托福寫作提升之如何為寫作“謀篇布局”

托福考試改革以后，寫作考試分為兩個部分，分別是獨立寫作和綜合寫作，這兩個版塊考試的形式不同，考察的要點也不相同，下面小編就和大家分享　托福寫作提升之 如何為寫作“謀篇布局”，來欣賞一下吧。

托福寫作提升之 如何為寫作“謀篇布局”?

一.托福寫作考試考試形式

首先讓我們了解一下新托福寫作的考試形式，考查重點以及評分標準，然之后，像所有的應試培訓一樣，我們再從評分標準切入，逆向回溯應試技巧。新托福寫作是聽說讀寫四個單項中最后一個考察的項目(考試順序是閱讀-聽力-口語-寫作)。當其他幾個單項考完之后廣大考生可能就已經(jīng)有些疲憊了，雖然考試安排了10分鐘的休息時間但是其效果可能并不明顯。從某種角度上來說這不僅僅意味著前面單項的表現(xiàn)會直接影響到考生寫作單項的應考心態(tài)，同時還也意味著對考生的生理和心理素質提出了更高的要求。寫作考試共55分鐘左右，分為綜合寫作和獨立寫作兩項。綜合寫作獨創(chuàng)性的將考生的閱讀理解能力，聽力理解能力和分析性寫作能力進行綜合性的考察。考生需要首先要在3分鐘之內閱讀一篇300字的文章，文章一般分為四段，分為開頭段以及三段對于某話題的觀點。然后文章從電腦屏幕上退去，考生接著需要聽一段1分30秒到2分30秒左右長度的講座。講座會針對上面的閱讀文章逐一提出三個觀點。因為聽力錄音只會放一次，所以這個時候考生就需要對這些觀點進行快速高效的筆錄。然后剛才的閱讀文章會再一次出現(xiàn)在電腦屏幕的左側，而在屏幕的右側，考生被要求寫一篇150-225字的文章來分析解釋聽力內容和閱讀內容之間的關系。接下來的獨立寫作就比較的中規(guī)中矩，這是與舊托福寫作類似的命題作文?？忌灰笤?0分鐘的時間內完成300字以上的命題作文寫作。

二.托福寫作考察內容

新托福寫作首先讓我們留意到的就是對寫作速度的考察?？赡苁强紤]到寫作是通過鍵盤打字輸入速度較快，所以相比其他英語考試，新托福寫作對字數(shù)上的要求明顯偏高(如雅思大作文只要求40分鐘完成250字以上)。從評分標準上來看，綜合寫作考察了：內容的完整性和準確性;文章的組織機構;詞匯和語法的正確性和準確性。其中第一點考察的是考生對閱讀和聽力之中的信息點的掌握情況。而第二點考察的是我們的文章謀篇布局，第三點才是考察了大家的英語能力。

獨立寫作考察了：有效回應題目，闡明文章主題;邏輯條理清楚，論證充分展開;內容連貫一致;遣詞造句的能力。同理，上述的第一點考察的是考生切題的能力;第二點考察的是謀篇布局的能力;第三點考察的是考生邏輯論證的能力，最后一點才是直接考察考生英語語言的能力。任何的英語寫作考試都考察了寫作能力和英語能力。當我們了解了具體的評分標準之后就可以由易而難先解決寫作然后再解決英語部分。

從綜合寫作的內容完整性和正確性來講，雖然官方描述說聽力片段和閱讀文章之間的關系可能是質疑，挑戰(zhàn)，回應，支持或強化，但是經(jīng)過我們的統(tǒng)計分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)，實際考試出現(xiàn)的只有駁斥類關系。因此我們就不僅可以對聽力內容進行提前預測，同時也可以積累駁斥類寫作必用高分詞匯來“裝點門面”。其次，在文章邏輯關系已定的情況下，實際上整篇文章都可以處理成由三個邏輯論證模塊組成的流程，新托福寫作完全可以轉化成固定15-16句話的固定句式造句。這樣既保證了文章的邏輯條理清晰，又可以保證讓大家盡量使用自己熟練度最高的句式，提高語言能力測評點的得分。

同樣的思路也可以應用到獨立寫作當中。我們整理積累了第一次考試以來所有新托福考試的獨立寫作題目并將其分為5大類。而每一大類的文章又都設定一定的邏輯主線并整理出流程化的寫作模式。這樣大家就可以清晰掌握自己每篇文章必然會用到的邏輯結構和詞匯表達，然后再進行有針對性的進行量少質優(yōu)的詞匯語法集中強化突破，而不再需要盲目的背誦大量的寫作詞匯。

筆者認為，所謂道理，由“道”和“理”二字組成。所謂道字，為做事的方法，因人而異，不盡相同;所謂理字，為事情的規(guī)律，則應放置于四海而皆準。有感于新托福寫作的教學，正應該和大家共同探討寫作的“道”和“理”。理可理解為寫作的規(guī)律方法或技巧，道可理解為詞匯語法的積累，兩者缺一不可。我認為: 先明理，再論道。

有句話叫“謀定而后動”，其實托福寫作提升也是如此，先整體謀劃，了解考試內容，然后再根據(jù)考察的重點去備考，這樣可以提升備考的效率。

托福考試作文獨立寫作范文：假期少但是有趣有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作的利弊

Which do you prefer with the same rate of pay, an interesting and challenging job with less vacation or a job with more vacation time but less fun? 2016.5.7 ML

An interesting and challenging job with less vacation or a boring job with more vacation, which one is better.

點睛

題目大意：一個假期少但是有趣有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作和一個假期多無聊的工作，哪個更好。 此題是一道比較類的題目，而且發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個種工作各有利弊，所以波波建議，用取決于的觀點來寫，即認為那種工作好取決于人們的年齡，對于年齡大的人來說后者好，對于年輕人來說，前者好。

托福寫作模板及參考答案：

寫作參考一:

The next two months will witness the graduation of a huge number of college students in China, triggering an urgent issue whether it is better to seek an interesting and challenging job with less vacation than finding those jobs with more vacation but less fun. From my perspective, a challenging and interesting job matters more.

For one thing, mentally challenging jobs can keep employees’ mind sharp even long after retirement. To put it more specific, even a mentally demanding job may stress workers out today; it can provide important benefits after retirement. “Based on data spanning 18 years, a study suggests certain kinds of challenging jobs have the potential to enhance and protect workers’ mental functioning in later life,” said by Gwenith Fisher, a faculty associate at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. The research analyzed data on 4,182 participants in the U-M Health and Retirement Study, which surveys a representative sample of more than 20,000 older Americans every two years and the final result reveals people who had worked in jobs with greater mental demands were more likely to have better memories before they retired and more likely to have slower declines in memory after retiring than people who had worked in jobs with fewer mental demands. Accordingly, being engaged in a challenging and interesting job will benefit employees’ mental functioning.

For another thing, the more challenging the job is, the higher salaries employees will be paid with. Generally speaking, a challenging job will require employees to master multiple capabilities and techniques and to undertake more responsibilities. Thus, they will be paid with high salaries, making it possible for them to do whatever stirs up their interest. For instance, one of my friends named Jason works as a top software engineer in a renewed IT company in China and he is well paid. Besides, his hobby is photography and travel in foreign countries. On weekends or public holidays he often chooses to take photographs in different places of historic interest and scenic beauty or travel abroad. In the near two years, he has traveled in many countries in Europe and Southeast Asia and take a lot of beautiful pictures. Obviously, compared with average citizens in big cities who are busy in dealing with a variety of problems in daily lives, Jason’s life experience can tell us that his high-paid job gives him chances to live a more leisure life during vacation.

Admittedly, if people choose to take a less-fun job with more vacation, they can spend more time with their families and doing what they like. In this way, they will live a less-pressure life. However, from what I believe, people should try their best to play to their strengths and talents on the career path especially when they are young and a challenging job will require employees to be fully devoted.

To conclude, a challenging job with less vacation is superior to a job with more vacation but less fun.

寫作參考二:

In the current society full of fierce competition, we can readily observe that landing an ideal job has become increasingly difficult, which forces us to a concession in the requirement of the job we want. When it comes to which is more appealing, an interesting job with less holiday or the boring one with more vacation, people varying in backgrounds and personalities may view the same issue from different angles. From my perspective, the issue should be analyzed case by case.

On the one hand, choosing a challenging job with less vacation is a wise move for the young. As we know, the defining characteristic of young adults is the degree to which they are endowed with lofty ambition and never fear any challenges. As a result, challenges accompanying the work will help young people to tap their potential capability and thus achieve greater success. For another, less spare time is not a big deal for the young, because they are so energetic and vigorous that a sound sleep can help them to restore their vitality. A good case in point is the experience my friend, Andy. As a broker in an Stock Exchange Company in Beijing, he has to deal with large quantities of data and keep close track of any events which may cause the fluctuation of stock price. Although the heavy pressure brought by his job often require him to work overtime and even around the clock, he never makes complaints because the exciting and adventurous experience from selling or buying stocks appeals him a lot.

On the other hand, older people prefer to select the relatively boring job with more leisure time. For one thing, boring jobs means that employees have to accomplish the same tasks again and again so that there is less pressure and stress, which is very important to the health of older people. As is common sense, the senior are more susceptible to various diseases such as hypertension and heart attack due to the weakening immune system. Consequently, any additional stress from work may pose a serious threat to their physical well-being. Also, older people are usually those who have got married or even have children, so spending more time accompanying their family members is of great significance. Undoubtedly, the job with more vacation can better satisfy the need of staying longer with their kids or spouse. During the stay, the emotional bond between them will become closer and more intimate.

Judging from what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that it depends on the age group of people whether the interesting job with less vacation is better than the monotonous one with more holiday.

寫作參考三:

Should people choose to do challenging jobs with less vacation? Or should they get involved in tedious jobs that offer more off days? I lean towards the latter choice.

Indeed, challenging jobs seem good for modern people, since the essence of those jobs can motivate employees and make them feel they are valued and respected. Is it really worth it, however, to put what other people think of them in priority at the expense of a more comfortable work style and more vacation? Drinking a Margarita on the beach in Hawaii or feeling the breeze on the Seine is all it takes for one to choose a job with longer vacation but less fun.

Longer vacation provides people with unparalleled relaxation. Modern people are tortured by heavy workload in all walks of life, ranging from common office workers to corporate bosses. What they need is nothing but a long vacation far away from daily chores. When seeing sun rising from the horizon, appreciating the grandness of pyramids, or smelling the fragrance of lavender in Provence, one would definitely take his minds off whatever bothers him in work. Some people will say that shorter vacation can serve the same purpose in terms of relaxation. But shorter vacation like a day or two days off is far from enough for employees to get a thorough refreshment. Without enough relaxation, employees are less likely to feel satisfied towards their life, let alone be concentrated on work itself.

Challenging jobs are not wise choices not only because they offer less vacation but also because such jobs tend to make employees overexert themselves. Interesting as it may seem, a challenging job put workers in a situation where they have to fight for their career security considering the myriad competitors. In sales field, which is commonly considered as quite challenging, it is not rare to work extended hours or even on weekends to follow potential customers. Thus they are often haunted by endless mental stress. In contrast, a job that is less fun may give people a monotonous life, but they are less susceptible to unexpected employment and less pressure, which compromises the monotony thing after all.

All in all, people should try to take various factors into consideration when choosing their jobs. When a job’s entertaining and challenging nature conflicts with vacation it could offer, I go with the latter.

托福寫作：倒裝句的具體技巧

倒裝句有兩種:

將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來,叫做完全倒裝(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.

只將助動詞(包括情態(tài)動詞)移至主語之前,叫做部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.

英語句子的倒裝一是由于語法結構的需要而進行的倒裝,二是由于修辭的需要而進行的倒裝。前一種情況,倒裝是必須的,否則就會出現(xiàn)語法錯誤;后一種情況,倒裝是選擇性的,倒裝與否只會產(chǎn)生表達效果上的差異。下面本文就擬從其修辭功能談談倒裝句的用法。

一、 表示強調:

倒裝句最突出、最常見的修辭效果就是強調,其表現(xiàn)形式如下:

1. only +狀語或狀語從句置于句首,句子用部分倒裝。

eg.Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用這種方法,你才可以解決這個問題。

eg.Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有當他已經(jīng)說出那個字后才意識到自己犯了個大錯誤。

2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意義的詞或詞組位于句首,句子用部分倒裝。

eg. No sooner had I got home than it beg.an to rain. 我剛到家就下起了雨。

eg. Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽車上班。

3. so / such...that結構中的so或such位于句首可以構成部分倒裝句,表示強調so /such和that之間的部分。

eg.So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要價太離譜,令每個人都瞠目結舌。

eg.To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排進行得那么長,以致于那兩個演員都走出去了。

以上各例子都用倒裝語序突出了句首成分,其語氣較自然語序強烈,因而具有極佳的修辭效果。

二、 承上啟下

有時倒裝可把前一句說到的人或物,或與前一句有聯(lián)系的人或物在下一句緊接著先說出來,從而使前后兩句在意思上的關系更加清楚,銜接更加緊密,起到承上啟下的作用。

eg.They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他們破門進入她叔叔的臥室,發(fā)現(xiàn)他躺在地板上死了。一條棕褐色的蛇纏在他頭上。

eg. We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我們確實不應因為被稱作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋,而且還會繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。

三、 制造懸念,渲染氣氛

在新聞或文學創(chuàng)作中,有時為了內容的需要,或是為了強調,作者常常運用倒裝來制造懸念,渲染氣氛。如:

Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墻上掛著一幅精美的圖畫。

再如朗費羅(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一節(jié):

Out of the bosom of the Air,

Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,

Over the woodlands brown and bare,

Over the harvest-fields forsaken,

Silent, and soft, and slow,

Descends the snow.

在這一節(jié)詩里 ,詩人就富有創(chuàng)意地運用了倒裝。在前五行中 ,詩人堆砌了七個狀語,狀語連續(xù)出現(xiàn)而主語和謂語卻遲遲未露 ,造成一種懸念效應。全節(jié)讀罷 ,讀者才對詩歌的主題恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡響的藝術效果。

四、 平衡結構

英語修辭的一個重要原則是尾重原則,即把句子最復雜的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在語言使用中為了避免產(chǎn)生頭重腳輕、結構不平衡的句子,我們常采用倒裝語序。

1. 以作狀語的介詞短語開頭:當主語較長或主語所帶修飾語較長時,為了使句子平衡,常將狀語置于句首,句子用完全倒裝語序。

eg.To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

eg.A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

一個連隊的解放軍戰(zhàn)士來到了那座煤礦,奉司令部之命解救受困的礦工。

eg.On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

eg.Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

地上放著一些空調,等著用船運到其他城市去。

從例句中可看出, 采用倒裝語序的A句結構平衡穩(wěn)妥 ,讀起來自然流暢,而采用自然語序的B句結構零亂, 讀起來也別扭。因而,在主語較長時就應采用倒裝語序以取得理想的表達效果。

2. 以表語開頭的句子:有時為了把較長的主語放在后面,須將表語和謂語都提到主語前。

eg.Such would be our home in the future. 我們將來的家就是這個樣子。

3. 以副詞here , there開頭的句子,也采用完全倒裝來保持句子平衡。

eg.Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在這兒。

五、 使描寫生動

有時為了使敘述或描繪更加生動形象,增加語言效果,可將表示方向的副詞(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或擬聲詞(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒裝的語序(主語為人稱代詞的句子除外)。

eg.Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一聲火箭就飛上天了。

eg.Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 當警察把手槍瞄準那個罪犯時,嘭地一下他就從三樓跳了下去。

eg.Boom went the cannon! 轟隆一聲大炮開火了!

eg.Bang came another shot!砰!又是一聲槍響!

以上句子簡潔明快 ,生動逼真地描述了有關動作 ,令我們一覽此類倒裝的風采。但這種倒裝句的修辭功能在語段中可以體現(xiàn)得更為清楚。

"Stop thief! Stop thief!" There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...

"Stop thief ! Stop thief !" The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )

作者在第一段和第二段中分別用副詞away, up和out位于句首引出四個倒裝句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。從而制造出一種緊張、急促的氣氛 ,生動地刻畫了一個緊張、混亂的捉賊場面。