2020下半年翻譯資格考試一級(jí)筆譯考試精選習(xí)題

生活沒有目標(biāo)，猶如航海沒有羅盤。今天小編給大家?guī)砹?020下半年翻譯資格考試一級(jí)筆譯考試精選習(xí)題，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

2020下半年翻譯資格考試一級(jí)筆譯考試精選習(xí)題

Inside the Pop-up Economy

幾千塊就能開家小店?英國出現(xiàn)“快閃店”電商平臺(tái)

In the dirge of news about retail failure, where once impregnable institutions like House of Fraser and Marks and Spencer are now husks of their former selves, the high street would seem to be in mortal danger. Right? Wrong, says Ross Bailey, a 26-year-old retail entrepreneur: “The problem is that most high-street stores are crap.”

零售企業(yè)紛紛倒下。曾經(jīng)堅(jiān)不可摧的House of Fraser和馬莎百貨(Marks and Spencer)如今都只剩下一具軀殼。挽歌唱響，高街零售業(yè)似乎走到了生死關(guān)頭。難道不對(duì)嗎?當(dāng)然不對(duì)!在26歲的零售企業(yè)家羅斯·貝利(Ross Bailey)看來，“問題出在大多數(shù)高街百貨商店品質(zhì)堪憂?！?/p>

Lest we forget, 90 per cent of sales are still made in bricks-and-mortar buildings. But shorter leases, changing consumer loyalties and online stores have changed the way we shop. And traditional stores are increasingly being replaced by more short-term “pop-up” solutions.

先提醒一句，目前社會(huì)消費(fèi)品銷售總額的90%仍是在實(shí)體店完成的。但隨著商鋪?zhàn)饧s的縮短，消費(fèi)者忠誠度不斷變化，加上電商的發(fā)展，我們的購物方式也在改變。此外，傳統(tǒng)商店正逐步讓位于經(jīng)營期限更短的“快閃”(Pop-up)模式。

“The death of the high street is grossly exaggerated,” Bailey continues. “It dies when it’s homogenous and uninteresting. When it’s done right, it’s a totally different story.”

“高街的衰亡被過分夸大了?！必惱又f道，“如果高街零售商繼續(xù)同質(zhì)化經(jīng)營和無趣，消亡是不可避免的。但如果經(jīng)營得當(dāng)，情況會(huì)完全不同?！?/p>

In 2012, Bailey founded Appear Here, an online marketplace for short-term retail designed to disrupt the commercial space. Brands go to the website to search for a space, book a time slot and earmark a budget and then Appear Here connects them with a landlord.

2012年，貝利創(chuàng)建了零售商鋪短租平臺(tái)Appear Here，旨在顛覆商業(yè)地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)。品牌可以通過該平臺(tái)搜索場(chǎng)地，列出時(shí)間段和預(yù)算，而Appear Here則會(huì)為他們介紹房東。

If the brand and the landlord are a match, the deal goes ahead. Some shops pop up for only a week, others rent for years – either way, it’s a “pay as you go” business, where even the most powerful brands can test a new market without long-term commitment.

如果品牌與房東的要求匹配，就達(dá)成交易。一些商鋪僅擺設(shè)一周時(shí)間，有些則會(huì)租上數(shù)年——無論哪種，都采取“現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付”模式。就連那些最有影響力的品牌都可以通過這種模式來試水新市場(chǎng)，而不必簽下長期合約。

Today, Bailey oversees a network that includes 160,000 brands and 6,000 retail spaces, throughout London, Paris and New York, and represents every kind of business, from the tiniest market-stall artisans to the most powerful brands in the world, such as Apple, Nike and Louis Vuitton. And the shops just keep popping.

如今，貝利的服務(wù)范圍包括16萬個(gè)品牌和6000個(gè)零售場(chǎng)地，覆蓋了倫敦、巴黎和紐約全城，遍布每一個(gè)行業(yè)——從最微小的市場(chǎng)擺攤手藝人，到蘋果、耐克和路易威登等全球最有影響力的品牌。且快閃商店還在持續(xù)增多。

This week, Appear Here launches its next innovation, a six-part collection of modular furniture designed for short-term retail. The pieces can be rented by the week, come in three different finishes, and include everything the modern shopkeeper might need, from a hanging rail to a fitting room to a shelving unit and a cash desk.

日前，Appear Here推出了又一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)新：由6部分組成的模塊家具。這套家具專門為短租零售而設(shè)計(jì)。家具可以按周租賃，有三種不同漆面，包括了現(xiàn)代商店可能用到的一切：從衣架、試衣間，到貨架和收銀臺(tái)。

The collection was designed by Richard Found, whose day job is tending to the look of luxury commercial spaces. He describes the fixtures as “ego-less”, with a focus on “pure design”. All can be adapted to any environment and it’s sleek, simple – and idiot-proof.

這套家具由理查德·方德(Richard Found)設(shè)計(jì)，他的正業(yè)是為奢侈品牌設(shè)計(jì)門店。在他眼中，這些固定裝置做到了“無我”，專注于“純?cè)O(shè)計(jì)”。所有裝置都能適應(yīng)各種環(huán)境，造型流線，簡潔，且易于安裝。

The incentives for such a collaboration are many. First, it will scale the business, increasing Appear Here’s profile as a one-stop pop-up platform through which you can also staff and service your store. Second, it will offer even the humblest of retailers a little more luxury gloss.

合作設(shè)計(jì)這樣一套家具是出于多項(xiàng)考慮。首先，這樣能促進(jìn)規(guī)?；\(yùn)營，提升Appear Here作為一站式快閃平臺(tái)的形象——人們可以通過該平臺(tái)為商店雇人和購買服務(wù)。其次，這能為哪怕是最不起眼的零售商增添一絲高級(jí)感。

Both are feeling bullish about the future of the high street. But they insist it must adapt. “Your store doesn’t need to be in one place anymore,” says Bailey. “Before, if you didn’t have your store, your business was over because where would the person find you? Now you’ve always got a presence that exists.”

對(duì)于高街零售業(yè)的未來，二人都持樂觀態(tài)度。但他們堅(jiān)稱高街必須適應(yīng)新形勢(shì)?！澳愕纳痰隂]必要固守在一個(gè)地方?！必惱硎荆耙郧?，倘若沒有自己的店面，你的生意就完了，因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)撊ツ睦镎夷?但現(xiàn)在你永遠(yuǎn)都有實(shí)體窗口。”

And he’s persuasive on the power of the pop-up as a marketing tool. “Digital direct-to-consumer brands are now paying so much for digital advertising.” With social-media reach and the right user-friendly experience, “one little shop can create something that builds a connection with millions of people that don’t even happen to walk past it. Experience is a currency that spreads.”

此外，他關(guān)于快閃店?duì)I銷功能的看法也非常有說服力。“目前，直接面向消費(fèi)者(DTC)的數(shù)字品牌在數(shù)字廣告方面投入巨大?！庇辛松缃幻襟w的宣傳，再能提供友好的用戶體驗(yàn)，“一家小店可以與數(shù)百萬消費(fèi)者建立聯(lián)系，哪怕這些消費(fèi)者并沒有親自路過。體驗(yàn)就是流通貨幣?！?/p>

Bailey’s hope is that the pop-up will help make the high street “a place of discovery” once more. “Anyone can have a shop,” he says.

貝利希望，快閃模式能幫助高街零售商店再一次成為“充滿發(fā)現(xiàn)之地”。 “人人都能開店?！?/p>

Some of his favourite anecdotes concern the more unusual enterprises he’s helped bring to life – like the parents who, in lieu of an iPad, bought their son a ￡600 birthday pop-up from which to launch his T-shirt brand for two weeks.

他最喜歡講的一些趣事，就是他幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)的那些不尋常的店鋪——例如，一對(duì)父母花費(fèi)600英鎊，給他們的兒子買了一個(gè)為期兩周的快閃店作為生日禮物，而不是iPad，用來發(fā)布他的T恤品牌。

2020下半年翻譯資格考試一級(jí)筆譯考試精選習(xí)題

Tech and Privacy: Facebook’s Third Act

技術(shù)和隱私：Facebook的第三幕

A New Business Model Could Make the Company Harder to Break up

一種新的商業(yè)模式可能會(huì)使這家公司更難被分拆

The first big overhaul for Facebook came in 2012-14. Internet users were carrying out ever more tasks on smartphones rather than desktop or laptop computers. Mark Zuckerberg opted to follow them, concentrating on Facebook’s mobile app ahead of its website, and buying up two fast-growing communication apps, WhatsApp and Instagram. It worked. Facebook increased its market valuation from around $60bn at the end of 2012 to – for a brief period in 2018 – more than $600bn.

Facebook的第一次重大變革發(fā)生在2012至2014年間。那時(shí)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶越來越多地在智能手機(jī)上執(zhí)行任務(wù)，而不是在臺(tái)式機(jī)或筆記本電腦上。馬克·扎克伯格選擇順勢(shì)而動(dòng)，把注意力從網(wǎng)站轉(zhuǎn)移到手機(jī)應(yīng)用上，并收購了兩個(gè)快速發(fā)展的通信應(yīng)用WhatsApp和Instagram。這種做法成功了。Facebook的市值從2012年底的約600億美元增加到2018年的6000多億美元(盡管只維持了很短一段時(shí)間)。

On March 6th Mr Zuckerberg announced Facebook’s next pivot. As well as its existing moneymaking enterprise, selling targeted ads on its public social networks, it is building a “privacy-focused platform” around WhatsApp, Instagram and Messenger. The apps will be integrated, he said, and messages sent through them encrypted end-to-end, so that even Facebook cannot read them. While it was not made explicit, it is clear what the business model will be. Mr Zuckerberg wants all manner of businesses to use its messaging networks to provide services and accept payments. Facebook will take a cut.

本月6日，扎克伯格宣布了Facebook的下一個(gè)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)。除了在其公共社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)上銷售定向廣告這項(xiàng)現(xiàn)有的盈利業(yè)務(wù)之外，公司正在圍繞WhatsApp、Instagram和Messenger建立一個(gè)“專注隱私安全的平臺(tái)”。扎克伯格說，F(xiàn)acebook將整合這三個(gè)應(yīng)用，并為三方之間發(fā)送的消息提供端到端加密，就連Facebook自己也無法讀取。雖然沒有明確說明，但這個(gè)大平臺(tái)將采用的商業(yè)模式顯而易見。扎克伯格希望各類企業(yè)都能利用Facebook的消息傳遞網(wǎng)絡(luò)來提供服務(wù)并接受付款，F(xiàn)acebook則從中抽成。

A big shift was overdue at Facebook given the privacy and political scandals that have battered the firm. Even Mr Zuckerberg, who often appears incapable of seeing the gravity of Facebook’s situation, seemed to grasp the irony of it putting privacy first. “Frankly we don’t currently have a strong reputation for building privacy protective services,” he noted.

鑒于隱私和政治丑聞的沉重打擊，F(xiàn)acebook早就該推動(dòng)一場(chǎng)重大的轉(zhuǎn)變了。即使是看似常常無法認(rèn)識(shí)到Facebook嚴(yán)峻處境的扎克伯格，似乎也領(lǐng)會(huì)到公司將隱私放在第一位透出的諷刺意味?！疤孤实卣f，目前我們?cè)诮⒈Ｗo(hù)隱私的服務(wù)方面聲望不高?！彼赋?。 Still, he intends to do it. Mr Zuckerberg claims that users will benefit from his plan to integrate its messaging apps into a single, encrypted network. The content of messages will be safe from prying eyes of authoritarian snoops and criminals, as well as from Facebook itself. It will make messaging more convenient, and make profitable new services possible. But caution is warranted for three reasons.

不過，他還是打算做出改變。扎克伯格稱，把多個(gè)消息應(yīng)用整合成單一加密網(wǎng)絡(luò)的計(jì)劃將讓用戶受益。威權(quán)政府的密探、犯罪分子以及Facebook本身都將無法窺探消息的內(nèi)容。消息發(fā)送會(huì)變得更加方便，有利可圖的新服務(wù)也將成為可能。但對(duì)此需持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度，理由有三。

The first is that Facebook has long been accused of misleading the public on privacy and security, so the potential benefits Mr Zuckerberg touts deserve to be treated sceptically. He is also probably underselling the benefits that running integrated messaging networks brings to his firm, even if they are encrypted so that Facebook cannot see the content. The metadata alone, ie, who is talking to whom, when and for how long, will still allow Facebook to target advertisements precisely, meaning its ad model will still function.

首先，鑒于Facebook長期被指斥在隱私和安全方面誤導(dǎo)公眾，對(duì)于扎克伯格大力宣揚(yáng)的潛在益處我們理應(yīng)抱持懷疑觀望的態(tài)度。扎克伯格也有可能在淡化運(yùn)營集成消息網(wǎng)絡(luò)給他的公司帶來的好處，即使Facebook無法看到加密的內(nèi)容。單是誰和誰在何時(shí)交流了多久的元數(shù)據(jù)就能讓Facebook精準(zhǔn)地投放廣告，這意味著其廣告業(yè)務(wù)模式仍能正常運(yùn)作。

End-to-end encryption will also make Facebook’s business cheaper to run. Because it will be mathematically impossible to moderate encrypted communications, the firm will have an excuse to take less responsibility for content running through its apps, limiting its moderation costs.

端到端加密還會(huì)降低Facebook的業(yè)務(wù)運(yùn)營成本。確切來講加密信息是無法審核的，公司也就會(huì)有借口對(duì)通過其應(yīng)用發(fā)出的內(nèi)容負(fù)更少的責(zé)任，從而控制其審核成本。

If it can make the changes, Facebook’s dominance over messaging would probably increase. The newfound user-benefits of a more integrated Facebook might make it harder for regulators to argue that Mr Zuckerberg’s firm should be broken up.

如果計(jì)劃中的改變能夠落實(shí)，F(xiàn)acebook在消息應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的主導(dǎo)地位可能會(huì)增強(qiáng)。一個(gè)更集成的Facebook新帶來的用戶利益可能會(huì)讓監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)更難主張將Facebook分拆。

Facebook’s plans in India provide some insight into the new model. It has built a payment system into WhatsApp, the country’s most-used messaging app. The system is waiting for regulatory approval. The market is huge. In the rest of the world, too, users are likely to be drawn in by the convenience of Facebook’s new networks. Mr Zuckerberg’s latest strategy is ingenious but may contain twists.

從Facebook在印度的計(jì)劃可以一窺其新模式。它已在印度最流行的消息應(yīng)用WhatsApp中創(chuàng)建了支付系統(tǒng)，正在等待監(jiān)管部門批準(zhǔn)。這個(gè)市場(chǎng)非常龐大。在世界其他地方，用戶也可能被Facebook的新網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶來的便利所吸引。扎克伯格最新的策略很有創(chuàng)意，但也可能隱藏了花招。

2020下半年翻譯資格考試一級(jí)筆譯考試精選習(xí)題

Appealing Returns

豐厚誘人的回報(bào)

Contingent fees, in which clients pay lawyers only if a case is won, have long been a feature of America’s legal system. Many other countries used to bar them, wary of importing America’s ambulance-chasing culture. But a belated acceptance of their benefits means they are now widely allowed. “No-win, no-fee” arrangements help shift risks from parties to a suit to their lawyers, and make it less likely that a would-be plaintiff decides not to press a strong case for fear of a big financial loss.

只有在勝訴后才需要向律師付費(fèi)的“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)代理收費(fèi)制”一直是美國法律體系的一個(gè)特色。其他許多國家曾禁止這種操作，擔(dān)心將美國的訟棍文化“引狼入室”。但這種收費(fèi)制的好處終于得到遲來的認(rèn)可，如今已被廣泛采用。有了“不贏不收錢”的協(xié)定，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就從訴訟各方轉(zhuǎn)移到了他們的律師身上，也就不大會(huì)發(fā)生原本頗有些勝算，卻因?yàn)楹ε掳装谉X而放棄打官司的情況。

They accepted money from third parties to fund cases in exchange for some of the winnings. Litigation finance has since taken off. Fortune 500 companies and New York’s elite law firms increasingly tap outside capital when pursuing multi-million-dollar suits.

他們接受第三方的資金來支付訴訟開支，作為交換，向?qū)Ψ街Ц恫糠衷V訟賠償所得。自那之后，訴訟融資業(yè)務(wù)蓬勃發(fā)展起來。《財(cái)富》世界500強(qiáng)公司和紐約的精英律師事務(wù)所在打數(shù)百萬美元的官司時(shí)，越來越多地利用外部資本。

Funds that invest in litigation are on the rise. In the past 18 months some 30 have launched; over $2bn has been raised. Last year Burford Capital, an industry heavyweight, put $1.3bn into cases – more than triple the amount it deployed in 2016. Lee Drucker of Lake Whillans, a firm that funds lawsuits, says he gets calls weekly from institutional investors seeking an asset uncorrelated with the rest of the market – payouts from lawsuits bear no relation to interest-rate rises or stock market swings.

投資于訴訟案件的基金逐步增多。過去18個(gè)月里成立了約30支這樣的基金，融資超過20億美元。去年，業(yè)界“大腕”伯福德資本(Burford Capital)為資助訴訟案件投入了13億美元，是2016年投入金額的三倍多。訴訟資助公司Lake Whillans的李·德魯克(Lee Drucker)說他每周都會(huì)接到機(jī)構(gòu)投資者的電話，他們想尋覓一種與市場(chǎng)其余部分不相關(guān)的資產(chǎn)——訴訟賠償金與利率上漲或股市起伏沒有任何關(guān)聯(lián)。

Such outside funding does not just enable plaintiffs to pursue potentially lucrative cases. It also allows law firms to hedge risk. Some clients, worried about the misaligned incentives caused by law firms’ sky-high hourly rates, insist on partial or full contingency-payment schemes. Outside funding lets firms recoup some revenue even if they do not win a case. “Firms that lose are still going to take a bath,” says Nicholas Kajon of Stevens & Lee. “But the write-off won’t be quite as bad.”

這樣的外部資金不僅能讓原告方發(fā)起有可能會(huì)帶來大筆賠償金的訴訟，還能讓律師事務(wù)所對(duì)沖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一些委托人擔(dān)心律師事務(wù)所按小時(shí)收取的天價(jià)費(fèi)用會(huì)造成不當(dāng)激勵(lì)，因而堅(jiān)持部分或全部采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)代理付費(fèi)方案。有了外部資金，律師事務(wù)所就算沒能贏得訴訟也能挽回部分收入?！拜斄斯偎?，律所還是會(huì)虧一大筆錢，”Stevens & Lee律師事務(wù)所的尼古拉斯·卡永(Nicholas Kajon)說，“但會(huì)少虧一些?！?/p>

Returns are usually a multiple of the investment or a percentage of the settlement, or some combination of the two. Funders of a winning suit can expect to double, triple or quadruple their money. Cases that are up for appeal, where the timespan is short – usually 18-24 months – and the chance of a loss slimmer, offer lower returns. New cases that are expected to take years offer higher potential payouts.

訴訟投資的收益通常為投資額的一個(gè)倍數(shù)或賠償金的一定比例，或者兩者兼有。勝訴案件的資助者所獲收益可能會(huì)是其出資金額的二到四倍。準(zhǔn)備上訴的案子審理時(shí)間短——通常在18到24個(gè)月之間，敗訴的可能性相對(duì)較低，投資回報(bào)也較低。那些預(yù)計(jì)將耗時(shí)多年的新案子可能會(huì)帶來更高的回報(bào)。

A maturing market means more sophisticated offerings. To spread risk, funders are bundling cases into portfolios and taking a share of the proceeds. Last year Burford ploughed $726m into portfolio deals, compared with $72m into stand-alone suits.

市場(chǎng)日漸成熟，出現(xiàn)了更復(fù)雜的投資方式。為了分散風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，訴訟融資機(jī)構(gòu)將案件打包成投資組合，從中抽取一部分收益。伯福德去年投入了7.26億美元用于組合投資各類案件，而在單個(gè)案件上的投入為7200萬美元。

As funders compete for high-quality investments, opportunities in new markets arise. Bentham IMF, a litigation funder based in New York, has joined Kobre & Kim, a law firm, to set up a $30m fund for Israeli startups to pursue claims against multinationals – for example, over trade-secret violations. A burgeoning secondary market is likely to develop further, allowing investors to cash out before long-running suits are closed. Burford recently sold its stake in an arbitration case concerning two Argentine airlines for a return of 736%. Such mouth-watering profits should keep luring capital into the courtroom.

隨著訴訟融資公司爭(zhēng)相搶奪高質(zhì)量的投資項(xiàng)目，在新市場(chǎng)中也出現(xiàn)了機(jī)會(huì)?？偛吭O(shè)在紐約的訴訟融資公司Bentham IMF與高博金律師事務(wù)所(Kobre & Kim)共同設(shè)立了一個(gè)規(guī)模達(dá)3000萬美元的基金專門支持以色列的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司向跨國公司索賠——例如在侵害商業(yè)機(jī)密方面。一個(gè)新興的二級(jí)市場(chǎng)看來會(huì)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，讓投資者得以先一步套現(xiàn)離場(chǎng)，而不用等待一宗曠日持久的訴訟案塵埃落定。伯福德近期出售了自己在一個(gè)涉及兩家阿根廷航空公司的仲裁案中的股份，回報(bào)率達(dá)736%。如此令人垂涎的利潤水平應(yīng)該會(huì)吸引資本源源不斷地流向法庭。