骨」，二者相輔相成;精讀做得到位了，就會有庖丁解牛的快感。那么具體來說，兩件事都該如何實施呢?
讀句子
所謂的「長難句」應(yīng)該是不少同學在這一關(guān)的一大障礙了。攻克長難句，首先需要有一定的詞匯和語法基礎(chǔ)，在此基礎(chǔ)上，每一個句子都可以通過以下四步驟拿下：
1. 判斷句子類型(簡單句 or 復(fù)合句)
2. 拆分子句(簡單句不需要拆分，如果是復(fù)合句，則需要把每一個主句和子句都拆出來)
3. 對每一個子句進行成分劃分和翻譯(這是理解每一個子句的關(guān)鍵步驟)
4. 整合子句，理解并翻譯整個句子
理關(guān)系
在文章的行文中，有的關(guān)系是可以直接通過關(guān)鍵詞識別出來的;而有的關(guān)系則沒有那么明顯，即我們常說的「字里行間」的關(guān)系。這些比較隱蔽的關(guān)系，大多都是依托于內(nèi)容的。因此，「理關(guān)系」實際上是需要「讀句子」讀明白之后才能做的事，是有前提的。
無論是 官方真題Official，還是其他材料，只要是精讀，都可以通過「讀句子、理關(guān)系」的方式來破.解。相比起好的練習材料，對的練習方法更重要啊!
托福閱讀背景素材之文明發(fā)展史
托福閱讀真題再現(xiàn)：
版本一： 講某個文明，說多個原因?qū)е缕浒l(fā)展。一是葡萄藤和橄欖樹的引入，和傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)作物不沖突，無論土地還是收獲期。這使人們可以從事其他如煉金屬青銅什么的。然后這導致了不同group的爭斗，爭奪資源和specialist?？傮w和某個官方真題Official閱讀很像。
版本二：講希臘文明，全文大意一句總結(jié)：traditional analysis focused on external influences,but the professor thinks from the perspective of MUTILIER EFFECT(考點)，which combined several interal impacts.
版本三：地中海地區(qū)某一時間一些國家的發(fā)展 A國發(fā)展之一種了Oliva什么的一種長在島上不用在Farm上而且工人對這種作物的勞動時間也和其他作物不一樣，所以能大力發(fā)展，還有一種是Bronze的發(fā)展
解析： 本文講文明發(fā)展史。主要討論的是某文明發(fā)展的原因，主旨明確，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，每段首句為topic sentence的可能性較高。大家在閱讀文章之前可以先跳到最后一題(文章總結(jié)題)的位置看看那句對于文章總結(jié)的句子。對于大家從整體上把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)非常有幫助。從文章結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)容上，都非常接近官方真題Official8的文章The Rise of Teotihucan。
托福閱讀相關(guān)背景：
Sumer
Sumer (from Akkadian ?umeru; Sumerian ki-en-?ir15, approximately "land of the civilized kings" or "native land"[note 1]) was an ancientcivilization and historical region in southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Although the earliest forms of writing in the region do not go back much further than c. 3500 BC, modern historians have suggested that Sumer was first permanently settled between c. 5500 and 4000 BC by a non-Semitic people who may or may not have spoken the Sumerian language (pointing to the names of cities, rivers, basic occupations, etc. as evidence).[1][2][3][4] These conjectured, prehistoric people are now called "proto-Euphrateans" or "Ubaidians",[5] and are theorized to have evolved from the Samarra culture of northern Mesopotamia (Assyria).[6][7][8][9] The Ubaidians were the first civilizing force in Sumer, draining the marshes for agriculture, developing trade, and establishing industries, including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery.[5] However, some scholars such as Piotr Michalowski and Gerd Steiner, contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language. It has been suggested by them and others, that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples, who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region, and were part of theArabian bifacial culture.[10] Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated beforeEnmebaragesi (c. 26th century BC). Professor Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians were settled along the coast of Eastern Arabia, today's Persian Gulf region, before it flooded at the end of the Ice Age.[11] Sumerian literature speaks of their homeland being Dilmun.
Sumerologist Samuel Noah Kramer asserts "No people has contributed more to the culture of mankind than the Sumerians" and yet it is only comparatively recently that we have built up a knowledge of the existence of this ancient culture.[12] Sumerian civilization took form in theUruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdat Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. During the 3rd millennium BC, a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians (who spoke a language isolate) and the Semitic Akkadian speakers, which included widespreadbilingualism.[13] The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, tosyntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence.[13] This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the 3rd millennium BC as a sprachbund.[13] Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC (short chronology), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language. Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur (Sumerian Renaissance) of the 21st to 20th centuries BC, but the Akkadian language also remained in use. The Sumerian city of Eridu, on the coast of the Persian Gulf, was the world's first city, where three separate cultures fused - that of peasant Ubaidian farmers, living in mud-brick huts and practicing irrigation; that of mobile nomadic Semitic pastoralists living in black tents and following herds of sheep and goats; and that of fisher folk, living in reed huts in the marshlands, who may have been the ancestors of the Sumerians.[14]
The irrigated farming together with annual replenishment of soil fertility and the surplus of storable food in temple granaries created by this economy allowed the population of this region to rise to levels never before seen, unlike those found in earlier cultures of shifting cultivators. This much greater population density in turn created and required an extensive labour force and division of labour with many specialised arts and crafts. At the same time, historic overuse of the irrigated soils led to progressive salinisation, and a Malthusian crisis which led to depopulation of the Sumerian region over time, leading to its progressive eclipse by the Akkadians of middle Mesopotamia.
Sumer was also the site of early development of writing, progressing from a stage of proto-writing in the mid 4th millennium BC to writing proper in the 3rd millennium BC (see Jemdet Nasr period).
托福閱讀真題原題+題目
In the early 1800's, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, ran bakeries, or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family members or apprentices.
Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber — all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870's and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.
The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense.
1. What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy
(B) The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century
(C) The problems associated with the earliest factories
(D) The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century
2. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who
(A) maintained their businesses at home
(B) were eventually able to use sophisticated technology
(C) produced unusual goods and commodities
(D) would employ only family members
3. The phrase hinged on in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) recovered from
(B) depended on
(C) started on
(D) contributed to
4. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that
occurred in the United States before 1914?
(A) The availability of natural resources found only in the United States
(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting from technological advances
(C) The replacement of canals and railroads by other forms of transportation
(D) The availability of a large immigrant work force
5. The word lured in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracted
(B) assigned
(C) restricted
(D) attached
6. The word Others in line 20 refers to other
(A) adults
(B) promises
(C) goods and services
(D) social opportunities
7. The word expendable in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) nonproductive
(B) unacceptable
(C) nonessential
(D) unprofitable
8. It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that
industrialization
(A) increased the price of farm products
(B) limited the need for new farm machinery
(C) created new and interesting jobs on farms
(D) reduced the number of people willing to do farm work
9. What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming
capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive (lines 23-24)?
(A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.
(B) Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.
(C) The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.
(D) Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.
10. According to the passage , factory workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers
(A) were required to be more creative
(B) worked extensively with raw materials
(C) changed jobs frequently
(D) specialized in one aspect of the finished product only
PASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD
托福閱讀相關(guān)文章：
★ 學習資料庫
★ 英語閱讀
★ 學習資料庫
托福閱讀精讀練習小攻略
