托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題技巧
句子簡(jiǎn)化題讓我們選擇與原句句意相同的選項(xiàng)，那就必須要保證能夠讀懂題目和各個(gè)選項(xiàng)句子的意思。切記，看懂才能做題，看不懂句子不要談提高正確率。下面小編就和大家分享托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題技巧,希望能夠幫助到大家，快來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧。
托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題技巧
句子簡(jiǎn)化題的考察形式非常容易識(shí)別，我們會(huì)在原文一段話中看到被“高亮”出的一個(gè)句子：
Paragraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size.If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
然后結(jié)合這個(gè)句子問這樣一個(gè)問題：
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
如何攻克句子簡(jiǎn)化題呢?
首先，既然題目讓我們選擇與原句句意相同的選項(xiàng)，那就必須要保證能夠讀懂題目和各個(gè)選項(xiàng)句子的意思。切記，看懂才能做題，看不懂句子不要談提高正確率。
看懂題目句子，在做這種題的時(shí)候可能還會(huì)在如下兩點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤：
句子太長(zhǎng)、信息太多，在判斷選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候容易被選項(xiàng)拐跑，忘記了原句準(zhǔn)確的意思，勿中干擾選項(xiàng)的陷阱。
對(duì)于原句和選項(xiàng)的改寫判斷錯(cuò)誤，錯(cuò)選意思與原句不相符的答案
問題1：句子太長(zhǎng)、信息太多，在判斷選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候容易被選項(xiàng)拐跑，忘記了原句準(zhǔn)確的意思，勿中干擾選項(xiàng)的陷阱。
這個(gè)問題可以通過以下這個(gè)方式來解決。讀完句子后、判斷選項(xiàng)前，我們嘗試著把剛看完的這個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的句子“分層”。所謂的分層，是根據(jù)連接詞將長(zhǎng)句子中的幾個(gè)分句分別挑出來，單獨(dú)來看。就好像把一個(gè)蛋糕分成小塊，吃起來才比較方便。之后，判斷每個(gè)選項(xiàng)時(shí)，也將選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行分層。我們要將原句的每一塊“蛋糕”，和選項(xiàng)的每一塊“蛋糕”分別進(jìn)行比對(duì)，來判斷該選項(xiàng)是否與原文一致。同時(shí)，除了判斷每一個(gè)分句句意是否對(duì)應(yīng)，也要判斷連接分句的連接詞是否也能構(gòu)成對(duì)應(yīng)的改寫。
例題：
Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
○Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.
○The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.
○Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.
○Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.
讀清楚題目句子的意思之后，根據(jù)連接詞將它分成三個(gè)部分，如下所示。
Only the last of these(指代前文running water) was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills,it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
“準(zhǔn)備工作”完成之后，我們來依次判斷選項(xiàng)。
A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤：第一部分“Running water was the best power source for factories”的意思，原文三部分都未曾提及。原句橙色部分只說“只有水完全適合機(jī)械的持續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”，但是否只有水適合、或者水最適合factories?factories和machine的持續(xù)運(yùn)作并不等價(jià)。其次，原文的藍(lán)色部分也并沒有提到A選項(xiàng)后半部分所述的“流水僅僅在Lancashire和Scotland是很豐富的”。
B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤：第二部分“so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places”在原句中并未提到，原句藍(lán)色部分只說“L和S地區(qū)的水力能夠給grain mills和textile mills提供動(dòng)力”。
C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤：第一部分上來就錯(cuò)了，原句橙色部分根本沒講“機(jī)械只能在水很豐富的地方運(yùn)行”。
D選項(xiàng)正確：第一部分對(duì)應(yīng)原句橙色部分，第二部分對(duì)應(yīng)原句紫色部分，妥妥的正確。
問題2：對(duì)于原句和選項(xiàng)的改寫判斷錯(cuò)誤，錯(cuò)選意思與原句不相符的答案
如果是因?yàn)閷?duì)句意和選項(xiàng)意思把握不夠準(zhǔn)確而產(chǎn)生的這個(gè)問題，請(qǐng)多讀讀文章，認(rèn)真背單詞，好好翻譯翻譯句子。
如果是邏輯不夠嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、不夠仔細(xì)而導(dǎo)致判斷改寫出錯(cuò)，“錯(cuò)把馮京當(dāng)馬涼”，請(qǐng)多刷刷題，各種題，都能治。
一些防不勝防的變態(tài)正確選項(xiàng)
#1 正確答案的邏輯關(guān)系與原句的邏輯關(guān)系貌似不符(出現(xiàn)幾率10.7%)
有些同學(xué)喜歡根據(jù)“邏輯”來判斷選項(xiàng)的正誤，選項(xiàng)有原文的“邏輯關(guān)系”(大部分時(shí)候其實(shí)就是連詞)，那么選項(xiàng)有可能是正確的。下面的例題對(duì)于這種解法提了個(gè)醒。
例題：
For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.
正確答案為：
Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.
正確選項(xiàng)的因果關(guān)系在原文并未直接給出，但是記住，邏輯關(guān)系并不一定是通過連接詞來表達(dá)的，比如result from就可以表示因果關(guān)系，經(jīng)過改寫完全可以變成“because … , …”的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。再者，往往很多邏輯關(guān)系在初步理解句意的時(shí)候是無法非常直觀的判斷出來。
本題的句意，不僅描述了myths被保留下來，更是說明保留神話的原因是其藝術(shù)價(jià)值，所以正確答案的這個(gè)因果關(guān)系是符合原句意思的。
再比如這個(gè)題目：
The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part.
正確答案：
Advances in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the electric-power industry.
這答案根本沒有原文的“but”，但是并不影響這個(gè)句子100%復(fù)述了題目句子的含義。
出現(xiàn)幾率10%，這個(gè)比例并非小數(shù)目。這恰巧說明，同意改寫確實(shí)是閱讀中考察的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。而同意改寫并非一些古板的規(guī)則能夠歸納總結(jié)，具體情況還是要根據(jù)人家給出的句子和選項(xiàng)的意思來判斷。
#2 正確答案并不包含句子主干(出現(xiàn)幾率5.4%)or省略部分原句信息(出現(xiàn)幾率35.7%)
納尼!居然以前老師講的“對(duì)應(yīng)主干”是不對(duì)的?
其實(shí)把這個(gè)現(xiàn)象解釋成“沒有100%通用的方法”，是可以說得通的，畢竟萬(wàn)事沒有絕對(duì)。但是對(duì)于這種題目，“對(duì)應(yīng)主干”的解題步驟可能需要打個(gè)折扣。原因在于一個(gè)句子的essential information有時(shí)候未必通過句子結(jié)構(gòu)能夠判斷出來，就好像“狀語(yǔ)”和“定語(yǔ)”有時(shí)候都長(zhǎng)一個(gè)樣子。
遇到這類題目，使用排除的思路更合適。最后剩下的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原句部分相符，而其他選項(xiàng)句意都錯(cuò)誤，即使它不包含主干，那么也唯有選它了。
例題：
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.
“據(jù)說”句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在答案中是需要有的，不過答案偏偏是：Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
找誰(shuí)說理去。
除了句子“主干”被拋棄，“次要信息”被拋棄的情況會(huì)更多，出現(xiàn)幾率更大，相信大家在做官方真題Official的時(shí)候一定會(huì)遇到個(gè)把這樣的選項(xiàng)，扔掉了部分原句的內(nèi)容。由于這類選項(xiàng)很多，在這兒就不舉例子了。
#3 句子中會(huì)出現(xiàn)指代前文的代詞，需要根據(jù)前文確認(rèn)指代內(nèi)容(出現(xiàn)幾率5.4%)
比如剛才那道running water的題，原句上來就是only the last of these。要想看懂句意，必然結(jié)合前文確定指代內(nèi)容，這樣才能選擇答案。
#4 結(jié)合前文信息，才能準(zhǔn)確理解并判斷選項(xiàng)(出現(xiàn)幾率3.6%)
例題：
In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
正確答案為：
Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.
很多同學(xué)對(duì)這個(gè)題目中open areas開闊地區(qū)和deforested grounds的改寫非常費(fèi)解。其實(shí)這個(gè)句子的前文講到了第三個(gè)使得鹿群數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)的原因，這個(gè)原因就是森林都被砍伐了。然后這句話說道，open areas的食物不僅多、而且有營(yíng)養(yǎng)，就是黑尾鹿增加的原因。所以前文提到的森林都被砍伐了的地區(qū)deforested grounds就是句子里說到的open areas。極個(gè)別的題目，還真沒法只看這一句就100%理解并得到答案。
#5 正確選項(xiàng)和原句句意差別較大(出現(xiàn)幾率5.4%)
例題：
Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.
正確答案為：
Changes in systematically deposited substances that are affected by climate can indicate climate variations over time.
原句所述為“物質(zhì)的化學(xué)和物理性質(zhì)會(huì)隨著環(huán)境變化，這些物質(zhì)能夠以一定的順序沉積，從而記錄這些性質(zhì)變化的情況”，而正確答案內(nèi)容為“沉積的物質(zhì)中特性的變化能夠表明環(huán)境的變化”。
這個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)雖未能與原句每部分直接構(gòu)成明顯的改寫，但根據(jù)原句的意思是能夠得出這個(gè)答案的。這種情況下，同樣也要有排除選項(xiàng)的意識(shí)的。我們可以摟一眼下面的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，意思都與原文是不相符的。
錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)：
○ Because physical and chemical properties of substances are unchanging, they are useful records of climate fluctuations over time.
○ For hundreds or thousands of years, people have been observing changes in the chemical and physical properties of substances in order to infer climate change.
○ Because it takes long periods of time for the climate to change, systematic changes in the properties of substances are difficult to observe.
雖然這些變態(tài)的情況出現(xiàn)幾率不算高，但是大家也需要注意，以免到時(shí)候丟分。如果不注意，不要再來問：為什么我會(huì)錯(cuò)個(gè)別的句子簡(jiǎn)化題。
這TM也配當(dāng)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)
大部分錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)與原句信息不符、或講述了一些原句根本沒有提到的內(nèi)容。但是還有一些選項(xiàng)，句意沒錯(cuò)，但并不能作為正確答案，原因是這樣的。
例題：
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.
正確選項(xiàng)：
○Increase pressure and heat from the weight of the sediment turn the organic remains into petroleum.
干擾選項(xiàng)：
○Deposits of sediments on top of organic matter increase the temperature of and pressure on the matter.
正確選項(xiàng)不僅對(duì)應(yīng)原句逗號(hào)前面整句話的信息，還包含了逗號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容。干擾選項(xiàng)雖然對(duì)應(yīng)逗號(hào)前面的部分，但是逗號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容并未包含。相比之下，包含原句的信息更多且句意正確的選項(xiàng)，更應(yīng)該是正確答案。
換個(gè)角度來講，正確答案的意思更能夠完整表達(dá)原句的意思。原句逗號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容雖然是從句，但卻是整個(gè)過程發(fā)生后的結(jié)果。干擾選項(xiàng)未將其納入句中，表達(dá)的意思便稍稍欠缺火候。
貌似應(yīng)該有總結(jié)!
bibi了這么多，簡(jiǎn)短的小結(jié)一下：
理解句意非常必要。
分層分塊，再判斷選項(xiàng)。
重要的是判斷選項(xiàng)的意思正確與否，什么主干不主干的，邏輯不邏輯的，先放放哈。
對(duì)應(yīng)原句信息更多，且句意正確的選項(xiàng)，更應(yīng)該選。
根據(jù)情況，適當(dāng)結(jié)合上下文。
托?？荚囬喿x技巧 列舉題解析
托?？荚囬喿x中的列舉題主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息，排除一些與文章內(nèi)容無關(guān)信息的能力。所以，ETS也這類題型稱之為“否定事實(shí)信息題”(negative factual information question)。其常用的出題形式為：
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages?
The author mentions all of the followings X.X.X, except X.X?
一、列舉題兩大分類：集中列舉和分散列舉
1. 集中列舉
集中列舉的形式有：三個(gè)名詞或詞匯連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，各個(gè)名詞或詞匯之間以逗號(hào)隔開;三個(gè)短語(yǔ)連續(xù)出現(xiàn);三個(gè)句子連續(xù)出現(xiàn)。對(duì)于集中列舉題，只需根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文，排除在原文的集中列舉之處出現(xiàn)的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。例如，
They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?
(A) To hold food.
(B) To wash clothes.
(C) To cook.
(D) To transport objects.
這里，我們先看題干，問的是古代人是怎么使用罐子的?？赐赀@個(gè)題目之后我們回到原文：They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. 答案B自然就出來了。A，C答案可以直接在原文中找到，D答案是對(duì)原文內(nèi)容的改寫。
2. 分散列舉
分散列舉，顧名思義，就是說各項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)的位置比較的分散，可能出現(xiàn)于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。對(duì)于分散列舉，我們同樣需要根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文，將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與所對(duì)應(yīng)的原文逐個(gè)進(jìn)行比較，采用排除法，在原文未提到或與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。解答這類題目需要注意文章每個(gè)段落的首尾句。
二、解答列舉題的三大步驟：
1. 看題干找關(guān)鍵詞：
如果問題中線索，即，有和原文相同詞語(yǔ)，我們稱之為關(guān)鍵詞，可以根據(jù)它定位，然后將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與定位的地方進(jìn)行比較。如果沒有關(guān)鍵詞，可以先定位于上一個(gè)問題對(duì)應(yīng)的段落之后的段落。一般來說，IBT閱讀考試題目的順尋和原文章的順序相同。
2. 閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)：
如果題干中沒有線索的，可以閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，總結(jié)其中的共同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行定位，或者根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞一一進(jìn)行定位。
3. 排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng)：
將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文比較以后，排除其中符合原文意思的選項(xiàng)，剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，或者與原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正確答案。
總之，列舉題的基本思路是排除，排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng)，與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)或原文未提到的選項(xiàng)是正確答案。
托?？荚囬喿x技巧 詞匯題解析
詞匯題就是從具體的語(yǔ)境中理解詞匯。鑒于英語(yǔ)單詞的一詞多義，所以準(zhǔn)確理解某一個(gè)單詞的意思需要依據(jù)語(yǔ)境。這里的語(yǔ)境就是我們所要閱讀的文章的上下文。一般來說通過上下文推斷或者猜測(cè)詞意，上下文中可以利用的信息為，例句，對(duì)比詞，同義詞，反義詞或者其他段落的解釋等。此外，文章中一些特定搭配關(guān)系也可以幫助我們找到正確的答案。IBT的詞匯題考的都是近義詞，題目常見的問法如下：The word (or phrase) X is closest in meaning to ……, the word (or phrase) x could be best replaced by X。做這類題目，判斷所考察詞匯在原句中與其周圍詞匯的關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵，此外還要注意所考察詞匯的詞性。下面我們來看看常見的五種可以幫助我們迅速找到詞匯題答案的特殊關(guān)系。
一、五類常見的詞匯關(guān)系：
1. 直接反義關(guān)系—該詞前或后出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容提示我們是反義關(guān)系。 表示相反概念的詞語(yǔ)如下rather than，instead，unlike，contrast，on the contrary.
例如:
The main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a high value on hard
work and honor and a son who repudiates his mother’s values instead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebrity
The word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to __
A) refuses to accept B) lives up to C) tries to understand D) makes the best of
假如repudiates我們不認(rèn)識(shí)，從后面的小詞 instead 這個(gè)詞判定兒子和值觀念是相反的，由此信息看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)只有A選項(xiàng)帶有否定的意味
2.并列關(guān)系：并列關(guān)系詞如下： and，not only ..but also，as…as，and，both … and，either… or neither… nor
例如:
She embarked on her career by working as a newspaper reporter in Wisconsin and soon began writing novels.
The phrase embarked on in this sentence is closest in meaning to
A) took a trip to B) started out on C) improved upon D) had a opinion about
回到原文看embarked on周圍的詞語(yǔ)和它在這個(gè)句子中的作用。在這句中關(guān)健詞 and 其后出現(xiàn)soon began告訴我們前后方向是一致的，前面也必然和began有關(guān)，所以本題目的正解是B。
3.解釋關(guān)系:后面的句子或短詞,單詞來解釋前面的詞。常見的標(biāo)志詞:Contribute to，be responsible for，account for，since ，therefore ，for，because，in which等
例如:
His big break came with the novel So big(1924) ,which was awarded the Pulitzer in literature.
The word break in this sentence could best be replaced by ___
A) Rupture B) revelation C) opportunity D) rest
which was awarded the Pulitzer in Literature告訴我們一定考查的是正態(tài)度，所以答案不可能是A) D)，所以應(yīng)該選 C) Opportunity 是一種有利的狀態(tài)或合適的時(shí)機(jī)。
4. 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：看看賓語(yǔ)能否受動(dòng)詞支配，或從動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)搭配去判定.
例如:
The oxidation of exhaust gases is one of primary sources of the world’s pollutions. The brown haze that is poised over some of the world’s largest cities is properly called photochemical smog.
The word poised in this sentence is closest in meaning to__
A) interacting B) sitting C) blowing D) poisoning
首先從搭配關(guān)系上可以排除 interacting ,interact with 然后可以從上下文關(guān)系排除 blowing over 因?yàn)榇底吡司褪遣粫?huì)有smog.而poison考試中及物才有pollute的含義，不及物只有一種含義表示投毒。
5. 形容詞修飾名詞關(guān)系：
例如:
When the gas reaches the air, it comes into contact with available oxygen from atmosphere and combines with the oxygen to produce nitrogen dioxide (No2), which is a gas with a brownish hue.
The word hue in this sentence is closest in meaning to
A)color B)odor C)thickness D)smoke
對(duì)于本題你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)小詞brownish 呈褐色的，首先從形容詞修飾名詞關(guān)系可以直接排除B odor C thickness， 其次可以通過 a gas with brownish hue前面的 gas 排除 D smoke，用詞重復(fù)。所以正確答案是A。
二、解決詞匯題的三大技巧：
1、首先看是否認(rèn)識(shí), 如果在認(rèn)識(shí), 采用就近原則，在選項(xiàng)中找同義或近義詞, 并代入原文檢驗(yàn);如果不認(rèn)識(shí),將4個(gè)選項(xiàng)代入原文, 看上下文是否合理。
2、分析詞語(yǔ)在句子中的作用，了解詞性，然后按照上面提供的5類關(guān)系方法找出正確答案。
3、看選項(xiàng)，如果選項(xiàng)的有2個(gè)答案都比較合適，根據(jù)詞匯搭配的5類關(guān)系，選擇在含義上與原詞最合適的。
總之，根據(jù)原文章語(yǔ)境理解所要選擇詞匯的詞性和其在句中的作用，然后根據(jù)5類詞匯搭配關(guān)系來選擇合適的選項(xiàng)是解決這類題目的基礎(chǔ)，排除法是解決這類題的主要方法。
托福閱讀句子簡(jiǎn)化題技巧相關(guān)文章：