GRE考試閱讀理解練習(xí)題及答案
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GRE考試閱讀理解練習(xí)題及答案
GRE閱讀題目解析:治療胃酸的藥
Columnist: Until very recently, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block excess stomach acid, were both available only with a prescription written by a doctor. In an advertisement for Presorbin, its makers argue that Presorbin is superior on the grounds that doctors have written 200 million prescriptions for Presorbin, as compared to 100 million for Veltrex. It can be argued that the number of prescriptions written is never a worthwhile criterion for comparing the merits of medicines, but that the advertisement’s argument is absurd is quite adequately revealed by observing that Presorbin was available as a prescription medicine years before Veltrex was.
1. In the columnist’s argument, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a claim that the columnist’s argument seeks to clarify; the second states a conclusion drawn about one possible interpretation of that claim.
B. The first identifies the conclusion of an argument that the columnist’s argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
C. The first states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument; the second states a conclusion that the columnist draws in defending that conclusion against an objection.
D. The first identifies an assumption made in an argument that the columnist's argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
E. The first is a claim that has been offered as evidence to support a position that the columnist opposes; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
1
Columnist: Until very recently, Presorbin and Veltrex, two medications used to block excess stomach acid, were both available only with a prescription written by a doctor.
專欄作者：直到最近，P 和 V，兩種治療胃酸過(guò)多的藥，都是處方藥。
2
In an advertisement for Presorbin, its makers argue that Presorbin is superior on the grounds that doctors have written 200 million prescriptions for Presorbin, as compared to 100 million for Veltrex.
在 P 的一則廣告中，生產(chǎn)商認(rèn)為 P 更好，根據(jù)是醫(yī)生已經(jīng)對(duì) P 開(kāi)出了兩億份處方，而 V 只有一億。
3
It can be argued that the number of prescriptions written is never a worthwhile criterion for comparing the merits of medicines, but that the advertisement’s argument is absurd is quite adequately revealed by observing that Presorbin was available as a prescription medicine years before Veltrex was.
當(dāng)然可以反駁說(shuō)，開(kāi)出過(guò)多少份處方從來(lái)不是比較藥物優(yōu)劣的恰當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，然而只要注意到 P 作為一種處方藥比 V 上市早若干年，就足見(jiàn)該廣告邏輯之荒謬。
(此句涉及 but 引導(dǎo)的一種讓步關(guān)系(很多時(shí)候我們忽略了 but 的讓步意味，只把它等同于漢語(yǔ)中的 “ 轉(zhuǎn)折 ”，二者還是有區(qū)別的)：
讓步條件，處方數(shù)不是評(píng)價(jià)藥物好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(這很好理解，因?yàn)橛袃r(jià)格，醫(yī)保是否覆蓋等很多因素影響一種藥的銷(xiāo)量);
強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容，廣告邏輯荒謬。
前半句被讓步掉了，(盡管)這不是一種評(píng)價(jià)藥物優(yōu)劣的恰當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，(讓步，即便我們就用這種不恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)兩種藥 —— 假定讓步條件為真)結(jié)論仍然是有問(wèn)題的，因?yàn)檫@種比較不公平，P 比 V 上市早若干年。)
1. In the columnist’s argument, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a claim that the columnist’s argument seeks to clarify; the second states a conclusion drawn about one possible interpretation of that claim.
B. The first identifies the conclusion of an argument that the columnist’s argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
C. The first states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument; the second states a conclusion that the columnist draws in defending that conclusion against an objection.
D. The first identifies an assumption made in an argument that the columnist's argument is directed against; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
E. The first is a claim that has been offered as evidence to support a position that the columnist opposes; the second states the main conclusion of the columnist’s argument.
選 B
本題考查批判性思維 critical thinking 基礎(chǔ)，即分辨什么是結(jié)論 conclusions，什么是證據(jù) evidence 或 理由 reasons。
不理解這種問(wèn)法，說(shuō)明你還沒(méi)進(jìn)入 GRE 語(yǔ)文的基本語(yǔ)境，去讀 Asking the Right Questions 吧，趁還來(lái)得及。
本文篇幅很短，所以邏輯關(guān)系相當(dāng)清晰，簡(jiǎn)述如下。
1)廣告邏輯：
結(jié)論 conclusion 1：P 比 V 好。
理由 reason 1：醫(yī)生開(kāi)出的 P 處方比 V 多一倍。
2)專欄作者邏輯：
結(jié)論 conclusion 2：廣告是放屁。
理由 reason 2-1：處方數(shù)量不能如實(shí)反映藥物的療效。
理由 reason 2-2：P 比 V 上市早。
綜上，選 B。
GRE考試閱讀理解練習(xí)題及答案
GRE閱讀題目解析:弗蘭德斯派大師
Stylistic evidence and laboratory evidence strongly support the claim that the magnificent painting Garden of Eden is a work of the Flemish master van Eyck. Nevertheless, the painting must have been the work of someone else, as anyone with a little historical and zoological knowledge can tell merely by looking at the painting. The animals in the painting are all vivid representations of actual animals, including armadillos. Yet armadillos are native only to Americas, and van Eyck died decades before Europeans reached the Americas.
2. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a position that the argument seeks to reject, the second is evidence that the argument uses against that position.
B. The first and the second are each pieces of evidence that have been used to support the position that the argument opposes.
C. The first presents the main conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion.
D. The first is a judgment that serves as the basis for the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that main conclusion.
E. The first is an intermediate conclusion drawn in order to support a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that intermediate conclusion.
1
Stylistic evidence and laboratory evidence strongly support the claim that the magnificent painting Garden of Eden is a work of the Flemish master van Eyck.
風(fēng)格上的和來(lái)自實(shí)驗(yàn)室的證據(jù)，都有力地支持這樣的觀點(diǎn)，即大畫(huà) G o E 出自弗蘭德斯派大師 v E 之手。
佛蘭德斯藝術(shù) [Flemish art]
佛蘭德斯15世紀(jì)到17世紀(jì)初期的藝術(shù)，以生氣蓬勃的寫(xiě)實(shí)主義和高超的技術(shù)造詣而著稱。佛蘭德斯畫(huà)派的先驅(qū)一般都住在勃艮第大公國(guó)的第一個(gè)首都第戎。這些大公在1363～1482年間建立了強(qiáng)大的佛蘭德斯和勃艮第政治聯(lián)盟。善良的腓力三世遷都于布魯日，1425年正式任命 愛(ài)克 (1390～1441)為宮廷畫(huà)師。他的畫(huà)作代表著早期佛蘭德斯繪畫(huà)的開(kāi)端，又象征著它的全盛時(shí)期。15世紀(jì)末，愛(ài)克后一代的畫(huà)家并未一味仿效他，而是面向意大利以求得畫(huà)面形象結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展。R.van der韋登、P.赫里斯特斯、D.包茨、H.van der胡斯、H.梅姆靈和G.戴維等人的畫(huà)作雖著重創(chuàng)新，但其視覺(jué)藝術(shù)效果卻與愛(ài)克相去甚遠(yuǎn)。16世紀(jì)，在H.博斯的影響下，P.勃魯蓋爾(老)將當(dāng)時(shí)的殘酷性反映在他的那些生動(dòng)地描繪了農(nóng)民生活的作品里。17世紀(jì)的大師P.P.魯本斯精通油畫(huà)藝術(shù)，他的成熟的寓言風(fēng)格與巴羅克時(shí)期的奢華趣味完全吻合。參閱早期尼德蘭藝術(shù)(early Netherlandish art)。
愛(ài)克 [Eyck, Jan van]
(1395年前，神圣羅馬帝國(guó) 列日主教區(qū) 馬塞克城～1441.7.9前，布呂赫)
佛蘭德斯畫(huà)家。1422年任荷蘭伯爵，巴伐利亞的約翰的室內(nèi)侍從和宮廷畫(huà)師。后為勃艮地公爵善良的腓力三世服務(wù)?，F(xiàn)存確系他的畫(huà)作只有屬于他藝術(shù)生涯最后十年的作品，其中10幅有他的簽名與日期，這個(gè)數(shù)目在這個(gè)時(shí)期已不尋常。愛(ài)克的繪畫(huà)以肖像和宗教為主題，他的畫(huà)作才華橫溢，極富理性，又充滿象征意義。代表作品有《羔羊受崇敬》(1432)，與其兄休伯特(約1370～1426)合作，該作品以《根特祭壇畫(huà)》聞名遐邇。他通常被認(rèn)為是15世紀(jì)北歐最偉大的畫(huà)家。他的作品被大量復(fù)制和收藏。
(大英袖珍百科)
2
Nevertheless, the painting must have been the work of someone else, as anyone with a little historical and zoological knowledge can tell merely by looking at the painting.
然而，任何對(duì)歷史和動(dòng)物學(xué)稍有了解的人，只要看看這幅畫(huà)，就可以得出結(jié)論，作者肯定另有其人。
3
The animals in the painting are all vivid representations of actual animals, including armadillos.
畫(huà)中的動(dòng)物都栩栩如生地再現(xiàn)了它們實(shí)際的樣子，包括犰狳。
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo)
犰狳(音 求于，猜你也不會(huì)念)
4
Yet armadillos are native only to Americas, and van Eyck died decades before Europeans reached the Americas.
但犰狳原產(chǎn)于美洲，且 v E 在歐洲人發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸前幾十年就去世了。
2. In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first is a position that the argument seeks to reject, the second is evidence that the argument uses against that position.
B. The first and the second are each pieces of evidence that have been used to support the position that the argument opposes.
C. The first presents the main conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion.
D. The first is a judgment that serves as the basis for the main conclusion of the argument; the second states that main conclusion.
E. The first is an intermediate conclusion drawn in order to support a further conclusion stated in the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that intermediate conclusion.
選 C
還是讓我們辨析目標(biāo)句的邏輯功能。
作者的論證，可簡(jiǎn)述為：
結(jié)論 conclusion：大畫(huà)《伊甸園》的作者必不是凡愛(ài)克。
理由 1 reason 1：畫(huà)中動(dòng)物都貼合實(shí)際，包括犰狳。
理由 2 reason 2：犰狳系美洲原產(chǎn)，但凡愛(ài)克死時(shí)歐洲人尚未抵達(dá)美洲。
reason 1 + reason 2 => conclusion
綜上，選 C 。
GRE考試閱讀理解練習(xí)題及答案
GRE閱讀題目解析:敘夢(mèng)寓言詩(shī)
There are many structural and thematic similarities between Piers Plowman by Langland (1330-1400) and House of Fame by Chaucer (1342-1400), two Middle English poems relating dream visions. Some critics have argued that because a number of the shared elements are uncommon in Middle English poetry, and because Langland’s poem probably predates Chaucer’s by a few years, Chaucer was most likely influenced by Piers Plowman when writing House of Fame.
5. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the critics’ argument?
A. Piers Plowman is one of Langland’s major works, whereas House of Fame is a minor work of Chaucer’s.
B. House of Fame survives in only three manuscript copies, substantially fewer than the number of manuscript copies that exist of Piers Plowman.
C. Because Piers Plowman became a well-known work in its day, it is likely that the similarities between it and House of Fame were detected by many of the people who read House of Fame soon after Chaucer wrote it.
D. Many of the themes and structures of Piers Plowman are also found in Latin, Italian, French works with which Chaucer could well have been familiar.
E. There is no evidence that Chaucer and Langland ever met or that they corresponded with each other about literary topics.
P58
1
There are many structural and thematic similarities between Piers Plowman by Langland (1330-1400) and House of Fame by Chaucer (1342-1400), two Middle English poems relating dream visions.
L(1330 - 1400)的 < Piers Plowman > 和 C (1342 - 1400)的 < House of Fame > 這兩首 dream visions(敘夢(mèng)寓言詩(shī))，在結(jié)構(gòu)與主題上有很多相似。
(
dream vision
A narrative poem, especially in medieval literature, in which the main character falls asleep and experiences events having allegorical, didactic, or moral significance.
敘夢(mèng)寓言詩(shī)：敘事詩(shī)，尤指在中世紀(jì)文學(xué)中的敘事詩(shī)，其中主要人物入睡后經(jīng)歷有諭意的說(shuō)教性的或有道德意義的事件
【AHD】
)
2
Some critics have argued that because a number of the shared elements are uncommon in Middle English poetry, and because Langland’s poem probably predates Chaucer’s by a few years, Chaucer was most likely influenced by Piers Plowman when writing House of Fame.
一些評(píng)論者認(rèn)為，因?yàn)?Middle English poetry 中很少見(jiàn)到這兩首詩(shī)共有的某些元素，且 L 的詩(shī)也許完成得比 C 早若干年，所以 C 很可能在寫(xiě) < House of Fame > 時(shí)受到了 < Piers Plowman > 的影響。
5. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the critics’ argument?
A. Piers Plowman is one of Langland’s major works, whereas House of Fame is a minor work of Chaucer’s.
B. House of Fame survives in only three manuscript copies, substantially fewer than the number of manuscript copies that exist of Piers Plowman.
C. Because Piers Plowman became a well-known work in its day, it is likely that the similarities between it and House of Fame were detected by many of the people who read House of Fame soon after Chaucer wrote it.
D. Many of the themes and structures of Piers Plowman are also found in Latin, Italian, French works with which Chaucer could well have been familiar.
E. There is no evidence that Chaucer and Langland ever met or that they corresponded with each other about literary topics.
選 D
削弱題。選一項(xiàng)，能夠最有力地削弱文段陳述的 argument 。
先再磨嘰一遍基礎(chǔ)，argument 在 GRE 語(yǔ)文中，通常指一種用理由 reasons 或證據(jù) evidence 支撐結(jié)論 conclusions 的過(guò)程。本題通過(guò)提出競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性解釋 rival causes 的方式削弱論證，所謂競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性解釋，就是針對(duì)已知的結(jié)論，提出另一種合理的解釋，從而使原論證失去唯一的有效性，是為削弱。
先找 critics' argument 的理由和結(jié)論。
結(jié)論在句 2 最后分句：C 詩(shī)受了 L 詩(shī)的影響。
D
像 P P 這樣主題與結(jié)構(gòu)，在拉丁語(yǔ)，意大利語(yǔ)，法語(yǔ)作品中很常見(jiàn)，C 可能也熟悉這些作品(而受到了影響)。
顯然 D 提供了另一種解釋，削弱了 C 受 L 影響的結(jié)論。
本題比較明顯，其他幾個(gè)不翻譯了，有異議的來(lái) confront me，等里。
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