托福閱讀如何應(yīng)對(duì)文章難句

在托福考試中，如何應(yīng)對(duì)托福閱讀文章中的難句呢?小編整理了一些應(yīng)對(duì)的方法，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀如何應(yīng)對(duì)文章難句

NO8-1，我們從“詞--句--篇章”來談?wù)勥@篇文章。

原文：

Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

一、難詞

spatial: a.1.空間的，太空的;2.存在(或者發(fā)生)于宇宙空間的

plume: n.1.羽狀物2.柱，地柱

xenolith:俘虜巖

percolate:v.1.滲透2.擴(kuò)散到，彌漫于

portions: n.一部分

二、難句

1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most　geologists contend，is the upper mantle.

對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來說，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流(mantle plume)——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。

難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語

解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說明fact 的同位語從句。此從句中既有大段插入語，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語從句的主語是volcanic rocks，主語后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一個(gè)說明islands的同位語islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語實(shí)際起到一個(gè)分隔主謂的同位語的作用。其后是謂語動(dòng)詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。

句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開文章不說，單看這一個(gè)句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,這應(yīng)該可以推測(cè)出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個(gè)理論一定是在說地幔有不同的層面。

2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)

但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體(xenolith)所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。

難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語

解釋：本句的主句中有一個(gè)長插入語however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個(gè)句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids;后面又有一個(gè)同位語和一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個(gè)狀語來修飾那個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。

三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)

Ts是文章的第一句，因此這一篇短文章是結(jié)論解釋型。文章開始說出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了兩種理論，一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一個(gè)是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分別對(duì)這兩種理論進(jìn)行describe.最后作者指出，We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

托福閱讀如何應(yīng)對(duì)復(fù)雜句式

除了詞匯量較大以外，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜也是托福閱讀的障礙之一。面對(duì)難句，必須迅速把握其主干和重點(diǎn)，因?yàn)榭荚嚂r(shí)涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重點(diǎn)，對(duì)于句子簡化題(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握難句的主干和重點(diǎn)，首先要弄清它們的類型。簡而言之，托福中的難句主要包括下列類型：

1.定語(包含后置定語與定語從句)

2.同位語

3.并列結(jié)構(gòu)

4.that引導(dǎo)的各種從句

5.插入結(jié)構(gòu)

6.獨(dú)立主格

7.倒裝句

8.強(qiáng)調(diào)句

9.虛擬語氣

·對(duì)于不同類型的難句，把握主干的方法也不一樣。以倒裝句為例，主要有下列情況：

1.方位副詞放在句首

Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。

2.介詞放在句首

Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。

3. 形容詞放在句首

Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。

4.過去分詞放在句首

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”， the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent。

5.現(xiàn)在分詞放在句首

Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。

· 句子倒裝的目的主要有兩個(gè)：

一是被提前的部分被強(qiáng)調(diào)，如上述的第四句：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，其中的accustomed按照正常語序應(yīng)該放在are之后：Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以將accustomed提前，是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)它。二是為了句子的平衡，否則將導(dǎo)致頭重腳輕的效果，如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句為例，按照正常語序應(yīng)該是：Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是這種句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較糟糕，因?yàn)橹髡Z及其修飾語過長(從句首直到cetaceans)，而謂語部分were missing until recently較短，容易造成頭重腳輕的效果。第五句將missing提前，避免了這一現(xiàn)象。

托福閱讀句意解釋題

這類型題目的題干表達(dá)為：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

解決這類題目的三種方法：

第一種：在保持原句序基本不變的前提下進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)詞匯或者詞組的同義替換;

第二種：在句序不變的前提下再進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)詞匯或者詞組的同義替換;

第三種：對(duì)原句進(jìn)行總結(jié)性重復(fù)。

下面我們通過一個(gè)例子來看這些方法的具體應(yīng)用：

Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.

It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.

Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.

Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.

解題：

首先，我們來分析這個(gè)句子，整個(gè)主句的主語為Small marketers，謂語為be concerned with，賓語為factors，這個(gè)分析完成之后，我們采用同意替換的方法，替換其中的重點(diǎn)詞組-謂語be concerned with，其同義詞為focus on。這樣替換完之后把兩個(gè)句子的意思進(jìn)行比較，得出正確答案C。這道題目采用了第一種方法。

托福閱讀的四種關(guān)系整理

1.因果關(guān)系

因：because， because of， for， as， since， in that， on account of， with

果：so， so that， therefore， thereby， as a result， hence， thus， coequently， accordingly

因果關(guān)系除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的顯性因果表達(dá)詞外，隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個(gè)重要部分。

隱性因果：

A 導(dǎo)致(因-果)：cause， reason， lead to， give rise to， result in， render， make， let， ask， push， stimulate， ark， ur， fuel， produce， be reoible for

如：The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.

在這段話中，有l(wèi)ead to，表示了導(dǎo)致的意思，即結(jié)果;而so that 更進(jìn)一步表示了后面的結(jié)果，所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關(guān)系的邏輯。

B 由……而來(果-因)：result from， derive from， originate from， initiate from， stem from， be reoive to， be attributable to

如：“The extreme serioue of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected， as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the proce.”

在這段話中，根據(jù)result from可以推斷出有因果關(guān)系，那如果是解釋句子題時(shí)，選項(xiàng)中有因果關(guān)系就可以優(yōu)先考慮。

C 反映，體現(xiàn)(果-因)：reflect， present， demotrate， suggest， imply， show This result demotrates that&helli

D 考慮到：given， coidering， in view of， thanks to， according to He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort.

E 依賴于：rely on， depend on， resort to， He resorted to books when he had problems.

F 條件關(guān)系：when， once， as soon as， as long as As soon as he got the money， he would leave the country at once.

G 分詞短語，不定式做狀語：Failing in the final exam， she cried.

2.對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系

A 對(duì)比：while， whereas， on the other hand

在解釋句子題、插入句子題中，一旦出現(xiàn)對(duì)比關(guān)系，學(xué)生在掌握的基礎(chǔ)上就能非?？焖俚呐卸ň溟g和句內(nèi)的關(guān)系。While， whereas 前后連接的是平行結(jié)構(gòu)，on the other hand前必定有on one hand，可以用來把握句間關(guān)系。

B 轉(zhuǎn)折：but， although， deite， in ite of， neverthele， however

轉(zhuǎn)折是托福閱讀的一個(gè)經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)之一，掌握這些轉(zhuǎn)折詞對(duì)考試非常有幫助。

3.比較關(guān)系

A 同級(jí)比較 ahellias

B 比較級(jí)：more&hellithan， -er than， lehellithan

C 變化：change， alter， vary， modify， revise， increase， decrease， enhance， diminish， develop， progre， advance， improve， retreat， degenerate， continue， remain

D 差異：different， distinguish， separate， same， similar， comparable， compare&hellito E 超越：surpa， exceed， excel， over F 最高級(jí) 1)本身有最高級(jí)含義：maximum， minimum， peak， outstanding， top 2) 本身程度比較深：amazing， surprising， astonishing， prohibitively high 3) 否定+比較=最高級(jí) No one is more outstanding than him.

從這句話中可以看出，否定加比較表示的是一種最高級(jí)關(guān)系。

4.否定關(guān)系

顯性否定：no， not， never， nor， none neither 隱形否定：fail to， refuse， remove， mi， reject， aence of， lack of 否定前綴：a-， ab-， dis-， il-， im-， in-， non- ， un- 否定前綴是詞匯題中經(jīng)常出的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞，依靠否定前綴對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行一個(gè)排除。

雙重否定：not fail to， not illegal， not uncommon， not unavailable 雙重否定是英文中經(jīng)常運(yùn)用的表達(dá)方式，由于在平時(shí)中文對(duì)話中用的很少，隨意對(duì)雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。

托福閱讀材料之生理缺陷不影響成功

The secret of Leonardo Da Vinci’s talent and Pablo Picasso’s success may have been their dyslexia. The two men both suffered from the ‘word blindness’ that affects as many as one in 12 children – but it seems it can also bring the keen spatial awareness that makes the difference between a jobbing painter and a master of art.

科學(xué)家經(jīng)研究證實(shí)，大師達(dá)芬奇以及畢加索的成功竟是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谏砩系娜毕?--難語癥(閱讀障礙)所“造就而成”的。這兩位聞名世界的大師級(jí)人物因?yàn)樘焐突加虚喿x障礙癥狀，該癥狀迫使他們對(duì)于“空間意識(shí)”有著自己獨(dú)到的見解，并同一般畫家區(qū)分開來。

The finding, from Middlesex University psychologists, could help explain the brilliance of some of the greatest artists of all time and the timelessness of works such as the Mona Lisa. The researchers put 41 men and women through tests to assess their visuo-spatial ability. Around half of those taking part were dyslexic and so had trouble learning to spell, read and write. The dyslexic men did better than the other men on many of the tests, including recalling the direction of the Queen’s head on a postage stamp and reproducing designs using coloured blocks.

據(jù)悉，心理學(xué)家將流芳百世的作品《蒙娜麗莎》的成功歸因于大師的“缺陷”。研究者針對(duì)41個(gè)男女進(jìn)行“視空間”的能力測(cè)試，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)具有“閱讀障礙”的人比普通人在設(shè)計(jì)、色彩搭配上更具有天分。

They were also faster and more accurate at navigating their way around a ‘virtual town’ on a computer screen, the journal Learning and Individual Differences reports. The researchers said there could be several explanations for the findings, including dyslexics developing an enhanced sense of space to compensate for problems with language.

具有“閱讀障礙”的人在電腦上操控三維立體的能力更強(qiáng)、精確度更高、速度也更快。研究者對(duì)該實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果這樣解釋：“人若具有閱讀障礙，那么有可能人的另一部分的潛能。比如空間感覺就會(huì)得到發(fā)揮，從而彌補(bǔ)人們?cè)谧x寫能力方面的缺失?！?/p>

Dr Nicola Brunswick said: ‘Also, many dyslexic people prefer to work out problems by thinking and doing rather than by speaking. This could help dyslexic men develop the kind of skills they need to succeed in the artistic and creative worlds.’

研究者說，有閱讀障礙的人更傾向用“思考”解決問題，而非用語言來表達(dá)。在語言能力方面的缺失使得人們強(qiáng)迫自己發(fā)展身體其他的潛能來提升自己的價(jià)值，從另一種程度上幫助了藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作作品。

Artists known or believed to have suffered from dyslexia include Da Vinci, Picasso, Rodin and Andy Warhol.

據(jù)悉，具有閱讀障礙的大師級(jí)人物不少，有達(dá)芬奇、畢加索、羅丹以及安迪·沃霍爾。

Notes:

dyslexia [dis'leksi?] n. 誦讀困難;閱讀障礙;難語癥