2020雅思閱讀長(zhǎng)難句如何攻克

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雅思閱讀長(zhǎng)難句如何攻克

雅思閱讀長(zhǎng)難句指的是一般的簡(jiǎn)單句由主、謂、賓、定、狀、補(bǔ)等這些基本成分構(gòu)成，事實(shí)上長(zhǎng)難句即是在短句后加上從句，讓句子看上去結(jié)構(gòu)更復(fù)雜，又長(zhǎng)又難以理解。

攻克雅思考試閱讀長(zhǎng)難句的步驟主要有四點(diǎn)，即：

1)了解基本句型

英語基本句型大致上包含有5種，比如主謂，主謂賓，主謂表，主謂雙賓(間接賓語，直接賓語)以及主謂賓+賓語補(bǔ)足語。這些句型表面看上去簡(jiǎn)單，但只要綜合在一起來，是會(huì)變成比較復(fù)雜的句子，讓考生很頭疼的長(zhǎng)難句，比如由that、which等這些引導(dǎo)的定語從句，狀語從句，there be句型等，那么分析與理解句子來不容易了。所以考生要先把基本句型搞清楚之后才能在此基礎(chǔ)之上攻克長(zhǎng)難句。

2)找到主干

當(dāng)把基本句型之理解以后，想要突破長(zhǎng)難句，考生要能夠找到長(zhǎng)難句中的主干，把其他修飾部分的干擾都排除。主干指的是長(zhǎng)難句的核心信息，也就是主、謂、賓三個(gè)成分。一般來說，主語一般是會(huì)通過有的關(guān)鍵的單詞，關(guān)鍵的信息表達(dá)出來。在找謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，考生要了解的是，并不是全部主語后面的動(dòng)詞即為謂語，考生一定要分清。另外，如果主語后面出現(xiàn)逗號(hào)時(shí)，一般需要找到第二個(gè)逗號(hào)，之后的動(dòng)詞則是謂語動(dòng)詞。找到主謂就算成功一大半了，賓語部分相對(duì)好找一些。

3)分析主干部分的修飾語

在長(zhǎng)難句中，謂語動(dòng)詞把時(shí)態(tài)除外變化不是很大。但是主語與賓語會(huì)有所變化，像主語與賓語一般會(huì)在各種從句，介詞短語，形容詞等中存在，考生若可以從這些結(jié)構(gòu)里把哪部分是主語，哪部分是賓語分析出來。

4)句子翻譯

在明確句子主干以及句子的成分之后，考生需要把后一個(gè)步驟掌握，即翻譯。當(dāng)考生翻譯句子時(shí)，需要留意中英翻譯間的區(qū)別與語序問題。在平時(shí)練習(xí)時(shí)留心這些細(xì)節(jié)，方能有所改進(jìn)。

雅思閱讀材料：美學(xué)者發(fā)明可視眼鏡

High-tech glasses developed at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis may help surgeons visualize cancer cells, which glow blue when viewed through the eyewear.

The wearable technology, so new it's yet unnamed, was used during surgery for the first time today at Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine.

Cancer cells are notoriously difficult to see, even under high-powered magnification. The glasses are designed to make it easier for surgeons to distinguish cancer cells from healthy cells, helping to ensure that no stray tumor cells are left behind during surgery.

"We're in the early stages of this technology, and more development and testing will be done, but we're certainly encouraged by the potential benefits to patients," said breast surgeon Julie Margenthaler, MD, an associate professor of surgery at Washington University, who performed today's operation. "Imagine what it would mean if these glasses eliminated the need for follow-up surgery and the associated pain, inconvenience and anxiety."

Current standard of care requires surgeons to remove the tumor and some neighboring tissue that may or may not include cancer cells. The samples are sent to a pathology lab and viewed under a microscope. If cancer cells are found in neighboring tissue, a second surgery often is recommended to remove additional tissue that also is checked for the presence of cancer.

The glasses could reduce the need for additional surgical procedures and subsequent stress on patients, as well as time and expense.

Margenthaler said about 20 to 25 percent of breast cancer patients who have lumps removed require a second surgery because current technology doesn't adequately show the extent of the disease during the first operation.

"Our hope is that this new technology will reduce or ideally eliminate the need for a second surgery," she said.

The technology, developed by a team led by Samuel Achilefu, PhD, professor of radiology and biomedical engineering at Washington University, incorporates custom video technology, a head-mounted display and a targeted molecular agent that attaches to cancer cells, making them glow when viewed with the glasses.

In a study published in the Journal of Biomedical Optics, researchers noted that tumors as small as 1 mm in diameter (the thickness of about 10 sheets of paper) could be detected.

Ryan Fields, MD, a Washington University assistant professor of surgery and Siteman surgeon, plans to wear the glasses later this month when he operates to remove a melanoma from a patient. He said he welcomes the new technology, which theoretically could be used to visualize any type of cancer.

"A limitation of surgery is that it's not always clear to the naked eye the distinction between normal tissue and cancerous tissue," Fields said. "With the glasses developed by Dr. Achilefu, we can better identify the tissue that must be removed."

In pilot studies conducted on lab mice, the researchers utilized indocyanine green, a commonly used contrast agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration. When the agent is injected into the tumor, the cancerous cells glow when viewed with the glasses and a special light.

Achilefu, who also is co-leader of the Oncologic Imaging Program at Siteman Cancer Center and professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics, is seeking FDA approval for a different molecular agent he's helping to develop for use with the glasses. This agent specifically targets and stays longer in cancer cells.

"This technology has great potential for patients and health-care professionals," Achilefu said. "Our goal is to make sure no cancer is left behind."

Dr. Achilefu has worked with Washington University's Office of Technology Management and has a patent pending for the technology.

The research is funded by the National Cancer Institute (R01CA171651) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

透過一副特制的高科技眼鏡，醫(yī)生小心切除閃著藍(lán)光的癌變組織……當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2月10日，一臺(tái)特殊的外科手術(shù)在美國(guó)密蘇里州圣路易斯市一家醫(yī)院里進(jìn)行，借助這項(xiàng)剛剛問世的可視技術(shù)，原本幾不可見的癌細(xì)胞變得無所遁形。

據(jù)美國(guó)媒體報(bào)道，這副能夠“看見”癌細(xì)胞的眼鏡由華盛頓大學(xué)(W U)放射學(xué)和生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)教授塞繆爾?阿基里弗教授領(lǐng)隊(duì)研發(fā)成功，在理想狀態(tài)下，它可以幫助外科醫(yī)生在手術(shù)時(shí)一次性徹底切除所有癌變組織。

眾所周知，即使置于高性能的顯微鏡下，癌細(xì)胞也難以被發(fā)現(xiàn)。但有了這副眼鏡之后，醫(yī)生能夠輕松區(qū)分健康細(xì)胞和癌細(xì)胞，從而確保首次手術(shù)時(shí)不會(huì)遺漏任何癌變組織，進(jìn)行二次切除手術(shù)以“查缺補(bǔ)漏”的可能性也由此大大降低。

據(jù)介紹，使用時(shí)，需要先把一種特定的分子藥劑涂抹在腫瘤及其周邊組織上，這種藥劑會(huì)附著于癌細(xì)胞、令其發(fā)出肉眼不可見的光芒，然后，主刀醫(yī)生戴上一個(gè)形似眼鏡的頭盔式顯示器，通過自定義視頻技術(shù)，即可看清癌細(xì)胞分布于何處。

“目前，我們尚處于研究初期，未來會(huì)進(jìn)行更多的改進(jìn)和測(cè)試工作?！比橄偻饪漆t(yī)生朱莉?馬格塔勒是10日進(jìn)行手術(shù)的主刀大夫，同時(shí)也是個(gè)在實(shí)際操作中使用癌細(xì)胞可視眼鏡的人，“一想到這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)將令病患獲益良多，我們就干勁十足?！?/p>

依據(jù)現(xiàn)在的醫(yī)護(hù)流程，外科醫(yī)生手術(shù)時(shí)需要切除腫瘤及其附近組織，而這些組織中可能存在、也可能不存在癌細(xì)胞。隨后，切除下的組織標(biāo)本被送往病理實(shí)驗(yàn)室接受檢驗(yàn)，如果在其中發(fā)現(xiàn)癌細(xì)胞，則需進(jìn)行第二次甚至多次手術(shù)，直至癌變組織被完全切除。

據(jù)馬格塔勒介紹，依靠現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)，無法準(zhǔn)備判定癌變組織的全部范圍，所以大約20%至25%的乳腺癌患者接受首次手術(shù)切除腫瘤后，還需經(jīng)受第二次手術(shù)。

“借助這種癌細(xì)胞可視眼鏡，可以在首次手術(shù)時(shí)一次性切除所有癌變組織。這意味著，沒有必要再進(jìn)行后續(xù)手術(shù)，病人也無需承擔(dān)隨之而來的病痛和手術(shù)費(fèi)用?！瘪R格塔勒希望，這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)能夠降低、甚至完全消除二次手術(shù)。

雅思閱讀材料：健康生活習(xí)慣Top10

1.Walk to the office.

步行上班。

2.Do exercise at least 3 times per week.

每周至少運(yùn)動(dòng)3次。

3.Maintain adequate sleep.

保持睡眠充足。

4.Bring a bottle of water at any time.

隨身帶瓶水。

5.Eat often and little.

少食多餐。

6.Take fruits as snacks.

用水果當(dāng)零食。

7.Take nutritious breakfast.

早餐營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富。

8.Breath with abdomen.

用腹部呼吸。

9.Take stretching exercise every morning and evening.

早晚做伸展運(yùn)動(dòng)

10.Make sure the stoop postures be proper.

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