托福聽力之這6大高分要點缺一不可
托福聽力提升要做好哪些事?這6大高分要點缺一不可。今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈B犃μ嵘龊媚男┦?這6大高分要點缺一不可,希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。
托福聽力提升要做好哪些事?這6大高分要點缺一不可
1. 概述能力需盡早練好Summary
Summary指的是“概述,大意”的意思,具體指的是我們在聽到一篇聽力材料后所進行的概括。這并不需要我們聽懂材料的每一個細節(jié),但是要能夠抓住說話人的思路和框架。這個訓練對于托福聽力至關重要,因為托福聽力,尤其是講座,并不需要我們聽懂每一個細節(jié),更重要的是教授講課的思路和全文的重要細節(jié)。很多同學聽完一篇聽力材料時,問他聽到了什么,他只能說出一個又一個零散的單詞,這是遠遠不夠的。
練習summary的方法很簡單,就以托福聽力的講座為材料,一邊聽一邊記筆記,錄音結束,然后自己根據(jù)大腦的記憶和筆記進行全文重點內(nèi)容的英文復述,然后再反復,直到練到可以將一篇講座順暢的復述出來為止。這樣練上幾十篇,你對把握聽力材料整體的能力就會有極大的提高。
2. 聽寫技巧高分不可缺Dictation
Dictation,也就是聽寫,它指的是將一篇聽力錄音中的原文全部聽抄下來。為什么要進行聽寫?因為它是聽力提高最有效的方法。為什么聽寫是聽力提高最有效的方法?因為它能將一個人聽力中所有細枝末節(jié)的問題都暴露出來,然后訂正,全部解決掉,這樣自然最有效率,也最深刻。
那么對于準備托??荚嚨目忌裕詈玫穆爩懖牧鲜鞘裁?是老托的lecture。為什么老托的lecture是最好的聽寫材料?因為新托是老托的延續(xù),老托和新托在題材、詞匯,和難度上都大致相當。當然,如果基礎比較薄弱的同學,可以先花一個月的時間將新概念第二和第三冊的美英版先聽寫完,然后再來聽寫老托的lecture,這樣會更加磨刀不誤砍柴功。
3. 精聽訓練是基本操作Intensive listening
Intensive listening,指的是精聽。小編所說的“精聽”,并不只是指全神貫注地聽,當然,這是必須的。我所說的“精聽”步驟如下:
(1)一邊聽一邊看著原文,手上拿著筆,劃出自己不認識或似曾相識但反應不過來的詞;
(2)錄音結束,開始查生詞,寫在原文的旁邊,只需要寫這個單詞在這篇文章的意思就可以;
(3)將這篇材料當閱讀文章快速精讀一遍,徹底看懂;
(4)再一邊看著原文,一邊放錄音,并且嘴上跟讀,反復幾遍,一直聽到可以不看原文徹底聽懂為止。
此外,一定要多注意聽力中的信號詞
表示因果關系
as a result 、therefore 、since、for 、for this reason 、so、because 、consequently 、as、thus
表示序列關系
first 、before 、first of all、on the right/left、next、to begin with、turn right/left 、afterward、meanwhile、second、 last but not least 、for a start、third 、finally、 until、between 、firstly 、subsequently、then 、secondly 、previously、in the middle 、for one thing、 for another、after 、in the first place
表示結論
as a result、altogether 、finally、in short、therefore 、overall、in sum 、thus、 on the whole、in brief 、accordingly、to conclude、in a word 、consequently、 to sum up、in conclusion、 so 、to summarize
表示列舉
and、in addition to that、one more thing 、what’s more 、besides 、too、as well as、for instance 、both and 、together、for example 、further more 、such as、in addition 、likewise、 like、similarly、moreover
表示轉折關系
although 、by contract 、as a matter of fact、nevertheless 、in contrast 、instead、 however 、while 、otherwise、though、 but 、despite、on the contrary 、on the other hand 、in the same way、in spite of 、yet 、whereas
表示強調
that is 、in particular、 I mean、namely、 especially、 actually、in other words 、that is to say 、specially、another way of saying、 equally
表示定義
define, is defined as, known as, that is, the term means, we mean, we can state
4. 多做優(yōu)質泛聽有收獲High-quality extensive listening
High-quality extensive listening,指的是優(yōu)質的泛聽。泛聽不用像精聽那樣每個細節(jié)都得突破,只需要把握住整體的語流,聽懂說話人的大概意思就可以。而高質量的泛聽,指的是必須全神貫注的聽。泛聽的“泛”并不指態(tài)度的懶散,而是針對整體的要求。
泛聽最佳的材料有兩個:一個是National Geographic(國家地理),另一個是Discovery(探索)??吹臅r候,一定要有英文字幕。每天看一集,養(yǎng)成習慣,會有極大收獲。
5. 托福聽力訓練高分要上難度Challenging materials
Challenging materials,意思是“有挑戰(zhàn)性的材料”,指的是備考托福聽力,平時聽力練習的最高難度一定要超越考試難度,這樣在考試的時候才會有居高臨下的感覺,穩(wěn)定地取得好成績。挑戰(zhàn)性的材料有這么幾類:
第一,美國大學上課的課堂錄像或錄音,現(xiàn)在很多美國大學已經(jīng)將自己大學的許多教授的課堂錄像放在了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上,這是一個極佳的挑戰(zhàn)聽力難度的材料;
第二,巴朗上的試題,一定要做完。另外,如果覺得試題難度低,可以利用軟件加兩倍速度來做,這樣就會超越考試難度。
6. 創(chuàng)造英語環(huán)境訓練潛意識Subconscious listening practice
Subconscious listening practice,意思是“潛意識的聽力練習”,它指的是我們要自己為自己創(chuàng)造一個英文的環(huán)境,比如早晨一起床,我們就打開音箱播放英語,可以是托福的聽力機經(jīng)材料,也可以是英文廣播,也可以是一部英文電影,只要是英文的就行,這樣做的好處是我們隨時都可以聽到英語,這樣會在潛移默化中加強我們對英語的敏感。
2020托福聽力練習:鳥類叫聲的特殊順
Humans have always considered themselves special compared with other animals.
One reason is the complexity of our language—bounded by unique rules, such as syntax, where we string words together in a specific order to create meaningful sentences.
But it turns out a bird may also vocalize with syntax rules—the Japanese great tit, a bird that's a close relative of North America's very own chickadee.
Toshitaka Suzuki, of Japan's Graduate University for Advanced Studies, has been listening to the calls of the Japanese great tit for the past decade.
Suzuki has recorded at least ten alarm calls used by the bird.
These include, known as the ABC call, which alerts other great tits to the presence of a predator, and the D call, which signals the birds to approach the caller.
Now Suzuki and his colleagues have found that the great tit uses those calls together to deliver both messages to other birds.
And they found that the order of that call was essential—only ABC-D made sense to the birds.
When the scientists intentionally reversed the order to create a D-ABC call, the birds did not respond.
The study is in the journal Nature Communications.
“I think the really interesting thing is why the order matters, and figuring that out I think will be difficult but also potentially really, really interesting, because it'll give a lot of insight...”
David Wheatcroft of Sweden's Uppsala University, one of the study scientists.
“You wouldn't expect sort of naively that it would matter.
Obviously it matters in human language, the order in which we say things, but it's still somehow shocking when you find it in tits.
So I think understanding why it's the case will be really interesting in the future.”
The work could help explain the evolution of the building blocks and structure of our own languages.
同其他動物相比時,人類總是認為自己與眾不同。
其中一個原因就是因為我們語言的復雜性—比如語法的獨特規(guī)則,我們會將單詞按照特定的語序串在一起組成有意義的語句。
但研究結果表明鳥類的叫聲也有自己的句法規(guī)則—比如北美山雀的近親,日本大山雀就是這樣。
在過去10年中,日本高級研究所的鈴木俊孝一直從事本國大山雀叫聲的研究。
鈴木已經(jīng)記錄下這種鳥知識10種的警示性叫聲。
其中包括用以警示其他大山雀這里有捕食者的ABC叫聲,還有示意其他鳥可以接近的D叫聲。
現(xiàn)在鈴木和他的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)大山雀也使用這樣的叫聲向其他同類傳遞信息。
而且他們還發(fā)現(xiàn),叫聲的順序至關重要—其他鳥類只能理解ABC-D的叫聲。
當科學家們將叫聲順序有意改成D-ABC時,這些鳥沒有任何回應。
這項研究已在《自然交流》雜志上發(fā)表。
“我認為真正有趣的地方在于為什么叫聲順序如此重要,而想要揭開這個謎團可能會非常困難,但這將會很有趣,因為這將為我們提供很多幫助…”,
瑞典烏普薩拉大學的科學家大衛(wèi)·威特克羅夫特說道:
“你千萬不要天真的以為這不重要。
語序在我們?nèi)祟惖恼Z言中具有非凡意義,但是令人吃驚的是大山雀的叫聲中也是如此。
因此我覺得尋找其中的原因在未來會很有趣?!?/p>
這項工作可能會幫助我們解釋人類語言模塊及結構的進化歷程。
1.compare with 比較
例句:Compare with the others.
和其他人相比。
2.turn out 關掉;結果是
例句:If I had known my life was going to turn out like this, I would have let them kill me.
如果我早知道自己的人生結局會是如此,我當時寧愿讓他們殺了我。
3.figure out 想出; 解決
例句:It took them about one month to figure out how to start the equipment.
他們花了大約1個月的時間才搞清楚如何啟動設備。
4.human language 人類的語言
例句:Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.
語言學是人類語言中的一個分枝。
2020托福聽力練習:珊瑚漂白現(xiàn)象阻礙魚類學習躲避捕食者
In April the world learned that more than 90 percent of Australia's Great Barrier Reef had become bleached. That is, warming waters or other conditions cause the algae living in the coral to exit, leaving the coral weak. It's a bleak statistic, because it's reasonable to assume that as the corals themselves suffer, the entire ecosystem they support suffers as well.
For example, a study finds that bleaching hinders fish from learning to avoid predators.
Imagine you're a fish, and suddenly one of your friends meets its unfortunate end in the jaws of a predator.
"We found that these animals actually have this really sophisticated way of learning, which involves the linking of chemical alarm cues, which are damage-released cues from conspecifics, and any other smell or even the sight of anything novel... sort of a Pavlov's dog-type scenario."
James Cook University marine scientist Mark McCormick. He and his team found that this learning process breaks down when the coral becomes bleached. Instead of hosting algae within, the bleached coral becomes blanketed by algae.
"We've used little patches of live coral and little patches of dead and degrading coral, which have similar topographic complexity, and what we've done is we put those little patches within a bed of either live coral or dead and degraded coral."
Onto each patch, the researchers deposited a small, naive reef dweller called a damselfish. They wanted to see how the health of the reef influenced the fish’s ability to learn to avoid the odor of a predator called the dusky dottyback. And they found that the presence of degraded coral—even if surrounded by a healthy reef—entirely disrupted that learning mechanism.
"It touches on a really big issue, to some extent a really global issue. So, even though this is actually dealing with a relatively small aquarium fish, it's got life history traits that are very similar to virtually all of the other marine organisms."
So, is there anything that can be done to help the world's reefs and their inhabitants?
"These communities are going to have to try and rebuild, and they have really effective mechanisms whereby they can re-seed themselves. But we're talking about timescales of really probably 10-15 years to actually get a healthy reef back after really a cataclysmic change."
And for that to happen, McCormick says, we need to reduce our CO2 emissions and to stop polluting our waterways. In order for things to improve underwater down under.
Thanks for a minute for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I’m Jason Goldman.
今年4月,全世界知道了澳大利亞大堡礁有超過90%的珊瑚出現(xiàn)漂白現(xiàn)象的消息。這是由于溫暖的海水和其他條件導致珊瑚排出了共生的藻類,這使珊瑚變得虛弱。這一數(shù)字并不樂觀,因為我們有理由認為在珊瑚本身遭受破壞的同時,支持珊瑚的整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)同樣遭到了破壞。
舉例來說,一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),漂白現(xiàn)象對魚類學習躲避捕食者造成了阻礙。
想象一下,假如你是一只魚,突然你的一個同伴遭遇不幸,命喪捕食者口中。
“我們發(fā)現(xiàn),這些動物的學習方式非常復雜,學習過程包括與化學物質相關的警報提示,即同種生物傳遞出的危險信號和味道,甚至是不同尋常的景象,就像巴甫洛夫的狗這種理論?!?/p>
這是詹姆斯·庫克大學的海洋科學家馬克·麥考密克所說。他和他的團隊發(fā)現(xiàn),在珊瑚漂白化以后,這種學習過程就被破壞了。藻類不再生活在珊瑚體內(nèi),而是會覆蓋住珊瑚。
“我們用小塊活珊瑚和死后降解的珊瑚進行了實驗,它們擁有類似的地形復雜性,我們把這些小塊珊瑚放在有活珊瑚或死后降解珊瑚的海底?!?/p>
研究人員在每塊珊瑚上放了一個小“礁民”——雀鯛。他們想知道珊瑚礁的健康如何影響魚類學習躲避捕食者氣味的能力。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),降解珊瑚即使處在健康的珊瑚礁中,也會徹底破壞魚類的學習機制。
“這涉及一個非常重要的問題,從某種程度上可以說是全球問題。雖然這只是用相對較小的水族觀賞魚進行的實驗,但是實驗得出的生活史特征和所有其他海洋生物類似?!?/p>
有沒有什么方法能幫助世界上的珊瑚礁和棲息于珊瑚礁的生物?
“這一群體需要重建,它們擁有可以自我修復的高效機制。但是在災難性變化之后,這些珊瑚恐怕需要10年至15年的時間才能恢復正常?!?/p>
麥考密克表示,為了讓珊瑚恢復健康,我們要減少二氧化碳排放量,停止污染水域的行為。這樣才能保證海底的情況得到改善。
謝謝大家收聽科學美國人——60秒科學。我是杰森·高曼。
重點講解:
1. break down 出毛病,損壞;
例句:Her health broke down under the pressure of work.
工作的壓力把她的身體弄垮了。
2. touch on 談及;涉及;
例句:The book does not touch on this question.
這個問題書里面沒涉及到。
3. to some extent 在某種程度上;
例句:To some extent I hold that opinion of them still.
在某種程度上,我仍對他們持同樣的看法。
4. be similar to 相像的;相仿的;類似的;
例句:His stance towards the story is quite similar to ours.
他對該報道的態(tài)度和我們很相像。
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