通過刻意練習(xí)提升托福閱讀能力

陳鈴1147由分享時(shí)間：2020-10-10 08:43:39

刻意練習(xí)的程度是決定一個(gè)人能否成為頂級(jí)高手的關(guān)鍵。用這個(gè)理論可以很好地解釋，為什么英語(yǔ)愛好者那么多，但真正能成為英語(yǔ)高手的卻鳳毛麟角?下面小編就和大家分享通過“刻意練習(xí)”提升托福閱讀能力，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

通過“刻意練習(xí)”提升托福閱讀能力

但僅僅依靠足夠的閱讀量積累就能讓你達(dá)到接近母語(yǔ)的閱讀水平嗎?答案并不是。因?yàn)槿绻媸沁@樣的話，那么假以時(shí)日，每個(gè)人都能成為閱讀大神了。實(shí)際上，有些人雖然在國(guó)外生活學(xué)習(xí)了很多年，英文閱讀量也不低，但還是沒能達(dá)到流暢閱讀英文材料的程度。為什么?

回答這個(gè)問題之前我們要了解一個(gè)概念，它叫“刻意練習(xí)”(Deliberate Practice)

“刻意練習(xí)”這個(gè)概念最早由心理學(xué)家 K.Anders Ericsson 提出(同時(shí)他也是“10000小時(shí)定律”的作者)?！翱桃饩毩?xí)”的核心假設(shè)是，專家級(jí)水平是逐漸地練出來(lái)的，而有效進(jìn)步的關(guān)鍵在于找到一系列的小任務(wù)讓受訓(xùn)者按順序完成。這些小任務(wù)必須是受訓(xùn)者正好不會(huì)做，但是又正好可以學(xué)習(xí)掌握的。完成這種練習(xí)要求受訓(xùn)者思想高度集中，這就與那些例行公事或者帶娛樂色彩的練習(xí)完全不同。

“刻意練習(xí)”的概念在日常生活中其實(shí)有很多應(yīng)用。拿體育運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)說(shuō)，研究人員考察花樣滑冰運(yùn)動(dòng)員的訓(xùn)練時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在同樣的練習(xí)時(shí)間內(nèi)，普通的運(yùn)動(dòng)員更喜歡練自己早已掌握了的動(dòng)作，而頂尖運(yùn)動(dòng)員則更多地練習(xí)各種高難度的自己并不習(xí)慣的動(dòng)作。普通的愛好者打高爾夫球純粹是為了享受打球的過程，而職業(yè)的高爾夫選手則需要不斷練習(xí)在各種極端不舒服的位置打不好打的球。

而刻意練習(xí)的程度是決定一個(gè)人能否成為頂級(jí)高手的關(guān)鍵。用這個(gè)理論可以很好地解釋，為什么英語(yǔ)愛好者那么多，但真正能成為英語(yǔ)高手的卻鳳毛麟角?

普通的英語(yǔ)愛好者享受的是英語(yǔ)帶來(lái)樂趣的過程，比如閑暇時(shí)看看美劇，讀一讀原版書娛樂一下，沒事跟老外吹吹水，瀏覽一下英語(yǔ)新聞，整個(gè)過程輕松愉快。但頂級(jí)高手的訓(xùn)練過程卻毫無(wú)樂趣可言，他們會(huì)針對(duì)一個(gè)個(gè)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行大量有挑戰(zhàn)性的訓(xùn)練，比如為了練發(fā)音練到嘴巴疼，一篇議論文會(huì)針對(duì)不同論點(diǎn)反反復(fù)復(fù)練習(xí)修改上好幾遍，做那些夾雜著各種口音且語(yǔ)速超快的聽力訓(xùn)練——相信我，這個(gè)過程會(huì)讓你吃不好飯睡不好覺，一點(diǎn)也不好玩。但它卻是決定你能否取得有效進(jìn)步的關(guān)鍵。

回到閱讀能力的話題上來(lái)，由這個(gè)理論得到啟發(fā)，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)除了閱讀量之外，制約閱讀能力提升的另外一個(gè)重要因素是：刻意閱讀訓(xùn)練的程度。

打個(gè)比方，假如你現(xiàn)在的水平可以看懂各種簡(jiǎn)單的原版書，為了提升閱讀能力，你應(yīng)該選擇那些對(duì)你而言有挑戰(zhàn)性的讀物，比如難度大一點(diǎn)的外刊，這樣閱讀能力才能不斷提升，而不能僅僅停留在現(xiàn)有的水平。事實(shí)上，從小學(xué)到大學(xué)，我們接觸到的閱讀材料難度也一直在不斷提升，從小學(xué)的句子短文到高中大學(xué)復(fù)雜的文學(xué)作品，而這也是刻意閱讀練習(xí)的一個(gè)體現(xiàn)。

怎樣進(jìn)行刻意閱讀練習(xí)?

進(jìn)行刻意閱讀練習(xí)有兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵，一個(gè)是閱讀材料的選取，另外一個(gè)是閱讀理解技能的培養(yǎng)。

先說(shuō)閱讀材料。

心理學(xué)家把人的知識(shí)和技能分為三個(gè)圓形區(qū)域：最內(nèi)一層是“舒適區(qū)”，里面是我們已經(jīng)熟練掌握的各種技能，長(zhǎng)期待在這個(gè)區(qū)域很難取得進(jìn)步;最外一層是“恐慌區(qū)”，這個(gè)區(qū)域里面的技能難度遠(yuǎn)超我們現(xiàn)有能力，會(huì)讓人產(chǎn)生挫折，焦慮等情緒，也會(huì)對(duì)進(jìn)步產(chǎn)生阻礙。最中間的則是“學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)”，只有在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)里面練習(xí)，一個(gè)人才可能進(jìn)步。

關(guān)于閱讀材料的選取我們可以參考“學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)”的概念：即：選取那些對(duì)你有難度但又可以通過一定練習(xí)駕馭的材料。比如你覺得雅思的閱讀有挑戰(zhàn)性，那么可以去找雅思閱讀的題源文章作為訓(xùn)練材料，等到能夠駕馭雅思閱讀文章，再去找難度更高的文章進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。

對(duì)于不同的人來(lái)說(shuō)，適合自己的“學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)”材料并不相同，這個(gè)需要學(xué)習(xí)者本身去嘗試挑選。但有一個(gè)基本的建議是：閱讀訓(xùn)練材料以新聞報(bào)刊為主。為什么?因?yàn)閳?bào)刊文章篇幅較短，而且信息量大，邏輯性強(qiáng)，非常有利于培養(yǎng)理解能力。而理解能力的培養(yǎng)，至關(guān)重要。

你可能會(huì)注意到，試卷上的閱讀板塊叫“閱讀理解”(reading comprehension)，而不叫“閱讀”,這其實(shí)揭示了一個(gè)道理：閱讀過程是由兩個(gè)部分組成的，一個(gè)叫“閱讀(信息輸入)”，一個(gè)叫“理解(信息處理)”。而很多人往往只注意到了“閱讀”，并沒有去訓(xùn)練“理解”能力。

網(wǎng)上關(guān)于快速閱讀的技巧多如牛毛，人們發(fā)明了各種各樣稀奇古怪的技巧來(lái)讓你“讀”得更快，比如閱讀時(shí)控制光線和環(huán)境，用手指或者筆輔助視線定位。但相信我，這些并沒有什么用，它們關(guān)注的只是“信息輸入速度”的問題，而“理解過程”如果跟不上，讀得再快也毫無(wú)用處。最關(guān)鍵的，是要提高“信息處理”的能力。

決定閱讀能力的，并不是“讀得多快”，而是“理解得多快”。

所以刻意閱讀練習(xí)的關(guān)鍵其實(shí)是培養(yǎng)理解能力。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，制約閱讀理解能力主要有以下幾個(gè)因素：

1.詞匯量

2.語(yǔ)法句法基礎(chǔ)

3.背景知識(shí)

詞匯量是閱讀理解的基石。請(qǐng)不要相信那些“幾千詞匯量就夠用”的鬼話，那是歐美國(guó)家文盲水平，讀不懂外刊和原版書的。受過良好教育的英文母語(yǔ)人士詞匯量一般都在20000以上，如果你要像他們一樣流暢讀懂各種外刊，詞匯量最好也不要低于這個(gè)值。關(guān)于詞匯量提升，最好的方法還是通過閱讀。

語(yǔ)法句法基礎(chǔ)對(duì)閱讀理解的準(zhǔn)確率也有很大影響，最常見的是各種長(zhǎng)難句，如果你句法基礎(chǔ)不好的話，理解起來(lái)會(huì)非常吃力。解決的方法也很簡(jiǎn)單，哪里基礎(chǔ)不好就補(bǔ)哪里——語(yǔ)法句法知識(shí)也就那么多，一本教材認(rèn)真看完也就幾個(gè)星期的事情，但對(duì)理解能力的提升卻是顯而易見的。

背景知識(shí)這一點(diǎn)經(jīng)常被人忽略，但它對(duì)理解文章起到舉足輕重的作用。舉個(gè)例子，如果你對(duì)英國(guó)的政黨制度沒有一定的了解，那么經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人上的這篇文章關(guān)于英國(guó)工黨選舉的那些事估計(jì)會(huì)看不懂，盡管你知道每一個(gè)單詞每一個(gè)短語(yǔ)的意思。

對(duì)于背景知識(shí)，建議在讀文章的時(shí)候慢慢積累，不懂的就上網(wǎng)查，多讀讀像《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》這些的外刊，文章信息量非常大，往往涉及到很多背景知識(shí)，如果能堅(jiān)持讀下來(lái)并弄懂每一篇文章，你的收獲將會(huì)非常大。

托福閱讀背景素材之世界杯的歷史文化

A group of visionary French football administrators, led in the 1920s by the innovative Jules Rimet, are credited with the original idea of bringing the world's strongest national football teams together to compete for the title of World Champions. The original gold trophy bore Jules Rimet's name and was contested three times in the 1930s, before the Second World War put a 12-year stop to the competition.

When it resumed, the FIFA World Cup rapidly advanced to its undisputed status as the greatest single sporting event of the modern world. Held since 1958 alternately in Europe and the Americas, the World Cup broke new ground with the Executive Committee's decision in May 1996 to select Korea and Japan as co-hosts for the 2002 edition.

Since 1930, the 16 tournaments have seen only seven different winners. However, the FIFA World Cup has also been punctuated by dramatic upsets that have helped create footballing history - the United States defeating England in 1950, North Korea's defeat of Italy in 1966, Cameroon's emergence in the 1980s and their opening match defeat of the Argentinean cup-holders in 1990....

Today, the FIFA World Cup holds the entire global public under its spell. An accumulated audience of over 37 billion people watched the France 98 tournament, including approximately 1.3 billion for the final alone, while over 2.7 million people flocked to watch the 64 matches in the French stadium.

After all these years and so many changes, however, the main focus of the FIFA World Cup remains the same - the glistening golden trophy, which is the embodiment of every footballer's ambition.

托福閱讀真題原題+題目

The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail. In this way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been named Archaeopteryx, were fossilized. And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but also were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics. Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.

Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back each year.

Most birds also have very strong legs, which allow them to run or walk on the ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained by any other vertebrate.

1. According to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found EXCEPT

(A) nesting materials

(B) four skeletons in good condition

(D) a single feather

2. The word preserved in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) confused with others

(B) gradually weakened

(D) lost permanently

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Archaeopteryx were classified as birds on the basis

(A) imprints of bones

(B) imprints of feathers

(D) skeletons